Nervous Tissue
Not very numerous One axon and one dendrite limited to: retina ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve(cranial nerve VIII) spiral ganglion (in the inner ear) olfactory epithelium
Bi polar neurons
in motor nuclei of CNS have axons more than 1 meter long Innervate distant muscle fibers
Golgi Type 1 neurons
is a portion of axon from its origin to the beginning of myelin sheath, referred as Spike trigger zone
Initial segment (unmyelinated intitial portion of axon)
Structural elements carried from the nerve cell body by the slow transport system are:
Tubulin molecules (microtubule precursors) Metabolic enzymes and the proteins that form neurofilaments
The ___ ____ system includes the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
example of bipolar neurons
cochlea, vestibular ganglia, retina and olfactory mucosa
what is in your autonomic nervous system?
consists of autonomic parts, subdivided into sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric division: serves the alimentary canal
Branched and are the major sites of information input into the neuron.
dendrites
______ display the same organelles as found in the cell body except the Golgi apparatus.
dendrites
_____ ______ are sites of synapses with other neurons. Their length and morphology are dependent on actin filaments.
dendritic spines
example of pseudounipolar or unipolar neurons?
dorsal root ganglia and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X
minus-end directed microtubule motors that move organelles, including vesicles, in a retrograde direction toward the cell body (toward the cell bodies of the dorsal root ganglia).
dynein
are minus-end directed microtubule motor protein that move synaptic vesicles for recycling, viruses & toxins taken up by the terminals in a retrograde direction toward the cell body. in our retrograde transport
dyneins
what type of nucleus does the nueronal cell body have?
euchromatic nucleus that has a prominent nuclelous
In the PNS, collections of neuronal cell bodies are called ____
ganglia
interneurons of CNS have short axon
golgi type II neurons
connect one neuron to another in the same local area of the CNS make up 99.9% of neurons.
interneurons
the peusdounipolar neurons has two branches that extend. one extends to? the other extends to? what do each of them serve as?
one branch extends to CNS, and serves as an axon another branch extends to periphery, that serves as a dendrite.
longest process extending from cell up to 1 meter long transmits impulses away from the cells body
only one axon
transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS. Sensory nerves are further subdivided into voluntary somatic and involuntary or visceral components.
sensory neurons
A _____ transport system conveys substances from the cell body to the terminal bouton at the speed of 0.2-4mm/day.
slow
this is only anterograde transport, which one is it ?
slow transport
Hence the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia are part of the which begins just where the _____ _____ arise from the spinal cord.
spinal nerve
contact with other neuron or an effector cell (e.g., muscle cell)
synapse
at the end of the axon with vesicles containing neurotransmitters.
synpatic terminal
In the CNS, collections of axons are called ____
tracts
_______ is concentrated in the axons giving structural support.
tubulin
In these neurons, the cell body does not seem to be involved in impulse conduction, but remains as the synthetic center for the entire cell.
(Pseudo)unipolar neurons
the peripheral process serve as dendrites, receiving stimuli that travel directly to the terminals at the other end of the axon without passing through the perikaryon
(Pseudo)unipolar neurons
what are the structural classifications of neurons
1. bipolar 2. multipolar 3. peudounipolar
we have three functional classifications of neurons, what are they?
1. sensory neurons 2. motor nuerons 3. interneurons
is the synthetic or trophic center for the entire neuron.
Cell body or perikaryon/soma,
______ conduct impulses toward the cell body.
Dendrites
a microtubule-associated motor protein that uses ATP walks along the microtubule toward the plus end of the microtubule. present in the anterograde transport
Kinesin
is a motor protein that uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to move vesicles (- →+) from the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion in an anterograde direction toward the axon terminal. ______ walks along the microtubule toward the plus end of the microtubule.
Kinesin
_____ ____ are arranged in bundles in the axons
Microtubules and neurofilaments
_______ ________ to deliver rapid and precise communication between different parts of the body by the action of specialized nerve cells called neurons.
