Nervous system and sensory systems

The resting potential of a neuron is

-70mV

There are _________ primary taste sensations

5

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) causes

Addison's disease

You have been diagnosed with the demyelination disease called multiple. Sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the

Ascending and/or descending tracts

Neurons that have a cell body with only one axon and one dendrite projecting from opposite sides of it are called

Bipolar

Multiple areas of the brain can regulate breathing at the same time by stimulating the diaphragm for contraction. The activity is best explained by (HINT many to one)

Convergent neuronal pools

Which neurological cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain?

Ependymal cells

The hormone that is released by kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is

Erythropoietin

Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are

FSH and LH

damage to hypothalamus can result in

Fluctuations in body temperature

The vitreous body

Helps to hold the retina against the blood supply

As a result of severe concussions from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the

Hippocampus

In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extra cellular fluid composition called_________________

Humoral

Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the

Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

The cranial nerves that move the eyeball are

III, IV, AND VI

Unlike other hormones, T3 and T4 hormones require ________ for production.

Iodine

A major center concerned with automatic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the

Medulla oblongata

The hormone responsible for daily changes in physiological processes that follow a day-night pattern is

Melatonin

The area of the sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the

Number of sensory receptors in the region of the body

The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an

Permissive effect

Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?

Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident.

The surface of the post central gurus contains the

Primary sensory cortex

The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not usually stimulated is called

Referred pain

Your young child has a middle ear infection: otitis media. There is a build-up of fluid, bacteria, and white blood cells, or pus, inside of the middle ear chamber. Why has this affected the child's hearing?

The auditory ossicles cannot vibrate freely.

Which statement is true about the pituitary?

The pituitary hormones all work by activating G proteins and triggering cAMP within cells

Which statement regarding sensory reception is correct?

The smaller the 2 point discrimination distance, the more exaggerated the structure in the homunculus man

When a cerebrospinal fluid specimen is needed for testing, the specimen is removed by needle from the L3-L4 interspace area of the vertebral column. Why?

There would be no possible damage to the spinal cord itself when the needle is inserted into the space.

Damage to the _____________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.

Vagus

Visual pigments are derivatives of

Vitamin A

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of an _______ reflex

Withdrawl

The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the

afferent division

Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone?

aldosterone

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials

_______________ refers to the loss of memory from disease or trauma

amnesia

Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which hormones secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?

atrial natriuretic peptide

The ____________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity

autonomic

A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have on nerve impulse transmission?

axon terminal

Sensory receptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

baroreceptors

Humans are most sensitive to which taste?

bitter

Increased levels of the hormone ______________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood

calcitonin

Ascending pathways

carry sensory information to the brain

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

central nervous system

Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the

cerebellum

Olfactory receptors are examples of

chemoreceptors

The hearing receptors are located in the

cochlear duct

The transparent anterior portion of the eye is called the

cornea

The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the

corpus callosum

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called

dendrites

Opening a voltage gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in

depolarization

This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH

diabetes insipidus

The hormone that dominates during the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

The area anterior to the central sulcus is the

frontal lobe

You notice that your father holds his book farther from his face than he used to. Since you are taking an anatomy and physiology course, you realize that this is due to

his lens being unable to accommodate for close objects

Where are hormones secreted by posterior pituitary made?

hypothalamus

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include

increased secretion by digestive glands

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries?

inhibin

Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?

insulin

In general, the nervous system

is fast acting

saltatory conduction

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon

The hormone oxytocin

is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex and the positive feedback loop regarding childbirth

Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by

negative feedback

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

The mechanism of gustatory reception seems to parallel that of

olfactory receptors

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by

oligodendrocytes

A blind spot in the retina occurs

optic disc

Regarding pancreatic hormones,

parasympathetic stimulation enhances insulin release, and sympathetic stimulation inhibits it.

The conscious awareness of sensation is called

perception

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

phrenic

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to a different Color wavelength of light. These cones are designated

red, blue, green

The fading of a dominant odor sometime after one enters a room is an example of experiencing

sensory adaptation

Which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion?

steroid hormones

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?

subarachnoid space

Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)?

sympathetic postganglionic

Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called

target cells

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because

the blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain

In the visual pathway, each cerebral hemisphere receives visual information from

the lateral half of the retina on the same side, and from the medial half of the retina on the opposite side

Sound energy is converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane

The ossicles connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window

Which spinal cord structure contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?

ventral roots

The branch of the cranial nerve that is responsible for monitoring changes in equilibrium is the ________ branch.

vestibular

Disorders associated with thyroid hormone excess have symptoms related to

weight loss

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains

why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis