NES social studies- online study guide part 2

Political organization of space

--Territorial dimensions of politics 1.The nature and meaning of boundaries 2.Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchange --Evolution of the contemporary political pattern 1.The nation-state concept 2.Colonialism and imperialism 3.Federal and unitary states --Challenges to inherited political-territorial arrangements 1.Changing nature of sovereignty 2.Fragmentation, unification, alliance 3.Electoral geography, including gerrymandering

Southeast Asia

--The emigration of people from _____ to the United States after the Vietnam War is an example of migration due to political factors.

200

--The military history of the United States spans a period of over ____ years. --During that time, the United States evolved from a colony without a professional military brashly fighting the powerful British Empire for independence to the world's solitary superpower by the early twenty-first century.

Israel

--The movement of Jews to _____ and the early Puritans in New England are examples of migration to escape religious persecution.

physical Human (cultural)

--____ geographers are interested in the dynamics of the four spheres of our planet (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere). --_______ geographers, on the other hand, study ways in which human populations interact with each other and with the physical environment.

Drawing conclusions

Analyzing Writing or Research ____ : requires noting the facts in written text and ensuring that you understand how that factual information relates to the writer's or researcher's central purpose. It also means paying attention to details the writer or researcher provides that lead you to make inferences. In addition, drawing conclusions means using your own prior knowledge to connect what you already know with new information supplied by the writer or researcher.

Recognizing bias bias

Analyzing Writing or Research _____ : _____ means a preference or a prejudice. In written material, a slanted point of view that is excessively negative or positive indicates that the writer has a bias, or partiality, for or against a topic. Writers also exhibit bias by presenting only one side of an issue or providing considerable evidence to support one position while ignoring evidence that supports another position.

Identifying the main idea

Analyzing Writing or Research _____ : is the overarching thought or central point the writer or researcher is trying to communicate about the topic. Identifying the main idea is essential to understanding written communication. It requires separating the central message the writer is trying to convey from the details employed to support the message. Locating and understanding the main ideas is an essential first step in analyzing any written research.

Assessing a writers' credibility

Analyzing Writing or Research _____ : it may be established by biographical information that identifies the writer's educational background, scholarly publications, and participation in other research. Credibility is also established by the writer's vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and logic. Your evaluation of a writer's credibility may also be based on the adequacy of evidence and coherence of the reasoning in the written work you are reviewing.

political cartoons amuse persuade

At times, social scientists and social commentators wish to express their views on local, state, national, or international issues; they often do so through editorials and ____ on the editorial pages of newspapers, in newsmagazines, in professional journals, and on political websites. While these can be very funny, especially if you understand the issue being discussed, their main purpose is not to ___; rather, they are intended mainly to __. A good ____ makes you think about important events, but it also tries to sway your opinion toward the cartoonist's point of view.

Era 10

Era 10: Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877) ---Some important aspects of this era to remember include Sojourner Truth Uncle Tom's Cabin Dred Scott Lincoln-Douglas Debates John Brown Pony Express States' Rights Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Emancipation Proclamation Robert E. Lee Vicksburg Ulysses S. Grant Gettysburg Gettysburg Address 13th Amendment Ku Klux Klan Reconstruction 14th Amendment 15th Amendment

environment

Human geography also studies how people can plan and manage the _____ responsibly.

landscape

Human migrations, initiated for whatever reason, have changed forever the demographic _____ of lands throughout the world

push pull push-pull

People migrate for many reasons. Natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes, poor medical care, poverty, famine, war, fear of torture and mistreatment, or religious and political repression may ___ people out of their homes. The attraction of more food or better jobs, better living conditions, education, and security may ___ people to a new place. In human geography, this is called the ____ of migration.

culture Indo-Europeans

People who migrate are influenced by the culture of their new land. Conversely, they cause changes in that ____. For example, when the ____ fanned out in different directions during the great migration of 2000-1500 B.C., they brought along their clothes, horses, weapons, and languages. In this way, immigrants have made a lasting imprint on cultures. Migration influences many aspects of life, shaping the complex mix of cultures and multicultural populations found in many parts of the world.

lithosphere atmosphere hydrosphere biosphere.

Physical geographers often divide Earth into several environments, or spheres. The four spheres of physical geography are:

tools art

There is no historical record that tracks the migratory patterns of these earliest humans, but scientists have pieced together the story of human migration by examining the _____ and burial sites they left behind

natural resources

Some examples of ______ studied in K-6 school programs are Air, wind, and atmosphere Plants (flora) Animals (fauna) Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) Wildlife Forestry Coal and fossil fuels Rangeland and pastureland Soils Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers

Use of Natural Resources

_____ : Natural resources are naturally occurring resources in the environment. Renewable resources can be replaced at a comparable or faster rate than they are consumed: for example, plants and animals. Nonrenewable resources are produced on a scale equal to their rate of consumption: for example, fossil fuels.

1519 Herman Cortes Aztec Empire

_____ : Spanish conquistador ____ crushed the ____ and its capital, Tenochtitlán

Noise pollution

_____ : The undesirable noise from such sources as traffic, airplanes, railroads, manufacturing plants, or construction sites.

Littering

_____ : Waste or trash discarded or strewn on the ground or in bodies of water.

Chronological thinking

_____ : a clear sense of historical time

Historical analysis and interpretation

_____ : the ability to differentiate between historical facts and historical interpretations, to recognize bias, to determine the reliability of sources, and to distinguish between unsupported opinions and statements of fact

Climate

_____ : this is one of the most important factors affecting the distribution of population in any area.

cultural

_____ factors: People may move from places where religious persecution or repression exists to places where they may safely practice their religion. --The movement of Jews to _____ and the early Puritans in New England are examples of migration to escape religious persecution.

Latitude (shown as a horizontal line)

_____ is the distance in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a point north or south of the equator. Lines of latitude are often referred to as ____.

Raised relief

_____ maps are molded vinyl 3-D maps with bumpy surfaces that help students feel and see the differences in mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains. These are ideal for tactile learners.

1986 Martin Luther King Jr

_____ year : The birthday of _____ became a national holiday.

Cape

_____. A point of land extending into a body of water, usually the sea, such as Cape Cod or the Cape of Good Hope.

Desert

_____. A region with less rainfall than required to support the growth of plants and animals (less than 10-inches per year). Deserts take up 33% of Earth's land surface. Examples include the Sahara Desert and Gobi Desert.

Vietnam War communism world superpower

______ : As in Korea, U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict represented an effort to prevent the spread of ______. --Despite the deaths of more than 58,000 U.S. soldiers, the war ended in the defeat of South Vietnam and the reunification of the country in 1975. --The United States suffered a significant blow to its reputation as a _________, and the cost of the war damaged its economy.

Europe Russia developing

The CIA has also determined that the population of the region that served as the locus for most twentieth-century growth—____ and _____—will shrink dramatically and that almost all population growth will occur in _____ nations:

pictographs

While social scientists most commonly use bar, line, or circle graphs to display data, they sometimes use ___ as well; these are graphs that utilize pictures or symbols to represent similar data.

physical geography and human (cultural) geography.

The discipline of geography is divided into two major branches:

0° latitude

The equator is the line of ___ latitude, the starting point for measuring ____.

486 BC

_ year : Birth of Buddha, founder of one of the world's major religions.

1776

__ year : American Declaration of Independence determines the political evolution of the New World and the rise of American power.

c.551 BC

__ year : Birth of Confucius, the founder of one of the world's major philosophical systems.

1989-90

__ year : Collapse of Communist regimes in Europe: marks the end of the long communist experiment; Asian communism is also transformed.

1917

__ year : Russian Revolution creates the first successful, long-term revolutionary state.

Plateau

__. An elevated, level expanse of land. An example is the Tibetan Plateau, the largest and highest plateau in the world.

1865 Thirteenth

___ : Ratification of the ___ Amendment, outlawing slavery.

Latitude longitude

___ and ___ are imaginary lines drawn on maps.

Road

___ maps help us determine the best route between two places.

Climate

___ maps illustrate a region's general weather pattern.

Physical

___ maps show landforms and waterways, such as deserts, islands, forests, rivers, lakes, mountains, straits, and bays.

Historical

___ maps show what places were like long ago and how they changed over time.

Social

___ scientists also use line, bar, or circle graphs to summarize many types of data and make the data clearer and more understandable. If a geographer wanted to show how population figures change over time

c.1600 BC

___ year : Beginning of Greek civilization: essential to Western heritage and the root of mathematics, philosophy, political thinking, and medicine.

c.5 BC

___ year : Birth of Jesus Christ, founder of the many branches of Christianity. The exact date is disputed.

1949

___ year : Communist China founded: China is created as a single territorial unit with a common administration and a modernizing economy.

1945

___ year : End of Second World War; when the first nuclear bomb is detonated, mankind develops the means to destroy itself.

90° 0° to 90°

The latitude of the North Pole is ___ N, and that of the South Pole is ____ S. The latitude of every point in between must be some degree north or south, from ____. One degree of latitude covers about 69 miles (111 kilometers).

1955 Montgomery Alabama

___ year : Rosa Parks refused to change seats in a ______, ____, bus.

1863 Emancipation Proclamation

___ year : The ____ freed all slaves in states that were in rebellion against the United States.

1770 Crispus Attucks Boston Massacre

___ year : ______, an escaped slave, was among the five victims in the ____. He is said to have been the first to fall.

1487 Bartholomeu Diaz

___ year: Portuguese explorer ______ rounded the Cape of Good Hope

1519 Herman Cortes Aztec Empire

___ year: Spanish conquistador ______ crushed the _____ and its capital, Tenochtitlán.

Lake

___. A body of fresh or salt water that is surrounded by land. Examples include the Great Salt Lake and Lake Victoria.

River

___. A body of water that flows over land toward an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. Examples include the Nile River and the Amazon River.

Delta

___. A fan shaped deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river where that river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, flat arid area, or another river. Examples include the Nile River Delta and Mississippi River Delta.

Archipelago

___. A group or chain of islands clustered together in a sea or ocean, such as the islands around Japan and the Hawaiian Islands.

Gulf

___. A large bay that is partially surrounded by land. Examples include the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of Tonkin.

Strait

___. A narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. Examples include the Strait of Gibraltar and the Strait of Magellan.

Mountain ranges

___. High, steeply sloped areas that usually have sharp or rounded ridges. Examples include The Himalayas, the Andes, and the Rockies.

Continent

___. One of Earth's seven largest land masses. The seven continents are North America, South America, Asia, Europe, Antarctica, Africa, and Australia.

1775 Revolutionary Lexington Concord

___: Free African Americans fought with the Minutemen in the initial skirmishes of the ______ war at ____

Interpreting map symbols

____ : Knowing that signs and colors represent real things, such as buildings, mountains, roads, bridges, and rivers.

Reading cardinal and intermediate directions

____ : North, south, east, and west; northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest.

Understanding map scale

____ : Recognizing the relationship between distance on the map and distance on Earth; for example, one inch equals one mile.

Habitats

____ : Within each of Earth's ecosystems (plants, animals, and microorganisms and their environment working together as a functional unit), there are habitats. A habitat is the place where a group of organisms of the same kind live. It must supply the needs of organisms, such as food, water, temperature, oxygen, and minerals. If the population's needs are not met, it will move to a better habitat or become endangered or extinct.

Historical comprehension

____ : the ability to read with understanding the historical narratives created by others, and to use them as models for the students' own efforts as they examine historical data—documents, journals, diaries, artifacts, historic sites, works of art, and other evidence from the past

Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Ohio 1912 Roosevelt Taft

____ and ____ are depicted as battling for the ___ state primary election, one of only 13 state primaries in ___. In addition to being Taft's home state, this state sent a large number of delegates to the national convention. ____ won the primary, ___ the nomination.

Map projections

____ are attempts to portray Earth's physical features on a flat surface. Making a round globe fit onto a completely flat surface is quite a challenge. Some distortions of distance, direction, scale, and area always result from this process. Different types of projections are used to present different characteristics of Earth.

Longitude (shown as a vertical line) meridians

____ is the distance in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a point east or west of the prime (Greenwich) meridian. Lines of longitude are often referred to as ____.

Human migration

____ is the physical movement of people from one region or country to another for the purpose of taking up permanent residence.

Product

____ maps show the agricultural or manufactured goods produced in a region.

Political

____ maps show the line boundaries between countries, states, cities, and other human made features.

Tourist

____ maps show the major attractions of a place—resorts, hotels, entertainment, buildings, and other sights.

AD 800

____ year : Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the new Western Empire. This marked the point at which Europe began to reintegrate. The Holy Roman Empire lasts for 1,000 years.

1905

____ year : Einstein's theory of relativity published. It transforms the nature of modern physical knowledge.

c.670 BC

____ year : Invention of ironworking: metallurgy is the key to further technical, economic, and military developments.

1893

____ year : New Zealand introduces unrestricted women's suffrage. At this point women win the principle of full political equality.

c.AD 730

____ year : Printing invented in China: an essential step in mass communication/ administration/cultural dissemination.

1777 Revolution

____ year : Recruitment of blacks as soldiers. Some 5,000 fought on the American side before the end of the ___.

1964 24th

____ year : The ____ Amendment forbade the use of the poll tax to prevent voting.

1915 Carter G. Woodson

____ year : _____, Father of Black History, founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.

1954 Brown v. Board

____ year: In ____ of Education, the Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public schools.

1535 Jacques Cartier St. Lawrence River

____ year:French navigator ____ discovered the ___

Peninsula

____. A body of land that is surrounded by water on three sides but is connected to a mainland area. Examples include Florida and the Iberian Peninsula.

Bay

____. A body of salt water that extends into the land, such as San Francisco Bay, Hudson Bay, and the Bay of Bengal.

Prairie

____. A broad, nearly level stretch of land. Examples include the Great Plains of the United States and Canada.

Sea

____. A large body of salt water connected to an ocean that may be partly or completely surrounded by land. Examples include the Baltic Sea and the Caribbean Sea.

Valley

____. A low area between hills and mountains. Examples include the Shenandoah Valley and the Valley of the Kings in Egypt.

Volcano

____. A mountainous vent in Earth's crust. When a volcano erupts, it spews out lava, ashes, and hot gases from deep inside Earth. Examples include Mt. Etna and Mauna Loa.

Isthmus

____. A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses, usually with water on two sides. Examples include the Isthmus of Panama and Isthmus of Suez.

Canyon

____. A narrow, deep opening in Earth's surface with steep cliff walls, cut into the ground by running water. Examples include the Grand Canyon in Arizona and the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, China.

Island

____. Area of land surrounded by water, such as Singapore and Greenland.

Tectonic plates

____. Earth is made up of a dozen or so major plates and several minor plates that are constantly on the move. These plates fit together like pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle.

Soil contamination

_____ : Chemicals that are released by spill or underground leakage.

Recognizing and expressing relative location

_____ : Determining where one place is located in relationship to another.

Locating places

_____ : Finding the position of a place, including its latitude and longitude.

Mineral deposits

_____ : Mineral deposits play a dominant role in population distribution. For example, the presence of coal and iron ore in different parts of the world has attracted huge populations because these are the key minerals required for iron and steel production.

Conservation

______ : Climate change, disappearing woodlands, exotic species invading our lands and wiping out native species, rising gas prices, hunting species to extinction, diminishing water supplies—these are all reasons to be concerned about the future of our natural resources. School programs help students understand the challenges of protecting our environment and the simple steps they can take to help conserve Earth's natural resources.

BCE

before the common era

Mesopotamia

c.3500 BC Invention of the wheel and plough in _____ (present-day Iraq) and invention of the sail in Egypt: three fundamental inventions for trade, agriculture, and exploration.

Respect for intellectual property

social scientist ethical principles ______ : Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.

Openness

social scientist ethical principles ______ : Share data, results, ideas, tools, and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

exchange of goods political systems.

human geography answers questions about human/environment interaction, population patterns, global interdependence, _____ and _____

Korean War communist invasion.

______ : On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces moved without warning across the 38th parallel. --The United States and the United Nations came to the aid of the South Koreans in repelling the _________. --The Korean War demonstrated that the United States would be willing to do everything possible to prevent the spread of communism. --South Korea afterward became an important military base for the United States with thousands of American troops stationed there.

Accessibility

______ : People must have easy access to the area through various means of transportation.

Water pollution

______ : The release of waste products and contaminants into oceans, rivers, lakes, and underground reservoirs.

Pollution

______ : This area deals with the introduction of contaminants that cause instability, disorder, harm, or discomfort to the ecosystem.

Historical issues-analysis and decision-making

______ : the ability to identify problems that people confronted in the past

Topography

______ : this can be a major deterrent to settlement. Mountainous areas, for example present obstacles such as cold climate, short growing season, barriers to the construction of railroads and highways, and snowy winters.

Human geography

______ explores interactions between humans and Earth's natural environment.

push pull

the _____ factor involves a force which drives people away from a place and the ____ factor is what draws them to a new location.

food infrastructure services

the increased of population growth can represent problems for cultures. It means increased needs for ______

Investigating

the inquiry process used by social scientist _____ : Social scientists initiate an active search for information that will help find an answer to, solution for, or explanation about their question or problem. This could involve carrying out library research, conducting surveys, monitoring what is happening on contemporary streets, examining historical documents, applying statistical analysis, relying upon previous research studies, or some combination of all of these methodological approaches.

Formulating explanations

the inquiry process used by social scientist _____ : Social scientists organize their findings and attempt to derive meaning from them. In analyzing these findings, social scientists refer back to their original hypotheses and explain the manner and degree to which their results fit with what they anticipated they would find.

Presenting findings

the inquiry process used by social scientist _____ : This typically involves restating the question and hypotheses, describing the investigation, and reporting the results through such techniques as multimedia presentations, brochures, oral presentations to colleagues, or articles in professional journals.

Generating hypotheses

the inquiry process used by social scientist ______ these are possible explanations of a phenomenon or event. Social scientists call on what they already know about the situation to make an "educated guess" about a solution. Before doing so, however, they conduct a literature review to survey what researchers have written on the topic.

Asking questions

the inquiry process used by social scientist ____ : Questioning is the heart of research. Social scientists must ask relevant questions.

developing

world population growth will be concentrated in _____ countries for the foreseeable future

c.3200 BC

year _____ : Invention of writing in Mesopotamia: the means to record and understand human history.

1532-1544

year: The Conquest of Peru was the military conquest of the Inca Empire by Spanish conquistadores.

1527-1539 Estevanico

year___ : __ explored the Southwestern United States with the Spaniards.

Africa

Migration was the forcible movement of slaves from ____ to the plantations of the United States, Latin America, and the West Indies.

Homo erectus

Migrations have occurred throughout history, beginning with the movement of ______ out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago

atmosphere

The ___ is the gaseous envelope that encircles Earth and serves as a reservoir for heat and moisture. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given time in a specific location.

hydrosphere

The ____ includes water in all of its forms (liquid, solid, and gas): oceans, lakes, rivers, ice, groundwater, and water within the atmosphere.

biosphere

The _____ includes all life forms and all areas at or near Earth's surface that are capable of sustaining life: e.g., the tropical rainforests of Africa, the deserts of southern California, the grasslands of Argentina, fish in the ocean, birds in the air, and people.

lithosphere continental crust topography

The ______ is the solid and broken rock that has been sculpted into landforms at or near Earth's surface, as well as the thin layer of soil covering Earth's surface. --Physical geographers are particularly interested in the _____, the layer of rocks forming the seven continents and the shallow seabeds close to their shores (known as continental shelves). --They also study the ____ of Earth's continents—high mountains ranges such as the Rockies and Andes, rolling plains such as those in Texas and Brazil, and the deep valleys of the ocean floor.

Urbanization

--Origin and evolution of cities 1.Historical patterns of urbanization 2.Rural-urban migration and urban growth 3.Global cities and megacities --Changing demographic and social structures 1.Transportation and infrastructure 2.Political organization of urban areas 3.Urban planning and design 4.Patterns of race, ethnicity, gender, and class 5.Impacts of suburbanization and edge cities

Agricultural and rural land use

--Major agricultural production regions --Rural land use and settlement patterns --Settlement patterns associated with major agriculture types --Modern commercial agriculture --Spatial organization of industrial agriculture --Diffusion of industrial agriculture

territorial expansion ideological disputes military alliances race and ethnic prejudice greed and power religion economics

--______. The belief that one country is destined to expand into other regions --________. Unresolved differences in the common, shared beliefs of a community --______ Protection agreements among nations --_________. Conflict based on skin color, heritage, gender, and race -________. Greedy and lustful leaders or people desiring another's land and wealth --______. Can be motivated by a variety of reasons. For example, one state with an established religion against another state with a different religion, different sects within the same religion, or one group attempting to spread its faith by violence or to suppress another group because of its religious beliefs or practices --_______. Conflicts of economic interest over sources of raw materials, trade routes, markets, and investment outlets

stone age mesolithic neolithic bronze age iron age

-Era 1:The beginnings of human society -Anthropologists classify hominid prehistory using these terms: -________: (subdivided into Paleolithic—a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several Homo species used crude rock tools; -__________: —about 12000 to 7000 years ago; -________: —7000 to about 5500); -________: (5500 to 3200 years ago); -______: (starting about 3200 years ago).

Industrialization and economic development

-The Industrial Revolution -Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization 1.Spatial organization of the world economy 2.Pollution, health, and quality of life 3.Industrialization, environmental change, and sustainability 4.Local development initiatives: government policies

overcrowding and lack of employment better housing and jobs.

Although migrations may be temporary or seasonal they are for many people a permanent move prompted by push factors such as ________ and/or pull factors such as ______

Evaluating the logic of a writer's argument

Analyzing Writing or Research _____ :this is to consider how logically the argument has been put together or how well it has been constructed. This requires looking for a logical sequence or presentation of ideas, identifying the overarching generalization or hypothesis, evaluating the research method used, deciding if the reasoning is logical, and asking questions about the credibility of the writer or researcher, the objectivity of the argument, and the adequacy of the evidence. For example, evaluating the adequacy of evidence means carefully reviewing the source of the data (e.g., personal experience or observation, statistical data, analogies, informed opinion, historical documentation or experimental evidence) to decide if it is the appropriate kind of data and if it supports the writer's argument.

Recognizing the writer's purpose.

Analyzing Writing or Research ______ : in any written material is directly related to the main idea, whether it is explicitly stated or implied. In order to understand the writer's purpose, apply the skills of identifying the topic and main idea. Ask yourself what approach the writer uses to develop the content and convey the main idea. If the main idea uses facts and data, the writer's primary purpose is probably to inform or share knowledge. If the main idea presents an argument, the writer's primary purpose is probably to persuade.

impetus interdependent Multinational

As a result of migration, people across the globe have established progressively closer contacts. Unprecedented changes in communications, transportation, and computer technology have given the process new ____ and made the world more ____ than ever. ____ corporations produce products in many countries and sell to consumers around the world. Money, technology, and raw materials move swiftly across national borders. Along with products and money, ideas and cultures circulate more freely.

Cultural patterns and processes

Concepts of culture --traits 1.Diffusion 2.Acculturation 3.Cultural regions ---Environmental impact of cultural attitudes and practices

timelines

Historians occasionally employ ____ as an informational graphic to illustrate a sequence of related events to help others understand chronological relationships. ____ are useful because this type of informational graphic helps make facts clearer and more understandable.

social

If ____ scientists want to show either percentages of a whole or percentages at a set point in time, they often use pie graphs (or pie charts).

Europe Russia United States Russia Asia Africa

In 1950, ______ and ______ comprised 22% of the global population; the share is now 13% and by 2050 it will be 7.5%. In 1950, six of the ten most populous nations were in the developed world; by 2020 only the ____ and ______ will remain on the top ten list. Of the 1.5 billion people that the world population will gain by 2020, most will be added to states in ___ and ___

graphics

In addition to maps, social scientists use a variety of _____ to represent information in visual form. They include charts, drawings, and diagrams that illustrate a particular process. We can explain in many words how the Constitution provides for separation of powers through three separate branches of government, but that process can often be more efficiently described with a chart, drawing, or diagram

involuntary Industrial Revolution

In contrast to the push and pull theories, a number of current scholars have examined ___ migration, which accounted for the vast majority of all transatlantic migration in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although most ______ migrants were enslaved Africans bound for the sugar islands and southern United States, the exploration of _____ migration has spread to the literature on indentured servitude, Englishwomen's migration, and migratory conditions throughout the _____.

prime meridian 180°

Longitude is measured in degrees east or west of the _____. This means one half of the world is measured in degrees of east longitude up to ____, and the other half in degrees of west longitude up to ______.

territorial expansion ideological disputes military alliances race and ethnic prejudice greed and power religion economics

Most of these wars were the result of several causal factors:

Africa

Ninety thousand years ago, early humans first ventured out of ______, and today humans continue to move

Population pyramids

One of the most important demographic factors related to population growth rates is age-gender structure. _____, typically consisting of two back-to-back bar graphs, graphically display age-gender breakdown for a given population.

voluntary involuntary

The movement of populations in modern times has continued in the form of both _____ migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and _____ migration.

voluntary involuntary migrants

The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both _____ migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and ____ migration, which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings, and ethnic cleansing. People who migrate are called ___.

air pollution water pollution soil contamination littering noise pollution

What are the major forms of environmental pollution studied by elementary school students ?

World War II

______: This conflict was the result of the rise of totalitarian, militaristic regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan, a phenomenon stemming in part from the Great Depression that swept over the world in the early 1930s and from the conditions created by the Treaty of Versailles following World War I. --Not only were Germany and Japan defeated, but England and France were devastated as well; none of those countries emerged from the war with a power status comparable to either the United States or the Soviet Union. --Spared the physical destruction of war, the United States dominated the postwar world economy.

Adequate water supply.

_______ : Population distribution or density is affected by the presence or absence of water in any region.

Air pollution

_______ : The release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere.

Technology

_______ : This area considers how the development and use of tools affect the ability of people to control and adapt to their natural environment. Major technological developments include the following: printing press (1454), light bulb (1848), telephone (1876), television (1925), microchip (1958), laser (1960), fiber optics (1966), Internet (1969), and personal computer (1977). Despite their benefits, many technological innovations have produced unwanted pollution, depleted natural resources, and caused other negative consequences.

Human Migration

_______ : This area examines general settlement patterns and peoples' movements over time from one place to another. A population of humans living in a given area faces certain pressures. Those pressures depend on the size of the population, the resources available, and the community's ability to use those resources.

Historical research

_______ : the ability to formulate and investigate historical questions, judge the credibility of evidence, and construct sound historical narratives

Economic

_______ factor :People migrate to other towns within their own country or to other countries in order to obtain work. --Most migrants also hope to improve their income and standard of living.

Migrations

_______ have been common since the beginnings of humanity and have continued throughout history.

Human migration

_______ is physical movement from one place to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups

Population and migration

________ : -Density, distribution, and scale -Patterns of composition: age, gender, race, and ethnicity -Population and natural hazards: past, present, and future -Historical trends and projections for the future -Theories of population growth -Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health -Regional variations of demographic transitions -Effects of population policies -Push and pull factors -Major voluntary and involuntary migrations

Soils

________ : Fertile alluvial soils of river valleys throughout the world have encouraged dense settlement of population because they support the growth of agricultural activities.

The Persian Gulf Wars property damage weapons inspections

________ : The First Gulf War was a response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. --Although the conflict ended in a decisive military victory for the U.S.-led coalition, Kuwait and Iraq suffered enormous ______ and Saddam Hussein was not removed from power. --The Second Gulf War stemmed in part from the Iraqi government's failure to cooperate fully with United Nations __________ in the years following the First Gulf War. --By mid-April of 2003 Saddam Hussein's army had been defeated and the allies controlled major Iraqi cities. --Efforts to restore order afterward proved much less successful, however, and U.S. occupation forces found growing resistance from various groups within the country. --The emergence of sectarian violence added to the post-invasion chaos.

Transportation Networks.

________ : This area studies the movement of people, goods, and information. Major topics include the use of vehicles and other modes of transportation as well as the transportation networks required to move large amounts of finished goods and raw materials.

World War I Versailles

________ :Many complex causes that had been building for decades led to World War I. --These included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. --The Treaty of _____, signed on June 28, 1919, officially ended the war, which resulted in major global changes even in places not directly involved in the conflict. --New countries formed, old ones abolished, and international organizations (League of Nations) established.

political

________ factor : People move to avoid political persecution or because of dissatisfaction with the government in their home country. --Wars cause great numbers of people to migrate. --Refugees may flee before an advancing army to avoid subjection to a new regime, to avoid the battle, or because their homes and farms have been destroyed.

