Neuroscience: Organization of the Nervous System

Brainstem

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

Parasympathetic Division

Most active at rest E.x. Lowering heart rate during sleep

Sympathetic Division Pt. 2

Most active during fight of flight responses Mobilizes resources to deal with challenges e.x. Raises heart rate

Axon are wrapped by ...? What are they Surrounded by?

1) Schwann cells 2) Surrounded by connective tissue layers of protection

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of Cranial Nerves that emerge from the brain and the Brainstem

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs emerge from the spinal cord

Spinal nerves

31 pairs of nerves emerging from the spinal cord

What is a nerve?

A Nerve is a collection of peripheral axons gathered into bundles

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Temporal Lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

Neuroplasticity

Advanced answer: the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma Simple: Ability of the brain to change throughout life

Occipital Lobe

Advanced: the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex Simple: Visual Processing & Primary Visual Cortex

Corpus Callosum

Axon tract connecting right and left hemispheres Largest White matter structure in the brain

Thalamus

BRAIN RELAY CENTER the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Lateralization

Broca's area - Speech production Wernicke's area - Language comprehension

Role of Cranial Nerves

Carry sensory and Motor info for the head of the neck (including vision, smell, hearing, and more)

Exact Function of the Sensory Neurons

Cell bodies in dorsal root ganglions (DRG) Peripheral process goes out to sensory receptors Central process goes into spinal cord

Exact Function of the Motor Neurons

Cell bodies in the spinal cord Send axons out of the spinal cord, through the body to muscles

What makes the Human brain special?

Cerebral Hemispheres -Large Frontal Lobe Complex brain networks/circuits Folds -Increased surface area which allows more neurons Extended Childhood/development - Allows for development of brain networks based on experiences

Cerebrum

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex), hippocampus, basal ganglia

Spinal cord

Communication link between brain and PNS Axon tracts run up and down relaying information

Autonomic Nervous System Pt. 2

Controls involuntary Functions of internal organs and glands. Extends from cranial and spinal nerves e.x. Pupil dilation, heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, etc.

Motor Neurons In the SNS

Controls muscles/movement

Right Hemisphere

Controls the Left side of the body

Left hemisphere

Controls the left side of the body

Skin Region served by a pair of Spinal nerves is called a ?

Dermatome

Role of Spinal Nerves

Each nerve carries motor and sensory information for a specific are of the body

Other animals who also have similar brain advantages

Elephant Dolphin Gorilla Dog Cat Mouse Macaque

Cranial Nerves (Emergence location & types of nerves)

Emerge from the brain and brainstem Sensory, motor, and mixed nerves

Frontal Lobes

Executive function, planning, decision making, social behavior Voluntary motor function

Name the 4 lobes of each hemisphere

Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

What is the Cerebral Cortex Made of ?

Gyri and Sulci

Pons and Medulla

Involuntary Actions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep Sensation of the face, taste, hearing

Cerebellum

Involved in motor memory and coordination, posture, complex spatiotemporal sequences

Olfactory Nerve I

It is the first cranial nerve, and it's function is related to your sense of smell

Optic Nerve II

It is the second Cranial nerve and carries sensory nerve impulses from the more than one million ganglion cells of the retina toward the visual centres in the brain

Hippocampus

Leaning and memory Spatial Orientation

Cerebral Hemispheres

Left and Right Hemispheres Folded Structure 4 lobes for each hemispheres

Basal Ganglia

MOVEMENTS a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

Somatic (Voluntary) Nervous System

Motor Neurons Sensory Neurons

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Peripheral Never - Cranial and Spinal nerves

Midbrain

Relay station for motor control

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

Rest and Digest

Risks involved with Corpus Callostomy

Risk of speech problems and disconnection syndrome e.x. Left hand cannot follow verbal instructions

Limbic System

associated with behavioral and emotional responses

Role of the Spinal Nerves

Sensory and motor information for the body

Parietal Lobe

Sensory perception of touch, pain, and temperature Spatial awareness and visual perception Reading

Corpus Callostomy

Surgery to cut the corpus Callosum in cases of severe epilepsy Children have the best results

Autonomic (Involuntary) Nervous System

Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Divison

Role of Cranial Nerves pt. 2

Vision, smell, hearing, taste, and Head Position/ movement Sensation and Motor control of the face, head, and neck Autonomic (Parasympathetic) control of the lungs, heartrate, and digestion

Can you survive without a Cerebral Hemisphere

YESSSSSSSSSS

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Sensory Neurons in the SNS

carry information about the sense to the CNS

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

fight or flight response

Hemispherectomy

surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere is removed Used in cases with severe epilepsy People usually recover with few Deficits due to Neuroplasticity Younger patients have the best results

Diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus