Nervous Tissue

Not very numerous One axon and one dendrite limited to: retina ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve(cranial nerve VIII) spiral ganglion (in the inner ear) olfactory epithelium

Bi polar neurons

in motor nuclei of CNS have axons more than 1 meter long Innervate distant muscle fibers

Golgi Type 1 neurons

is a portion of axon from its origin to the beginning of myelin sheath, referred as Spike trigger zone

Initial segment (unmyelinated intitial portion of axon)

Structural elements carried from the nerve cell body by the slow transport system are:

Tubulin molecules (microtubule precursors) Metabolic enzymes and the proteins that form neurofilaments

The ___ ____ system includes the brain and spinal cord.

central nervous system

example of bipolar neurons

cochlea, vestibular ganglia, retina and olfactory mucosa

what is in your autonomic nervous system?

consists of autonomic parts, subdivided into sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric division: serves the alimentary canal

Branched and are the major sites of information input into the neuron.

dendrites

______ display the same organelles as found in the cell body except the Golgi apparatus.

dendrites

_____ ______ are sites of synapses with other neurons. Their length and morphology are dependent on actin filaments.

dendritic spines

example of pseudounipolar or unipolar neurons?

dorsal root ganglia and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X

minus-end directed microtubule motors that move organelles, including vesicles, in a retrograde direction toward the cell body (toward the cell bodies of the dorsal root ganglia).

dynein

are minus-end directed microtubule motor protein that move synaptic vesicles for recycling, viruses & toxins taken up by the terminals in a retrograde direction toward the cell body. in our retrograde transport

dyneins

what type of nucleus does the nueronal cell body have?

euchromatic nucleus that has a prominent nuclelous

In the PNS, collections of neuronal cell bodies are called ____

ganglia

interneurons of CNS have short axon

golgi type II neurons

connect one neuron to another in the same local area of the CNS make up 99.9% of neurons.

interneurons

the peusdounipolar neurons has two branches that extend. one extends to? the other extends to? what do each of them serve as?

one branch extends to CNS, and serves as an axon another branch extends to periphery, that serves as a dendrite.

longest process extending from cell up to 1 meter long transmits impulses away from the cells body

only one axon

transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS. Sensory nerves are further subdivided into voluntary somatic and involuntary or visceral components.

sensory neurons

A _____ transport system conveys substances from the cell body to the terminal bouton at the speed of 0.2-4mm/day.

slow

this is only anterograde transport, which one is it ?

slow transport

Hence the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia are part of the which begins just where the _____ _____ arise from the spinal cord.

spinal nerve

contact with other neuron or an effector cell (e.g., muscle cell)

synapse

at the end of the axon with vesicles containing neurotransmitters.

synpatic terminal

In the CNS, collections of axons are called ____

tracts

_______ is concentrated in the axons giving structural support.

tubulin

In these neurons, the cell body does not seem to be involved in impulse conduction, but remains as the synthetic center for the entire cell.

(Pseudo)unipolar neurons

the peripheral process serve as dendrites, receiving stimuli that travel directly to the terminals at the other end of the axon without passing through the perikaryon

(Pseudo)unipolar neurons

what are the structural classifications of neurons

1. bipolar 2. multipolar 3. peudounipolar

we have three functional classifications of neurons, what are they?

1. sensory neurons 2. motor nuerons 3. interneurons

is the synthetic or trophic center for the entire neuron.

Cell body or perikaryon/soma,

______ conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Dendrites

a microtubule-associated motor protein that uses ATP walks along the microtubule toward the plus end of the microtubule. present in the anterograde transport

Kinesin

is a motor protein that uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to move vesicles (- →+) from the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion in an anterograde direction toward the axon terminal. ______ walks along the microtubule toward the plus end of the microtubule.

Kinesin

_____ ____ are arranged in bundles in the axons

Microtubules and neurofilaments

_______ ________ to deliver rapid and precise communication between different parts of the body by the action of specialized nerve cells called neurons.

Nervous System

_______ _____ in the embryonic neuroectoderm give rise to neuroblasts, which differentiate into the neurons of the CNS (Brain & Spinal cord)

Neuroepithelial cells

Nonconducting Support and protect neurons. Metabolic exchange pathways between vascular system and nervous system. are what cells?

Neuroglial or supporting cells

are large masses of RER stains intensely with basic dyes and indicate the cell's rate of protein synthesis. (in our neuronal cell body)

Nissl bodies or chromatophilic substances in our neuronal cell body

what organeles does the neuronal cell body have>

Numerous mitochondria, multiple perinuclear Golgi complexes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not a prominent feature of the perikaryon. Cytoskeleton

These neurons have one process leaving the cell body which then splits into two long processes, both of which have the functional properties of axons. Most pseudounipolar neurons are sensory neurons.

Pseudounipolar or unipolar neurons

my motor neuron innervates muscles and glands from the CNS and is divided into two motor neurons what are they and what do they innervate?

Somatic motor neurons innervate the skeletal muscles. Autonomic motor neurons innervate some glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscles

carries material from the nerve cell body to the periphery.

anterograde transport

Axons (nerve fibers) conduct impulses ____ from the cell body.

away

single and are commonly referred to as nerve fibres.

axon

A single axon arising from a cone-shaped portion of the cell body called the ____ ____which end in small swellings called terminal boutons.

axon hillock

One axon and one dendrite. They are associated with the receptors for the special senses.

bipolar neuron

contains nucleus and organelles - maintain nerve cell component of the neuron

cell body (perikaryon)

Neurons comprise a ____ ___ (nucleus + surrounding cytoplasm) and processes (____ and _____ ).

cell body. dendrites and axon

shorter and thicker than axon transmit impulses toward cell body

many dendrites

which are the end result of lysosomal activity increases in number with age.

melanin and lipofusion granules

what type of cytoskeleton do we see in the neuronal bodies?

microtubules(neurotubules) intermediate filaments (neurofilaments)

A _____ neuron innervates one or many muscle fibers to control muscle contraction.

motor

innervate muscles and glands (impulses from the CNS)

motor neurons

defined as the neuron and the muscle fibers it supplies.

motor unit

most common One axon and a minimum of two dendrites.

mulitpolar neurons

motor neuron and interneurons. most common One axon and a minimum of two dendrites.

multipolar

In the PNS, collections of axons are called ____

nerves

___ ____ ____ of the neuroectoderm, migrate throughout the body and give rise to the neurons and neuroglial cells of the PNS

neural crest cells

Dendritic spines participate widely in the constant changes that make up ____ ____ which underlies adaptation, learning, and memory.

neuronal plasticity

Cell body Dendrites Axon - single and are commonly referred to as nerve fibres. Synaptic terminal - at the end of the axon with vesicles containing neurotransmitters. what consists of these?

neurons

________ Nonreplicating, postmitotic cells derived from precursor cells that are present only during prenatal development. Olfactory neuron and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus - neural stem cells are able to divide and generate new neurons

neurons

________ which conduct impulses, are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

neurons

In the CNS, collections of neurons are called _____

nuclei

Absence of ribosomes, RER and the Golgi apparatus emphasizes the dependence of the axon on the _____ for its maintenance.

perikaryon

another name for the cell body are ?

perikaryon/soma

What are the two types of nervous systems?

peripheral and central

The ____ ____ system includes all nerves, ganglia and specialized nerve endings. Hence the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Sensory neurons Cell body located in: Dorsal root ganglia Cranial nerve ganglia One branch extends to CNS Serves as an axon another branch extends to periphery Serves as a dendrite.

pesudounipolar neuron

what is in ur somatic nervous system, part of central nervous system

provides sensory and motor innervations

examples of multipolar neurons?

pyramidal and purkinje cell

examples of where my multipolar neurons are?

pyramidal and purkinje cells

Extensive dendritic branching serves to increase _____ _____ of the _____

receptive area of the neuron

what are my bipolar neurons limited to?

retina ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve(cranial nerve VIII) spiral ganglion (in the inner ear) olfactory epithelium

carries material from the axon terminal and the dendrites to the nerve cell body

retrograde transport