Human (Cultural) Geography

________, studies the patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the land. --It includes such diverse areas as belief systems, economic systems, government systems, habitations, patterns of livelihood, language, and ethnicity. --Some key ideas and concepts related to human geography include the following: *population and migration *cultural patterns and processes *political organization of space *agriculture and rural land use *industrialization and economic development *urbanization

Civil War

________: it was one of the most devastating events in American History. --The following causes have been frequently offered: Economic and social differences between the North and the South; states vs. federal rights; growth of the abolition movement; conflict over the expansion of slavery in the western territories; and the election of Abraham Lincoln, whom southerners believed was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. --The Union lost about 360,000 troops during the Civil War and the Confederacy about 260,000, as many soldiers as have died in all other American wars combined. --Not only was the Union preserved, but the 13th Amendment ended slavery in the United States.

Spanish-American War Cuban

________:This war was supposedly fought over the issue of ______ independence from Spain, but the four-month war developed into a global conflict as the U.S. Navy sought to dislodge Spain from longstanding colonial outposts in both the Caribbean and the South Pacific. --Another reason for the war was the growing conviction our nation needed to play an active role in the worldwide scramble for colonial possessions. --Victory in the Spanish-American War provided the United States with a large military empire, as they gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam, a Pacific island between Hawaii and the Philippines. --The United States also gained legitimacy as a world power.

Mexican-American War Polk

__________: This war brought new territory to the United States. --President _____ clearly wanted to expand the country to the Pacific Ocean by taking control of California and lands in the Southwest. --The most obvious consequence was the vast territory acquired by the United States, which included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico.

War of 1812 French Great Britain

____________: This is sometimes called the second American war of independence. --During the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain sought to restrict ______ trade. --The Americans had been supplying many needed goods to France, so the British blocked all trade between the French and the United States. --Only vessels that had first passed through a British port were allowed to sail unimpeded to the United States. --Also, the British government in Canada was actively supporting Native American uprisings in the continental U.S. and her western territories. --The resulting conflict between_______ and the United States ended in a draw; there were no territorial concessions made by either side. --Relations between the United States and Britain would remain peaceful throughout the nineteenth century.

Revolutionary War Treaty of Paris

______________ was one of the most pivotal events in American History. --The combination of various taxes and the lack of an American voice in Parliament gave rise to the famous phrase "taxation without representation" and led to conflict. --In 1783, the ________ ended the war and recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by what is now Canada to the north, Florida to the south, and the Mississippi River to the west.

1492 Christopher Columbus

_____year :Italian mariner _____ reached the Bahamas on October 12. Later, he visited Cuba and Hispaniola

1619 Jamestown Virginia

__year : Twenty Africans arrived in _____, aboard a Dutch ship, the first blacks to be forcibly settled as slaves in the colonies.

Ancient India (Indus Valley) Indus River Himalayan silt central government citadels 1,000

civilization: ___________: this first civilization arose in the Indus Valley 2500-1500 BC. --The _____ stretches across the northwestern part of India from its source high in the snowy _________ peaks. --Its frequent floods left behind a fine-grained soil called ____ in which the crops grew very well. --A number of towns were neatly laid out along the Indus, indicating that a strong _____ engaged in planning activities. --One of the most impressive of these towns was Mohenjo-Daro, a busy city of over 35,000 people, filled with craft shops operated by bead makers, potters, shell workers, and metal workers. --In the center of the cities were huge grain storage rooms called _____. --Indus Valley civilization lasted for about ______ years until it declined around 1500 BC. No one knows exactly why.

fairly

social scientist ethical principles Respect for colleagues. Respect your colleagues and treat them ___.

Honestly

social scientist ethical principles ___ report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public.

Objectivity

social scientist ethical principles ____ : Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.

Nondiscrimination

social scientist ethical principles ____ : Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

Integrity

social scientist ethical principles ____ : Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.

Confidentiality

social scientist ethical principles ____ : Protect confidential communications, such as papers submitted for publication, grant submissions, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

Carefulness

social scientist ethical principles _____ : Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

Responsible mentoring

social scientist ethical principles _____ : Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

Legality

social scientist ethical principles _____ : Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Competence

social scientist ethical principles _____ : Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Animal care

social scientist ethical principles _____ : Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

Social responsibility

social scientist ethical principles _____ : Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harm through research, public education, and advocacy.

Human subjects protection

social scientist ethical principles _____ : When conducting research on human subjects minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

adequate water supply soils climate mineral deposits topography accessibility

what are some Geographic Factors?

economic political cultural factors

what are three other factors that can cause migration?

1519

_____ year : Cortes begins his conquest of South America, which becomes part of the wider world economic and political system.

1789

_____ year : French Revolution marks a fundamental break with the tradition of monarchy; the "rights of man" are enshrined.

1500 Pedro Cabral Brazil

_____ year: Portuguese explorer _____ became the first European to enter _____

1498 Vasco da Gama India

_____ year: Portuguese explorer _______ founded colonies in ____

1512 Juan Ponce de Leon Florida

_____ year: ______, a Spanish explorer and governor of Hispaniola, discovered _____

1499 Amerigo Vespucci Amazon River Vespucci

_____ year: ______, an Italian maritime explorer, discovered the mouth of the ______. The continent of America was named after _____

1497 John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) Newfoundland

_____ year: _______, an Italian explorer, navigated the coast of ____

1885

____year : Benz develops first gasoline-driven car, starting the most profound technical and social revolution of the modern age.

c.3000 BC

___year : Founding of the first cities in Sumeria (present-day Iraq) and origin of modern social and administrative structures.

Asia Egypt China towns and cities empires

---Era 3: Classical traditions, major religions, and giant empires (1000 BCE -300 CE) ---By 1000 BCE, civilizations had moved from the irrigated river plains and expanded into ____________. ---People in West ____, ____, ______ lived in small cities of about 10,000-50,000 people. ---These societies began to choose kings to govern the people, and then started to form the world's first ______: the Assyrians united part of Southwest Asia; Nebuchadnezzar established a Neo-Babylonian Empire; the Vedic people united northern India; and Cyrus the Great established the Persian Empire

Eurasia Africa institutions economic cultural

---Era 3: Classical traditions, major religions, and giant empires (1000 BCE-300 CE) --Meanwhile, contacts between diverse societies in ______, ___ initiated large-scale patterns of change. ---Several civilizations developed _____, systems of thought, and cultural styles that would last for centuries. ---Empire building created larger spheres of ______ and ____ interaction. ---This period also witnessed the emergence of major religions and belief systems—Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, Brahmanism/Hinduism, Confucianism, and Daoism—that helped unite people of diverse political and ethnic identities.

Rome political social economic Western Europe Dark Ages

---Era 4: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) ---After the collapse of ____ in 496 CE, Western Europe entered a period of ___, ___, __ decline. ---From about 500 CE to 1000 CE, ______ was politically divided, rural, and largely cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and India. This period in Europe has often been called the ______

Han and Roman Arab Muslim multiple gods Islam Islam Egypt

---Era 4: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) --A few empires emerged that were even bigger than the _________ states of Era 3. --The largest of these was the ______ Empire of the eighth century. --The Islam religion, whose followers are called Muslims, emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. --Before the birth of Prophet Mohammad in the northern Arabian trading city of Mecca between 570 and 580 CE, Arab society believed in ______ --Mohammad, a prophet in the line of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, slowly made converts to ____, and eventually most Arabic tribes converted to _____. --By 640 (after the death of Mohammad) the Arabs controlled much of West Asia, and soon after that, under the rule of the Umayyad caliphs, they conquered ________. --By 711, the Umayyads controlled all of Western Asia except Turkey and all of the southern Mediterranean: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and most of Spain.

unification trading moving people and goods Chin Dynasty Han Dynasty Central Asia camel saddles

---Era 4: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) --All over the world, this was a time of _______, both by ___ and other forms of interchange among people and by building empires. --Underlying these developments was a growing sophistication in systems of ____, __. --In China, first the ____ and then the _____ built strong trade networks both inside China and abroad, with high-masted ships, with canals, and along the Silk Road. --In _____, the invention of ____ made trading by trans-Saharan camel caravans much easier.

Mesoamerica Gulf Coast of Mexico Classic Period

---Era 4: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) --During this era, some of the earliest American civilizations developed in ______, a geographic region made up of Mexico and Central America. --The earliest American civilization, that of the Olmecs, emerged in the tropical forests along the _______ from about 1500 BCE to 400 BCE. --Among the peoples the Olmecs influenced were the Maya. By about 250 CE the Maya golden age known as the ____________ began with city-states flourishing from the Yucatan Peninsula in southern Mexico through much of Central America.

migrations Bantu farmers and herders Bantu agriculture

---Era 4: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) --Era 4 witnessed one of the largest ______ in human history, the _____ migrations. --The ____ are believed to have originated from West Africa, in present day Cameroon and Nigeria. --Scholars have learned that these West African _______ migrated to the south and east between about 1000 BCE and 1000 CE. --These peoples spoke a variety of languages deriving from a single common language called _____, which gives this movement its name. --A few reasons are given to explain why the Bantu moved. --Some believe that they might have been overpopulated and therefore certain groups decided to move away in search of vacant lands on which to practice ______. --Other reasons given are: internal conflicts within their communities or external attacks by their neighbors; diseases and natural disasters which may have made them uncomfortable or unsafe in their homeland; or, a quest for adventure. --Regardless, as the Bantu-speakers moved into southern Africa, they spread their skills in farming, ironworking, and domesticating animals using iron tools which enabled them to confront wild animals and other obstacles during their movements.

Greece Alexander the Great Romans Mediterranean Sea

---Era 4: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) --The Athenian Empire united ______, only to be conquered in turn by ______, who took over the Persian Empire to unite Greece, Egypt, and West Asia. --At the same time, the ____ conquered first the Etruscans, then the Carthaginians in North Africa and the Greeks, then Gaul (France), and finally united the whole ______ with the conquest of Cleopatra's Egypt.

Han dynasty Western Europe farm production Tang Dynasty Central Asia Vietnam Tibet Korea

---Era 4: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) -China, too, broke apart when the ________ collapsed in 220 CE and remained divided for almost 400 years. ---Yet, China escaped the decay that disrupted _________ after the fall of Rome. ---_______ expanded and technology slowly improved. ---Buddhism spread, while learning and the arts continued to flourish. ---Even Chinese cities survived. But, China was not restored to its earlier glory until the emergence of the _______ in 618 CE. ---Tang rulers carried empire building to new heights, conquering territories deep into _______ and forcing the neighboring lands of ___, __, ___ to become tributary states which, while remaining self-governing, had to acknowledge Chinese supremacy.

hunters gatherers Africa Eurasia Australia Americas.

-Era 1:The beginnings of human society -From the beginning of humanity's story in Africa through the thousands of years it took our early ancestors to give rise to Earth's earliest civilizations, __________, and fishers adapted and continually moved to changing locations in ___________

slavery 1860 Fort Sumter in South Carolina Confederacy slavery

Era 10: Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877) --Various events and developments of the 1850s—the Fugitive Slave Act; the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin; the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854); the Dred Scott case (1857); and the actions of John Brown—intensified intersectional differences over ____ and its expansion into the western territories. --With the election of Abraham Lincoln in ____, seven southern states seceded from the Union. --Compromise efforts failed and a crisis developed at ___ in ____, which resulted in the secession by four more southern slave states. --The Civil War had begun. It remains the deadliest conflict in American history. --Ten percent of all northern males 20-45 years of age died, as did 30 percent of all southern white males aged 18-40. --Victory for the North meant the end of the _____ and of ____ in the United States. --Afterward, during Reconstruction, various political factions advanced differing plans to reunite the shattered nation

11

Era 11: The development of the industrial United States (1870-1900) Some important aspects of this era to remember include Railroad Era Thomas Edison Trusts and Monopolies Frontier Closed Spanish-American War Immigration Henry Ford Assembly Line Labor Movement Sherman Antitrust Act

Civil War John D. Rockefeller oil Henry Ford Andrew Carnegie steel J.P. Morgan Native Americans

Era 11: The development of the industrial United States (1870-1900) --The post-_____years witnessed major advances in industrial technology, the building of the transcontinental railroads, the development of corporations, immigration, and rapid urbanization. --The new industrial age featured such titans as ______, who organized trusts to control the ____ industry; ____, who introduced assembly line production; ____, who built the modern ___ industry; and _____, who formed the world's first billion dollar corporation. --As railroads began to tie the continent together, the West experienced unprecedented development that featured mining booms, the growth of a cattle culture, and the expansion of plains farming. --The westward push also increased friction with _______, who struggled unsuccessfully to prevent incursions on their lands

Progressivism women's suffrage World War I Progressive

Era 12: The emergence of modern America (1890-1930) --The turn of the century witnessed the emergence of a national reform movement known as ________. --It included advocates of ____ , municipal reform, temperance, immigration reform, and a host of other social reforms. --One of the most significant events of the period was ______, a global conflict lasting from 1914 to 1918. No previous conflict had mobilized so many soldiers or involved so many in the field of battle. -U.S. participation in the war shifted attention from domestic reform, bringing an end to the _____ era Some important aspects of this era to remember include World War I Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Prohibition Child Labor Laws Suffrage Succeeds Jim Crow Laws Bull Moose Party Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson

economic Franklin D. Roosevelt Congress Pearl Harbor 1941 Truman

Era 13: The Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945) --The Great Depression was the worst _____ crisis in U.S. history. In response, ______ promised a "New Deal" for the American people. --In his administration's first One Hundred Days, _____ enacted legislation dealing with banking, unemployment, and financial markets. --Later programs dealt with social security, collective bargaining, farm policy, and a host of other matters. --The United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on ______ in December ____. --During the war, U.S. forces fought in the Pacific, North Africa, Europe, and the North Atlantic. --As the conflict neared its end, President _____ made a critical decision regarding the use of the atomic bomb Some important aspects of this era to remember include Great Depression Franklin D. Roosevelt Social Security Passed Pearl Harbor World War II Manhattan Project Dwight Eisenhower Rosie the Riveter Atomic Bombs United Nations

Atomic Energy Commission North Korea South Korea Joseph McCarthy civil rights Jackie Robinson Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson

Era 14: Postwar United States (1945-early 1970s) --In the early postwar period, Congress created the ___ _____ ____, the president proclaimed the Truman Doctrine, and the administration launched the Marshall Plan to rebuild war-torn Europe. --When _____ forces attacked _____ in 1950, the United States intervened. --Domestic highlights of the era included the anticommunist campaign of Senator ______ and an emerging ______ movement. --In sports, ______ broke the "color barrier" in baseball (1947). --In November 1963, President ____ was assassinated. --His successor, _____, declared a War on Poverty and worked for the passage of the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act. --Meanwhile, as U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War deepened, an antiwar movement became increasingly more vocal in its opposition Some important aspects of this era to remember include Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift Korean War Joseph McCarthy Brown v. Board of Education Interstate Highways Martin Luther King, Jr Rosa Parks Watergate John F. Kennedy Space Race Civil Rights Act of 1964 Vietnam Black Power

Berlin Wall Cold war Middle East Southwest Asia al Qaeda

Era 15: Contemporary United States (1968-the Present) --This period witnessed the fall of the _______, the disintegration of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the USSR, and the end of the _____. --No less important was growing U.S. involvement in the ___ and ___ --On September 11, 2001, the United States experienced the worst attack by a foreign country on American soil. --The terrorist group _____ claimed responsibility for the destruction of the World Trade Center's twin towers in New York City and lesser damage to the Pentagon. --In retaliation, George W. Bush called for the invasions of Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003). Some important aspects of this era to remember include Iran Hostages I.B.M. Personal Computer Reagan Meets Gorbachev Fall of Berlin Wall Persian Gulf War Election Turmoil in 2000 September 11, 2001 Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraqi wars Election of 2004

river valleys Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley Huang He valley Tigris

Era 2 : Early civilizations and the emergence of pastoral peoples (4000-1000 BCE) ---Early civilizations began as farming settlements in _____ and on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea. ---The four early river valley civilizations arose in _____, _____, ____, _____. ---They developed in the valleys of the ____ and Euphrates, the Nile, the Indus and Ganges, and the Yellow River respectively.

cities writing systems

Era 2 : Early civilizations and the emergence of pastoral peoples (4000-1000BCE) ---These peoples built _______, created ________, learned to make pottery and use metals, domesticated animals, and created complex social structures with class systems.

agriculture could feed Long distance trade

Era 4: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) ---One distinguishing feature of this Era is its unusual population surge, a phenomenon linked to the spread of innovations in ______. ---These advances increased the number of people that a given parcel of land _____. ---________ also supplied people with numerous products that improved the quality of life.

Eurasia Africa Sailing ships Sahara Desert china europe

Era 5: Intensified hemispheric interactions (1000-1500 CE) --Regions of ___ and ____ became more firmly interconnected than at any earlier time in history. --_______ carried a greater volume and variety of goods than ever before, and caravan traffic crossed the ______ more frequently. --Cultural exchanges intensified as trade and travel grew, presenting societies with new challenges. ---____ and ____ witnessed the most remarkable growth during this era. --The Middle Kingdom exported its silks and porcelains to other lands and imported spices from India and Southeast Asia. --Western and Central Europe experienced rapid growth in agricultural production, population, and commerce. --Islamic faith and civilization also continued to spread, eventually spanning the central two-thirds of Afro-Eurasia.

Mongols Eurasia Aztecs wealth power Inca dynasty

Era 5: Intensified hemispheric interactions (1000-1500 CE) --The second half of the era was dominated by the _______, who established the largest land empire the world had ever seen. --Operating in an area extending from Poland to Korea and Siberia to Indonesia, the Mongols influenced the lives of almost all the peoples of _____. --Their conquests were terrifying, but the stabilizing role of Mongol rule facilitated commercial and cultural interchange across Eurasia. --Shortly after 1200 CE, bands of nomadic people from the north migrated into the Valley of Mexico, which lies in the high plateau of central Mexico. --Together, these tribes were known as the ______. --Through a combination of fierce conquests and shrewd alliances, the Aztecs brought great ___ and ____ to their empire. --The first cultures of South America developed in the Andean region along the western edge of the continent. --The most powerful of the Andean civilizations—the ___ civilization—came into being in the 1100s with the founding of its first ____. --Hundreds of Native American cultural groups lived in North America before 1500 CE. --Based on the environments in which they lived, scholars have categorized them into ten cultural areas: Arctic, Subarctic, Northwest Coast, California, Great Basin, Plateau, Southwest, Plains, Southeast, and Northeast. --In each area, people adapted to geographic conditions that uniquely influenced their ways of life.

goods and people European Spain Portugal England France European

Era 6: The emergence of the first global age (1450-1770 CE) --During this era, ships became bigger, faster, and stronger, able to carry ______ to every region of the world. --The trans-Atlantic voyages of _____ mariners ushered in a period of global exploration, colonization, and conquest. --During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, _____,____,____,___ pioneered the European discovery of sea routes that were the first channels of interaction began the process of globalization in which we all live today. --The motives of the _____ explorers were wealth (gold, silver, and spices), increased power and prestige, trade expansion, and the spread of Christianity.

Native Americans Europeans Africans political religious agriculture commerce

Era 7: Colonization and settlement (1585-1763) --The study of the colonial era in American history centers on three themes. --The first involves interactions among ___,___, __. --The second is the development of ___ and ____ institutions and values in the colonies. --The third is the expansion of colonial ____ and ____

era 7

Era 7: Colonization and settlement (1585-1763) Some important aspects of this era to remember include Original Inhabitants Pocahontas and John Smith Samuel de Champlain Henry Hudson Jamestown Colony Mayflower Compact Massachusetts Bay Colony Roger Williams William Penn Salem Witch Trials Triangular Trade James Edward Oglethorpe

Great Britain 1775 Treaty of Paris Great Britain

Era 8: Revolution and the New Nation (1754-1820s) --The American Revolution severed the colonial relationship with _____ and created the United States of America. --The Revolutionary War began in ____. --At the _____ eight years later, _____ was forced to recognize the independence of the 13 colonies. --You should understand the causes and course of the Revolution as well as establishment of a government based on the U.S. Constitution. Some important aspects of this era to remember include: --King George III. French and Indian War. Stamp Act. Sons of Liberty. Boston Massacre. Boston Tea Party. Taxation and Representation. First Continental Congress. Lexington and Concord. George Washington. Common Sense. Declaration of Independence. Flag. Saratoga. Valley Forge. Yorktown. Treaty of Paris. Shays' Rebellion. Articles of Confederation. United States Constitution. Bill of Rights. Jefferson and the Republicans. John Adams. Alien and Sedition Acts. Tecumseh. War of 1812

Appalachians and the Mississippi Pacific Ocean immigrants goods

Era 9: Expansion and reform (1801-1861) -During the first half of the nineteenth century, much of the country's energy was channeled into westward movement as America pushed across the ___ and the ____ to the ______, guided by the ideology of Manifest Destiny. --At the same time, the rapid growth of industry transformed the economy, _____ poured into the nation's growing cities, and the construction of railroads, canals, and regional roads facilitated the exchange of an expanding array of _____. Some important aspects of this era to remember include --Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark War of 1812 First Industrial Revolution Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Era of Good Feelings Jackson and the Revolution of 1828 Erie Canal Steam Locomotives Nat Turner Rebellion Manifest Destiny The Trail of Tears Underground Railroad Mexican War California Gold Rush (49ers) Bleeding Kansas

eras decade person

Some _____ are based on important events (the Civil War); others are based on a ______ (the 1960s) or a prominent _____ of the time (Napoleon).

agriculture rivers Mesopotamia Egypt Middle East Europe

The development of ______ enabled people to settle in villages and create communities. --As, farmers began to raise more crops than they needed to feed their families, people were freed to develop specialized trades such as tool making, weaving, pottery, and the like. ---This led to the rise of the first civilizations, complex societies that have these five features: A stable food supply Specialization of labor System of government Social levels --Highly developed culture, including art, architecture, religion, music, and law --The first civilizations arose around ______ that provided water for farming crops. --Western civilization is believed to have begun in ___ and _____. --Networks of societies and cultures later expanded to include the entire ____ and ____.

