New 3.21

Which popular press headline does NOT suggest that a multiple regression has been used?

"Dog ownership decreases stress."

Which popular press headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used?

"Vacations are important for life satisfaction, even after correcting for length of vacation."

Which of the following phrases would NOT suggest that multiple regression was used?

"made a difference in"

____________ is an extra dependent variable that can be used to help researchers quantify how well an experimental manipulation worked.

A manipulation check

__________ is a simple study that uses a separate group of participants that is generally completed before conducting the study of primary interest in order to confirm the effectiveness of a manipulation.

A pilot study

Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Which of the following scenarios would present a design confound in this experiment?

All participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m.; those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon; and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m.

According to the text, when researchers conduct longitudinal research, the type of correlation they are most interested in is which of the following?

Cross-lag correlation

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that, at both the first time point and the second time point, there is a strong correlation between work satisfaction and home life satisfaction. What type of correlations are these?

Cross-sectional

Which of the following is a correlation that could be examined in both longitudinal designs and simple bivariate designs?

Cross-sectional correlation

Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design?

Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes.

Indicate whether the statement is describing a Mediation hypothesis, a third variable argument, or a moderator result. Having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, because people who are highly educated take cognitively demanding jobs, and people who are highly educated have better cognitive skills.

Education is a Third Variable problem Cognitively demanding jobs - leads to highly educated - which leads to cognitive benefits and cognitive benefits is related to highly educated use of because and and

Mediator variable

Explains Why are 2 variables related? Variable that is the effect of the IV and cause of the DV; has to happen after IV and before DV

Which of these is NOT a potential drawback of a within-groups design?

Extraneous differences are held constant across conditions.

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. They found that foreign language anxiety was â =-0.39 and academic achievement was â = 0.29. What does this mean?

Foreign language anxiety has a bigger effect than academic achievement does on foreign language achievement.

Indicate whether the statement is describing a Mediation hypothesis, a third variable argument, or a moderator result. Having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women.

Gender is a moderator (for whom) men not women, one but not the other

In understanding "controlling for" a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept?

Identifying subgroups

Which of the following is NOT a problem with journalists ignoring the importance of pattern and parsimony in research?

It makes people read fewer studies about psychology.

Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. What type of study design is Dr. Farah using?

Longitudinal design

Indicate whether the statement is describing a Mediation hypothesis, a third variable argument, or a moderator result. Sibling aggression is associated with worse child mental health because child victims of sibling aggression are more likely to feel lonely at home. Sibling aggression leads to loneliness, which leads to mental health problems

Mediator Sibling aggression - leads to loneliness- which leads to worse mental health

Indicate whether the statement is describing a Mediation hypothesis, a third variable argument, or a moderator result. Having a cognitive demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, because cognitive challenges build lasting connections in the brain.

Mediator - building lasting connections in the brain is the mediator Cognitively demanding jobs are related to Cognitive skills, because of increased connection in brain uses only 1 because

Indicate whether the statement is describing a Mediation hypothesis, a third variable argument, or a moderator result. Sibling aggression is associated with worse child mental health, but the link is especially strong for later born children and is weaker in firstborn children

Moderation - asking Who or for Whom link is strong for later born children and weaker in first born children is good for one but not the other

What IS a potential drawback of a within-groups design?

Participants cannot be returned to their original state after each condition. Demand characteristics may result from hypothesis guessing with repeated testing. Order effects can threaten internal validity.

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. They found â = -0.39 for foreign language anxiety. What does this mean?

People with lower levels of anxiety about learning a foreign language have higher levels of achievement in foreign language.

In a multiple regression design, ________ is to independent variable as ________ is to dependent variable.

Predictor variable, criterion variable

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. The beta for the predictor variable of perceived scholastic competence was positive and statistically significant. Why couldn't you say that perceived scholastic competence improves foreign language achievement?

The temporal precedence is not established and there may be another variable that accounts for the relationship.

What is the criterion (dependent) variable in a study? and where can it be found?

The variable in a multiple-regression analysis that the researchers are most interested in understanding or predicting. Can be found either in the top row or in the title of a regression table

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Why can't Dr. Horvat conclude that home life satisfaction causes job satisfaction?

There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship.

A multiple-regression analysis is run to examine third variables as a follow-up to the study indicating that boys with unusual names are more likely to commit crimes. Unusual names, ethnic backgrounds, and geographical regions are all included as predictor variables. Even after controlling for all of these variables, unusual names still predict criminal activity. Why doesn't this study establish causation?

There may be some other third variable.

According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs?

They can only control for third variables that are measured.

Indicate whether the statement is describing a Mediation hypothesis, a third variable argument, or a moderator result. Sibling aggression is associated with worse child mental health only because of parental conflict. Sibling aggression is more likely among parents who argue frequently, and arguing also affects kids' mental health.

Third Variable problem Sibling aggression is related to parental conflict worse child mental health related to parental conflict and vice versa; they are related to each other only because of parental conflict Because and an and used

Which of the following is NOT true of third variables and mediating variables?

Third variables can be detected using multiple regression techniques, but mediating variables cannot.

third variable

Two variables are correlated but only because they are both linked to a third variable a variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest

Which of the following is TRUE about the difference between beta and r?

Unlike r, beta reflects the independent contribution of the predictor variable, controlling for the contributions from the other predictor variables.

In a study in which two variables are measured at two different points in time, which of the following is an example of a cross-lag correlation?

Variable A at Time 1 is associated with Variable B at Time 2.

moderator variables

When, for whom, or under what conditions are two variables related? A ----is related to -----B for only one type of C BUT not for the other type of C Example: for men but not for women, boys but not girls

Cross-lag correlations are used in a longitudinal design to check if a variable measured at one point in time correlates with

a second variable measured at a different point in time.

This is a correlation of one variable with itself, measured on two different occasions or __________

an autocorrelations

When one variable measured at time one correlates with ________, there is a cross-lag correlation.

another variable measured at time two

What IS an advantage of within groups design

assurance of equivalence of the groups requirement of fewer participants more statistical power

Iva is studying whether students gain weight during their first year of college. She collects weights from all the incoming freshmen in the fall, then collects weights from them again at the end of the spring term. What is the term for the correlation she finds when she compares the fall and spring weights of the students?

autocorrelations

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that job satisfaction at the first time point is correlated with job satisfaction at the second time. What type of correlation is this?

autocorrelations

How do multiple-regression designs help address internal validity?

by ruling out third variables

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. How does Theo control for selection effects?

by using random assignment of participants

The terminology "made a difference in" suggests a _____, which isn't established by regression.

causal claim

Dr. Russell did a study that found that praise provided by supervisors is associated with higher levels of work productivity only because more motivated employees are praised more often, and highly motivated people are more productive. In her findings, employee motivation is a ___________ in the relationship between praise from supervisors and work productivity.

confounding third variable

Dr. Stevens did a study that found that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years because people who are highly educated take cognitively demanding jobs, and people who are highly educated have better cognitive skills. She found that the amount of education is a ________ in the relationship between having demanding job and cognitive benefits in later years.

confounding third variable

What is the name for the level of the independent variable that is intended to represent a neutral condition?

control group

What is the name for a variable that the experimenter holds constant on purpose?

control variable

cross-lag correlation

correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all of the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned that he could have a problem with order effect in his study. How can Eric fix this problem?

counterbalancing

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Which of the three criteria for causation does Professor Horvat's study fulfill?

covariance and temporal precedence

When using multiple regression, what is the term for the variable that the researcher is most interested in explaining or predicting?

criterion

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction measured at the second time point. What type of correlation is this?

cross-lag

According to the text, when researchers conduct longitudinal research, the type of correlation they are most interest in is which of the following?

cross-lag correlation

Which of the following is a correlation that could be found using a longitudinal design and a simple bivariate design?

cross-sectional correlation

autocorrelations

determine the correlation of one variable with itself, measured on two different occasions

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

distance out of alignment of the rods

By measuring possible third variables and using multiple-regression analysis, these third variables can be:

eliminated as explanations for the relationship between the key variables

Which of these is NOT an advantage of within-groups designs?

elimination of practice effects

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

eye/eyes used

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. What is the criterion variable?

foreign language achievement

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable?

foreign language achievement

cross-sectional correlation

in a longitudinal design, a correlation between two variables that are measured at the same time

In longitudinal designs, the same variables are studied:

in the same people across time.

What type of research design involves measuring the same variables, for the same people, across different points in time?

longitudinal

What is it called when researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single, causal direction?

longitudinal study

In an experiment, researchers:

manipulate one variable and measure another.

Kathryn wants to control for intelligence in her study. She has a list of all of the participants for her study and their IQ scores. She sorts the list of participants according to their IQ scores and then forms groups making sure that the groups are balanced in terms of IQ scores. Finally, she randomly assigns each group to one of the conditions of her study. What kind of design is Kathryn using?

matched-groups

Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design?

measuring the same variable at two points in time

Dr. Samuels does a study that finds that children with unusual names are more likely to have delinquency records as adolescents because they got teased more, and the teasing makes them act out. He found that teasing is a ________ in the relationship between having an unusual name and adolescent delinquency.

mediator

When a third variable explains the relationship between two other variables, that kind of a third variable is called a:

mediator.

According to Cohen's conventions for effect size, how do you describe an effect size when d = 0.50?

moderate

Dr. Aarons does a study that finds that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, gender is a _________ in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life.

moderator

When a relationship between two variables depends on the level of a third variable, that kind of a third variable is called a:

moderator.

What DOES need to be considered as an alternative explanation of the results in a within-groups design experiment

order effects, practice effects, carryover effects

What is it called when researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single, causal direction?

pattern and parsimony

In cases where researchers cannot establish causality by running an experiment, they can find support for a causal relationship by looking for _________ in a variety of correlational studies.

patterns and parsimony

Dr. Keller wants to test the effect of a new anti-anxiety medication. He recruits a group of anxious patients and randomly assigns them to two groups. One group will receive his new medication and the other will receive a sugar pill. What is the second group called?

placebo group

Longitudinal studies conducted in this way do not help to rule out:

possible third variables

What design is an experiment in which each participant is randomly assigned to one level of the independent variable and then tested on the dependent variable once?

posttest only

Cara is running a study to examine the effect of music on mood. She randomly assigns participants to three conditions — rock, jazz, and country. She has the participants rate their mood with a short questionnaire, then listen to their assigned music for 20 minutes, and then fill out the mood questionnaire again. What kind of design is she using?

pretest/posttest

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all of the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. What kind of design is this?

repeated measures

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

role of the participant

Cross-lag correlations are important for answering/addressing which of the following rules of causation?

rule of temporal precedence

Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Since different groups need different amounts of time, the first 25 participants who arrive are assigned to the 10-minute group, the next 25 are assigned to the 5-minute group, and the final 25 are assigned to the 2-minute group. What confound does this create?

selection effect

Which of the following does NOT need to be considered as an alternative explanation of the results in a within-groups design experiment?

selection effects

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. She finds that d = 1.53. What effect size is this?

strong

In a third-variable explanation, the third variable is external to

the two variables in the original bivariate correlation.

A multiple-regression analysis is run to examine third variables as a follow-up to the study indicating that boys with unusual names are more likely to commit crimes. Unusual names, ethnic backgrounds, and geographical regions are all included as predictor variables. Even after controlling for all of these variables, unusual names still predict criminal activity. Why doesn't this study establish causation?

there may be some other third variable

How many possible orders for full counterbalancing are there in a study with four conditions?

twenty-four

Multiple regression controls for any third variable the researcher measures in the study, but it can't control for _______.

unmeasured variables.

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

value selected for the mug

Moderating variables provide information about

when or under what conditions two other variables are related

A mediator explains:

why there is a relationship between two other variables.

Mediators address the question of:

why two other variables are related

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. How is the independent variable being manipulated in Tetiana's design?

within-groups