Nervous System
_______ _____ in the embryonic neuroectoderm give rise to neuroblasts, which differentiate into the neurons of the CNS (Brain & Spinal cord)
Neuroepithelial cells
Nonconducting Support and protect neurons. Metabolic exchange pathways between vascular system and nervous system. are what cells?
Neuroglial or supporting cells
are large masses of RER stains intensely with basic dyes and indicate the cell's rate of protein synthesis. (in our neuronal cell body)
Nissl bodies or chromatophilic substances in our neuronal cell body
what organeles does the neuronal cell body have>
Numerous mitochondria, multiple perinuclear Golgi complexes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not a prominent feature of the perikaryon. Cytoskeleton
These neurons have one process leaving the cell body which then splits into two long processes, both of which have the functional properties of axons. Most pseudounipolar neurons are sensory neurons.
Pseudounipolar or unipolar neurons
my motor neuron innervates muscles and glands from the CNS and is divided into two motor neurons what are they and what do they innervate?
Somatic motor neurons innervate the skeletal muscles. Autonomic motor neurons innervate some glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscles
carries material from the nerve cell body to the periphery.
anterograde transport
Axons (nerve fibers) conduct impulses ____ from the cell body.
away
single and are commonly referred to as nerve fibres.
axon
A single axon arising from a cone-shaped portion of the cell body called the ____ ____which end in small swellings called terminal boutons.
axon hillock
One axon and one dendrite. They are associated with the receptors for the special senses.
bipolar neuron
contains nucleus and organelles - maintain nerve cell component of the neuron
cell body (perikaryon)
Neurons comprise a ____ ___ (nucleus + surrounding cytoplasm) and processes (____ and _____ ).
cell body. dendrites and axon
shorter and thicker than axon transmit impulses toward cell body
many dendrites
which are the end result of lysosomal activity increases in number with age.
melanin and lipofusion granules
what type of cytoskeleton do we see in the neuronal bodies?
microtubules(neurotubules) intermediate filaments (neurofilaments)
A _____ neuron innervates one or many muscle fibers to control muscle contraction.
motor
innervate muscles and glands (impulses from the CNS)
motor neurons
defined as the neuron and the muscle fibers it supplies.
motor unit
most common One axon and a minimum of two dendrites.
mulitpolar neurons
motor neuron and interneurons. most common One axon and a minimum of two dendrites.
multipolar
In the PNS, collections of axons are called ____
nerves
___ ____ ____ of the neuroectoderm, migrate throughout the body and give rise to the neurons and neuroglial cells of the PNS
neural crest cells
Dendritic spines participate widely in the constant changes that make up ____ ____ which underlies adaptation, learning, and memory.
neuronal plasticity
Cell body Dendrites Axon - single and are commonly referred to as nerve fibres. Synaptic terminal - at the end of the axon with vesicles containing neurotransmitters. what consists of these?
neurons
________ Nonreplicating, postmitotic cells derived from precursor cells that are present only during prenatal development. Olfactory neuron and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus - neural stem cells are able to divide and generate new neurons
neurons
________ which conduct impulses, are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
neurons
In the CNS, collections of neurons are called _____
nuclei
Absence of ribosomes, RER and the Golgi apparatus emphasizes the dependence of the axon on the _____ for its maintenance.
perikaryon
another name for the cell body are ?
perikaryon/soma
What are the two types of nervous systems?
peripheral and central
The ____ ____ system includes all nerves, ganglia and specialized nerve endings. Hence the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Sensory neurons Cell body located in: Dorsal root ganglia Cranial nerve ganglia One branch extends to CNS Serves as an axon another branch extends to periphery Serves as a dendrite.
pesudounipolar neuron
what is in ur somatic nervous system, part of central nervous system
provides sensory and motor innervations
examples of multipolar neurons?
pyramidal and purkinje cell
examples of where my multipolar neurons are?
pyramidal and purkinje cells
Extensive dendritic branching serves to increase _____ _____ of the _____
receptive area of the neuron
what are my bipolar neurons limited to?
retina ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve(cranial nerve VIII) spiral ganglion (in the inner ear) olfactory epithelium
carries material from the axon terminal and the dendrites to the nerve cell body
retrograde transport