1453

___ year : Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks: Almost 500 years of Turkish domination of the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Middle East begins.

AD 476

___ year : Fall of the Roman Empire in the West ends 800 years of Roman hegemony. The creation of modern Europe begins.

1455

___ year : First book printed with moveable type: Johannes Gutenberg's revolution in printing technology makes mass-market reading possible.

AD 105

___ year : First use of modern paper: this replaced stone, slate, papyrus, and vellum as a cheap and convenient medium.

27 BC

___ year : Founding of the Roman Empire: this is the start of the classic period of Roman domination in Europe and the Mediterranean.

1206

___ year : Genghis Khan begins his conquest of Asia. This has a major impact on Asian development and the movement of peoples.

1959

___ year : Invention of the silicon chip is the major technical invention of the past century, making possible the computer age.

1509

___ year : Invention of the watch: essential to a modern economy and administration, this introduces the concept of regular timekeeping.

1687

___ year : Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, the foundation of modern physics.

1215

___ year : Magna Carta signed by King John at Runnymede: this is the origin of the modern concept of constitutional rule.

1517

___ year : Martin Luther launches the Reformation. It is the start of Protestant Christianity and the idea of religious individualism.

1825

___ year : Rocket steam locomotive built, marking the start of the railway age of cheap, fast land transport.

AD 312

___ year : Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity: this made it possible for Christianity to spread across Europe.

AD 280

___ year : Unification of China under the Western Chin dynasty creates the political shape of modern China.

1519-22 Ferdinand Magellan

___ year: The Portuguese explorer _____ led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe

1918

____ year : End of the First World War. The Habsburg and Ottoman empires collapse; maps of Europe and the Middle East are redrawn.

753 BC

____ year : Foundation of Rome: the Roman Empire is a pillar of the modern age, producing ideas on justice, law, engineering, and warfare.

c.1600 BC

____ year : Modern alphabet invented: the essential means of communication of complex concepts and culture.

1939

____ year: Outbreak of Second World War: 50 million die worldwide from 1939-45 in the world's largest and most deadly conflict, which ends the long age of imperialisms.

c.AD 570

_____ year : Birth of Mohammad, founder of one of the world's great religions.

1492

_____ year : Christopher Columbus discovers the New World, bringing the Americas into a global trading/cultural system.

Egypt Nile River irrigation channels hieroglyphic Zoser pyramid building lunar calendar

civilization: ______ is on the northeastern coast of Africa. --It is a desert land that receives almost no rain, so the people depended on the flooding of the ______ to water their fields. Farmers knew each year when the river would rise, and they built ____ _______ to take advantage of the annual flooding in much the same way that the Sumerians did. --Egypt's written history began around this time with the invention of _____ writing. --Sometime around 2600 BC, an Egyptian king named ____ summoned his chief adviser, Imhotep, to design his tomb. --This inaugurated an age of _____ that lasted for over a thousand years. --Within Egyptian society, everyone had a place in the kingdom's three-class system of kings and priests, officials and scribes, and artisans and farmers. The New Kingdom period of Egyptian history lasted from 1570 to 1070 BC. During this time, Egyptians opened up new trade routes and completed a number of important public projects. In addition to creating the strongest army in the region, they also devised a _____, developed treatments and cures for illnesses and injuries, and made advances in the arts.

China Huang He Tibetan highlands

civilization: ________: --Like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India, this earliest civilizations started along a river, the ______ in north central China. --From its source in the _____ ______, the Huang He provided plenty of water for animals and crops. --The people raised cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs; grew wheat and millet; hunted and fished; and gathered wild foods. They also harvested silk from silkworms to weave fine silk, built durable pottery kilns, irrigated their farms, and developed a simple written system. --In the area of religion, the earliest Chinese worshipped many gods whom they believed controlled the sun, moon, stars, rivers, and mountains. --They further believed that the spirit of their ancestors played an important part in controlling their lives, and they used animal bones as oracles to consult them about the future. --The ancient Chinese believed that when they died they would join their ancestors. --That is why, like the Egyptian pharaohs, Shang kings were buried with the things they felt were needed in the next life.

The Ancient Greeks islands wars farmers

civilization: ____________: The area in which the these people lived is known today as the Aegean Sea. --Some people settled on the Peloponnesus Peninsula, and others settled in isolated communities formed by the numerous _____ and rugged mountains of the region. --These neighboring communities often became bitter enemies, which led to fierce rivalries and destructive ____. --As was the case in other early civilizations, most people in here were ______. --They raised crops in a region that enjoyed a climate similar to that of southern California. --They were able to farm year-round, growing primarily olives, wheat, and barley. --Because their geographic location was ideal for sea trade, the ancient Greeks also made extensive contacts with people from other cultures.

Mesopotamia irrigation Tigris Euphrates writing cuneiform

civilizations : _______ was located in the Middle East and included all of present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Turkey. --The Sumerians (4000-3000 BC) built the world's first cities, which included ______ systems with dams and canals, on the _________ and _____ rivers. --Government and religion were closely intertwined in Sumerian society, and all of the city-states had huge, pyramid-like temples with a one-room shrine at the top where people could worship their gods. --The Sumerians were the first to develop a ____ system. --Over time, picture writing gave way to a much more sophisticated 600-character symbol system called ______. --In all, the Sumerians developed a successful, creative, energetic civilization

CE

common era

1190-1227

year: Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khan) is one of history's most dynamic leaders. During his lifetime, he conquered more territory than any other conqueror, and his successors established the largest contiguous empire in history.

1095-1291

year: The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe and the Holy Roman Empire to restore Christian control of the Holy Land.

1453

year: The Fall of Constantinople brought about the defeat of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.

1792-1802

year: The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states hostile to the Revolution.

1337-1453

year: The Hundred Years' War was a series of separate wars between two royal houses for the French throne, which was vacant with the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. When Edward III of England, whose mother had been a French princess, claimed the French crown in 1337, war broke out between the rival powers.

1800-1815

year: The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between France under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte and a number of European nations. They arose from the French Revolutionary Wars and engaged nearly all European nations in a bloody struggle that spilled into Egypt, North America, and South America.

1066

year: The Norman conquest of England began with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy, and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of England.

1756-1763

year: The Seven Years' War was a major military conflict that involved all of the major European powers of the period. The war arose out of the attempt of the Austrian Habsburgs to win back the rich province of Silesia, which had been wrested from them by Frederick II the Great of Prussia. But the Seven Years' War also involved overseas colonial struggles between Great Britain and France in the New World and Far East.

1618-1648

year: The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. It resulted from power struggles between the Kings of France and Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. War was fueled by conflicts between Calvinism and Catholicism.