neuro exam 1

reticulocerebellar - input

?bring input to the cerebellum

malfunction of the acetylcholine synaptic transmission causes

Alzheimer's

what type of imaging would be best for seeing the posterior fossa

MRI

most common MRI type

T1

neurons sensory

afferent

circle of willis

allows redundancy of blood flow making it less likely to have damage to regions

what is a CT angiogram show

aneurysms, dissections, stenosis, blockages & tearing of walls

which layer of matter can result in venous bleeding

arachnoid

insular, occipital, frontal, parietal, temporal

are the 5 lobes

what is an MRI diffusion used to visualize

area of the brain that are ischemic early after loss of blood flow cerebral infarcts

reticular formation regulates

arousal, response to body in space

white matter contains

axons which carry information to different areas

midbrian, pons , medulla make up

brainstem

postural control & locomotion

brainstem

reticular formation

brainstem

sensory & motor pathways

brainstem

CN 1 olfactory

branches from optic chiasm

olivocerebellar - input

bring input to the cerebellum

pontocerebellar - input

bring input to the cerebellum

spinocerebellar - input

bring input to the cerebellum

also receives input from cortex

cerebellum

receives input from spinal cord

cerebellum

somatosensory cortex

cerebral cortex

anterior and posterior arterial circulation connect at

circle of willis

acute R middle cerebral artery stroke results in which impairments

contralateral hemiparesis & hypotonia

occipital lobe function

contralateral lower visual quadrant contralateral upper visual quadrant

UMN located in

cortex or brain stem

lesion in primary visual cortex would cause

cortical blindness, issue with interpretation of stuff & contralateral lower visual quadrant of both eyes

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin deficiencies can cause

depression

frontal lobe function

descending control of contralateral movements gross movements contralateral horizontal eye deviations motor speech areas judgment & planning

L anterior cerebral a

distributes and gives blood to anterior brain & most medial part of the brain

SCA (superior cerebellar arteries), AICA, PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery)

dominant blood flow to cerebellum

neurons motor

efferent

acetylcholine provides an

excitatory & inhibitory response depending on CNS pathway

glutamatergic neuron - glutamate provides an

excitatory response

premotor cortex

external stimulus

primary motor cortex controls

force & speed of movements

spinocerebllum

functional area head neck trunk, posture / movements

cerebrocerebellum

functional area limb / other body parts

vestibulocerebelum

functional area vestibular / vision

type of imaging that produces an image where there is an increase in oxygen uptake compared to the resting state

functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI

ACIA stroke will cause but PICA wont

hearing loss

MCA stroke will cause

hemiparesis affecting the UE more than the LE

what happened if CSF absorption is blocked

hydrocephalus or increased intercranial pressure resulting in enlarged ventricles and build up

hormone control & regulation of hunger, thirst, body temp, water, balance & BP

hypothalamus

links NS to endocrine system

hypothalamus

not under cognitive control

hypothalamus

Lesion to R lateral cerebellum results in which impairments

impaired coordination for R distal Limb

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin excess can cause

increased energy, paranoia, hallucinations, ticks

reticulospinal - output

influenced by the cerebellum

rubrospinal tract - output

influenced by the cerebellum

GABAergic neuron - Y aminobutyric acid provides an

inhibitory response

Glycinergic neuron - glycine provides an

inhibitory response

anterior arterial circulation

internal carotid artery

supplementary motor area

internal stimulus

extrapyramidal

involuntary and autonomic control over movement

SCA stoke will cause

ipsilateral ataxia

hemisection of spinal cord would result in which impairments

ipsilateral loss of tactile sensation & proprioception contralateral loss of pain & temp sensation

TMS

is used to localize brain funtions

vein supply

jugular vein

somatosensory cortex processing area for

kinesthetic & touch sensation broadmans area

dentate

largest hub for other pathways

CN 6 muscle innervated

lateral rectus

what encompasses ventricular system

lateral ventricle 3 ventricle 4 ventricle cerebral aqueduct

CN1 olfactory

location of nuclei olfactory bulbs

the R & L hemispheres are separated by

longitudinal fissure

precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus SMA premotor cortex wernickes area brocas area primary visual cortex prefrontal cortex corpus callosum

major gyri & functional areas

lateral, central & cingulate are

major sulci

CN 10 vagus branches & location of nuclei (same)

medulla

CN 12 hypoglossal branches & location of nuclei (same)

medulla

Cn 9 glossopharyngeal branches & location of nuclei (same)

medulla

Cn 11 accessory branches from

medulla & spinal cord

CN 3 oculomotor branches & location of nuclei (same)

midbrain

CN 4 trochlear branches & location of nuclei (same)

midbrain

middle cerebral artery

most common place for stroked & damage

Cn 5 trigeminal location of nuclei

motor - pons sensory brainstem & pons ' *pons main center*

gray matter contains

neurons, supporting cells which process information

dentate, interposed (emboliform & globose), fastigial

nuceli in cerebellum

posterior cerebral a

occipital lobe area

what are the 4 types of glial cells

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells

cerebelloreticular - output

originates from cerebellum

dentatothalamic - output

originates from cerebellum

vestibulospinal - output

originates from cerebellum

in which condition is the SMA affected but the premotor cortex isnt

parkinsons

cerebellar neurons

perkinje

lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex would cause

person to bump into items because they have difficult feeling somatic sensation from contralateral body & face, visual & spatial perception neglect

lesion to the primary cortex would cause

person to have difficulty walking & maintain balance

lesion in brocas area would cause

person will have difficult expressing speech will need more time to get the language out, comprehendible

lesion in wernickes area would cause

persons speech will have normal cadence but we wont be able to understand

premotor cortex helps with

planning & initiating movement

cortex is involved in

planning movements & motor learning

cerebellopontine angle is clinically relevant bcuz

point of entry for many neurosurgery techniques risk damaging cranial nerves

Cn 5 trigeminal branches from

pons

Cn 6 abducens branches & location of nuclei (same)

pons

Cn 7 facial branches from & location of nuclei (same)

pons

Cn 8 vestibulocochlear branches form

pons

Cn 8 vestibulocochlear location of nuclei

pons (both) medulla (vesti)

reiculospinal tract

postural adjustments & proximal control prior to movements originates in reticular formation in pons & medulla of midbrain

temporal lobe function

primary auditory cortex limbic system facial recognition

function of CSF & ventricles

produce & store CSF help keep brain floating CSF provides fluid barrier around the CNS for protection as shock absorber helps remove waste & deliver nutrients

choroid plexus

produces CSF 3 & 4 ventricles

types of motor neurons

pyramidal & extrapyramidal

rubrospinal tract

rapid coordinated movements & parallel coordination originates in the red nucleus in midbrain

perkinje

regulate & coordinate movement

lesion in prefrontal cortex would cause

scatterbrain judgement & planning is affected

ACA stroke will cause

sensory loss affecting the LE more than UE

premotor cortex interacts with

sensory processing areas, basal ganglia, cerebellum and primary motor cortex

corticospinal tract

skilled voluntary movements originates at the cerebral cortex

parietal lobe function

somatic sensation from contralateral body & face stereognosis awareness of self in space

flexion/extension patterns associated with leg movements

spinal cord

organizes reflexes

spinal cord

relationship btwn sensory input & motor output

spinal cord

LMN located in

spinal cord or brain stem

CN 9 muscle innervated

stylopharyngeal

MCA

supplies lateral portion of the parietal lobe face hand arms tongue

Cn 2 optic branches & location of nuclei (same)

thalamus

involved in learning, memory, arousal, abstract thinking & long term goal orientated behaviors

thalamus

processes info from spinal cord, cerebellum, brainstem

thalamus

CN 11 muscles innervated

trapezius & SCM

ACA supply

trunk leg foot

neuron morphology

unipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar, multipolar

posterior arterial circulation

vertebral artery

basilar artery

vessel less likely to have lesions

vesibulospinal system

vestibular & postural control vestibular system nuclei in midbrain and cerebellum

sensory and perceptual systems

vestibular system visual system somatosensory system

PCA stroke will cause

visual agnosia

pyramidal

voluntary control movements

PICA stroke will cause

wallenbergs syndrome laterally medullary syndrome vertigo gait ataxia sensory loss - ipsilateral horners syndrome

anterior carotid & posterior vertebral basilar circulation

which vessels have potential to cause damage via manipulations or vestibular rehab

layers of the cerebellar cortex

white matter, granular, purkinje cell, molecular

lesion in premotor cortex / supplementary motor cortex would cause

will have trouble with planning movement