Nervous system and sensory systems
The resting potential of a neuron is
-70mV
There are _________ primary taste sensations
5
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) causes
Addison's disease
You have been diagnosed with the demyelination disease called multiple. Sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the
Ascending and/or descending tracts
Neurons that have a cell body with only one axon and one dendrite projecting from opposite sides of it are called
Bipolar
Multiple areas of the brain can regulate breathing at the same time by stimulating the diaphragm for contraction. The activity is best explained by (HINT many to one)
Convergent neuronal pools
Which neurological cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain?
Ependymal cells
The hormone that is released by kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is
Erythropoietin
Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are
FSH and LH
damage to hypothalamus can result in
Fluctuations in body temperature
The vitreous body
Helps to hold the retina against the blood supply
As a result of severe concussions from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the
Hippocampus
In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extra cellular fluid composition called_________________
Humoral
Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the
Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
The cranial nerves that move the eyeball are
III, IV, AND VI
Unlike other hormones, T3 and T4 hormones require ________ for production.
Iodine
A major center concerned with automatic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the
Medulla oblongata
The hormone responsible for daily changes in physiological processes that follow a day-night pattern is
Melatonin
The area of the sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the
Number of sensory receptors in the region of the body
The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an
Permissive effect
Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?
Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident.
The surface of the post central gurus contains the
Primary sensory cortex
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not usually stimulated is called
Referred pain
Your young child has a middle ear infection: otitis media. There is a build-up of fluid, bacteria, and white blood cells, or pus, inside of the middle ear chamber. Why has this affected the child's hearing?
The auditory ossicles cannot vibrate freely.
Which statement is true about the pituitary?
The pituitary hormones all work by activating G proteins and triggering cAMP within cells
Which statement regarding sensory reception is correct?
The smaller the 2 point discrimination distance, the more exaggerated the structure in the homunculus man
When a cerebrospinal fluid specimen is needed for testing, the specimen is removed by needle from the L3-L4 interspace area of the vertebral column. Why?
There would be no possible damage to the spinal cord itself when the needle is inserted into the space.
Damage to the _____________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.
Vagus
Visual pigments are derivatives of
Vitamin A
Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of an _______ reflex
Withdrawl
The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the
afferent division
Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone?
aldosterone
The all-or-none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials
_______________ refers to the loss of memory from disease or trauma
amnesia
Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which hormones secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?
atrial natriuretic peptide
The ____________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity
autonomic
A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have on nerve impulse transmission?
axon terminal
Sensory receptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called
baroreceptors
Humans are most sensitive to which taste?
bitter
Increased levels of the hormone ______________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood
calcitonin
Ascending pathways
carry sensory information to the brain
The brain and spinal cord comprise the
central nervous system
Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the
cerebellum
Olfactory receptors are examples of
chemoreceptors
The hearing receptors are located in the
cochlear duct
The transparent anterior portion of the eye is called the
cornea
The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the
corpus callosum
The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called
dendrites
Opening a voltage gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in
depolarization
This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH
diabetes insipidus
The hormone that dominates during the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is
epinephrine
The area anterior to the central sulcus is the
frontal lobe
You notice that your father holds his book farther from his face than he used to. Since you are taking an anatomy and physiology course, you realize that this is due to
his lens being unable to accommodate for close objects
Where are hormones secreted by posterior pituitary made?
hypothalamus
Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include
increased secretion by digestive glands
Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries?
inhibin
Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?
insulin
In general, the nervous system
is fast acting
saltatory conduction
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon
The hormone oxytocin
is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex and the positive feedback loop regarding childbirth
Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by
negative feedback
The visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobe
The mechanism of gustatory reception seems to parallel that of
olfactory receptors
The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by
oligodendrocytes
A blind spot in the retina occurs
optic disc
Regarding pancreatic hormones,
parasympathetic stimulation enhances insulin release, and sympathetic stimulation inhibits it.
The conscious awareness of sensation is called
perception
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to a different Color wavelength of light. These cones are designated
red, blue, green
The fading of a dominant odor sometime after one enters a room is an example of experiencing
sensory adaptation
Which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion?
steroid hormones
Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?
subarachnoid space
Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)?
sympathetic postganglionic
Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called
target cells
Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because
the blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain
In the visual pathway, each cerebral hemisphere receives visual information from
the lateral half of the retina on the same side, and from the medial half of the retina on the opposite side
Sound energy is converted into mechanical movements by the
tympanic membrane
The ossicles connect the
tympanic membrane to the oval window
Which spinal cord structure contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?
ventral roots
The branch of the cranial nerve that is responsible for monitoring changes in equilibrium is the ________ branch.
vestibular
Disorders associated with thyroid hormone excess have symptoms related to
weight loss
Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains
why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis