New Testament Final

(23.5) In what city did Paul find an altar "to an unknown god"?

Greece while he was visiting Athens and went to explore the city

(24.7) In response to problems of church divisions, what three questions did Paul ask the Corinthians?

"Is Christ divided?"; "Was Paul crucified for you?"; "Were you baptized into the name of Paul?"

(27.7) What are arguments for and against Petrine authorship of 2 Peter?

(27.7) What are arguments for and against Petrine authorship of 2 Peter?Many scholars deny that 2 Peter was written by the Apostle Peter, claiming the letter is pseudonymous. This view is defended by the following arguments: Peter used Jude as a source in his second chapter, and the letter of Jude is too late to have been used by the historic Peter who died in the 60s. The Hellenistic vocabulary and theology in the letter show that Peter, a Galilean fisherman, could not be the author. The false teachers in the letter are second-century gnostics, and obviously, Peter could not have written the letter in the second century. Paul's letters are considered to be Scripture, but it is impossible that Paul's letters could have been collected together and viewed as Scripture while Peter was alive. The letter lacks clear attestation in the second century, and even in the fourth century its canonicity was questioned. Despite the objections of many, Petrine authorship is still the most convincing view. Arguments for Petrine authorship include the following: The letter claims to be written by Peter. The use of Jude as a source is not certain, but only a theory. Furthermore, even if Peter used Jude, there is no problem. Jude likely wrote before Peter died. The idea that the opponents were second-century gnostics is not verified by the data of the letter. It is unnecessary to conclude from 2 Pet. 3:15-16 that all of Paul's letters were collected and stamped as canonical. Peter obviously knows some of the Pauline letters and considers them to be authoritative, but that is not the same thing as a collected canon of Pauline writings. The vocabulary and style of 2 Peter are distinct from 1 Peter, and the language has a Hellenistic flavor. But this is not an insuperable problem. We need to observe firstly that the corpus of Petrine writings is incredibly small. Hence, judgments about "Petrine style" should be made with humility. The argument that Peter uses a different theology does not stand either. We need to recall that the letter is occasional, and hence, is not a summary of all of Peter's theology. Second Peter is not as strongly attested by external evidence as many other letters. There is no good evidence that pseudonymous letters were accepted as canonical. Indeed, they were rejected because they were fraudulent.

(24.15) What chapter in 1 Corinthians is known as the resurrection chapter?

1 Cor. 15

(23.7) What city was the commercial and political capital of the province of Achaia?

Corinth

(24.6) What was the occasion for Paul's writing 1 Corinthians?

1. Paul received oral reports from the household of Chloe regarding contentions in the church (1 Cor. 1:11); 2. Paul also received an official letter from the Corinthian church seeking Paul's advice on various issues and problems the Corinthian church was facing. This letter was delivered to Paul, along with an offering by the Corinthian delegates, Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus (1 Cor. 16:7).

(23.10) What two things did Paul write that must occur before the second coming of Christ?

1. There will be a great apostasy—a great falling away from the faith. 2. This apostasy will culminate in the coming of a man, whom he calls the man of sin, or the lawless one, who will set himself up as God and will require worship of himself. It will be the second coming of Christ that will destroy this man and his system

(23.9) Which of Paul's epistles was written because the people were so convinced of the immediate second coming of Jesus that they ceased working?

2 Thessalonians was written to these new believers who were so convinced of the immediate second coming of Jesus that they ceased working

(26.16) What is the theme of Philippians?

A continuous note of joy in Christ is sounded throughout the letter. Despite Paul's testing and the difficulties encountered by the church (Phil. 1:27-30), the theme of joy in Christ is echoed eighteen times in the four chapters of this letter. An exemplary text of this theme is Philippians 4:4: "Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice!"

(25.13) What prison epistles did Paul write while in Rome?

Acts 28:11-31 During this time, Paul was not imprisoned in a typical sense. He could not leave the house, however, all who wanted to come and visit him were welcome. And many did. Many of the guards to which he was handcuffed became Christians through the testimony of Paul. It was during this two-year period, the years A.D. 60-61, that Paul wrote four of his epistles. These are known as the prison epistles, for obvious reasons. These are the epistles of Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon.

Amillennialism

Amillennialism has the following sequence of events: The present age continues with a mixture of good and evil. Satan instigates a final rebellion near the end of the age. Christ returns (the Second Coming). Christ judges all people, living and dead. Believers receive resurrection bodies, and unbelievers are cast into hell. The eternal reign of God begins (the consummation).

(24.5) Which Christian couple did Paul encounter at Corinth?

Aquila and Priscilla

(27.2) What books comprise the general epistles?

As we quickly approach the end of our study of the New Testament, we encounter two more groups of letters. In addition to the ten letters of Paul we have discussed, the New Testament has another section of letters that are referred to as "general" or "catholic," meaning that they are intended for a broader audience than a particular church, as most of Paul's letters were. The General Letters include Hebrews, James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude.

(23.4) To what city did Paul escape after the Jews of Thessalonica rioted?

Berea, a city in Macedonia

WHAT IS THE MILLENNIUM?

Bible-believing people all agree that at some future time, Jesus Christ will appear openly and bodily to the world in the Second Coming and will begin visibly to reign. But they do not all agree on the exact character of all the events preceding and following the Second Coming, nor do they all agree on the order of events. People have held three main positions over the course of church history, namely premillennialism, amillennialism, and postmillennialism.

(26.7) Which two prison epistles are referred to as "twin epistles"?

Colossians and Ephesians

(24.3) In which city did Paul encounter problems with the followers of John the Baptist?

Ephesus

(24.4) In which city was there a riot of silversmiths?

Ephesus

(25.10) Who was procurator of Judea when Paul was transferred to Caesarea?

Felix was the procurator of Judea

(25.11) Which procurator of Judea succeeded Felix and required Paul to restate his case?

Festus succeeded Felix as procurator of Judea

(27.3) What books comprise the pastoral epistles?

First and 2 Timothy and Titus have been known as the pastoral epistles since the early 18th century. It is not a particularly accurate description of the epistles because they are not manuals of pastoral care. Nevertheless, they have a pastoral character, and the title is not altogether inappropriate. Of all the 13 Pauline epistles, the authorship of these three has been questioned most severely by modern critics. This has been done in spite of the strong testimony of the Church Fathers. These accepted the books as canonical and as written by Paul: Ignatius, Polycarp, Justin Martyr, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and Irenaeus. Some who have rejected the Pauline authorship view the Pastorals as pseudonymous writings, written either by a second-century opponent of Gnosticism or by a follower of Paul who incorporated genuine Pauline material after the martyrdom of the apostle. (Pseudonym means "false name.")

WAYS OF INTERPRETING REVELATION- Preterist

First, the Roman Empire interpretation (which scholars call ''preterist") believes that the bulk of the prophecies were fulfilled in the first few centuries, especially in connection with the fall of the Roman Empire. The beast of Rev. 13:1-8 represents the Roman Empire in its persecution of Christians. An alternate form of this approach connects the prophecies primarily with the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70.

(27.12) What was the occasion of Titus?

Generally, the occasion of the letter of Titus was twofold: to urge Titus to finish the organization of the work begun by Paul; to inform Titus of Paul's future plans for his associate and to send greetings.

(24.9) What is the name of the ancient religion that distinguished between the soul and body?

Gnosticism

(26.6) What appeals did Paul make on behalf of Onesimus?

He began with Philemon's reputation as a man who brought blessings to others. He appealed based on Christian love. He appealed because of the conversion of Onesimus. He appealed based on the how valuable Onesimus was to his ministry in Rome.

(26.13) What is the main purpose of Ephesians?

In Ephesians, Paul hints at several purposes. Perhaps his main purpose is that Jewish and Gentile believers are one in Christ. This oneness was to be demonstrated by their love one for another. Paul used the noun or verb form of love (agape) nineteen times (about one-sixth of the total uses in all the Pauline Letters). Ephesians begins with love (1:4-6), and ends with love (6:23-24).

(27.11) What theological concerns are addressed in 1 Timothy?

In his letter of 1 Timothy, Paul presented three theological concerns: Propriety in Christian leadership. Qualifications for Christian ministers. Firmness in teaching and defending the truth of the Gospel.

(27.15) What theological concerns are addressed in 2 Timothy?

In his letter, Paul presented three theological concerns: The value of Christian friendship and encouragement. An encouraging example of suffering for the gospel. The costly commitment of Christian discipleship. In presenting these theological concerns, Paul presents three different analogies: the dedication of a soldier; the dedication of an athlete; the dedication of a hardworking farmer.

(27.6) Which of Peter's letters was written in response to false teachers who denied the second coming of Christ?

In his second epistle, Peter wrote in response to false teachers who denied the second coming of the Lord Jesus Christ and advocated a libertine lifestyle. Peter maintained that God's grace is the foundation for a godly life and that living a life of godliness is necessary to obtain an eternal reward. Peter also vigorously defended the truth of Christ's second coming, which was anticipated in the transfiguration and promised in God's Word.

(26.1) What books comprise the prison epistles?

In our last session, we finished the book of Acts with Paul imprisoned in Rome. This was not Paul's last time in prison. Indeed, we entertained the idea of Paul being released, completing other missionary activities, and later being imprisoned in Rome. During his first prison experience, we noted Paul wrote various letters. In this lesson, we explore two of these letters: Philemon and Colossians.

(26.11) What is the central theme of Colossians?

In the epistle of Colossians, Paul sets as its theme, the supremacy of Christ in all things.

(27.5) What is the purpose of 1 Peter?

In the letter of 1 Peter, Peter encourages his readers to live in accordance with the hope that they had received in Christ (1:3). He gave guidance for them to use in their relationships with one another (3:1-12), and he urged them to endure suffering joyfully for Jesus' sake (4:19). His chief purpose in writing was to provide them encouragement in Christian living. Peter often used theological ideas to drive home his ethical demands. He presented the death of Christ as a stimulus for Christians to endure suffering (2:21-25). He also affirmed the resurrection as a chief source of Christian hope and confidence (1:3). He presented the return of Christ as an incentive for holy living (1:13). He portrayed the nature of the Christian call (2:9-10) as a basis for individual Christians to obey Christ at home (3:1-7), to obey Him as servants (2:18-20), and to follow Him as citizens (2:13-17).

(24.12) What advice did Paul give the Corinthian believers who were married to an unbelieving spouse?

Initiative belongs to the unbeliever. If the unbelieving wife or husband wants the marriage to continue, then the Christian partner is to continue in the marriage. Why? Because the believing partner may be the "means of salvation" for the unbelieving partner. If the unbelieving partner chooses to dissolve the marriage, the divorce should be done peaceably.

(25.7) How does Paul say God's righteousness should be applied?

It should be applied among fellow believers (12:1-21). This is accomplished by a consecration of our lives to God, in light of all that He has done for us (12:1-2). Once we have committed ourselves to Him, we can begin to serve others. This service should be done by the employment of spiritual gifts for the benefit of the body (12:3-8), and with an attitude of sincere love, both for believers and unbelievers (12:9-21). The righteousness of God should be applied in the state (13:1-14). We demonstrate God's righteousness by submitting even to pagan authorities (13:1-7) and by loving our neighbors (13:8-10). The urgency for such action is due to the fact that "our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed" (13:11), i.e., because of our hope of the Lord's return (13:11-14). Those believers whose faith is strong and who have a good grasp on their death to the Law should not be judgmental of weaker brothers (14:1-15:13). Neither the weak nor strong brother should condemn the other, but instead, should recognize the freedom that all have in Christ (14:1-12). But his freedom should not become a stumbling block to the weak; liberty must give way to love (14:13-23). One believer's freedoms should not cause a brother to sin by leading him to do something against his conscience (14:23). Ultimately, the strong believer (as well as the weak) should imitate Christ in his selflessness (15:1-13), rather than using liberty as a means to please oneself.

(28.7) What is the theme of 2 John?

John mentioned twin themes in writing 2 John: he urged his readers to practice love with one another (2 John 5); he called them to practice truth in affirming the correct doctrine about Jesus (2 John 7-11).

(28.6) Who were the recipients of 2 John?

John wrote to "the chosen lady and her children." This may be a reference to a personal friend of John. Some have pointed to the use of "lady" in verses 1, 5 and the description of her children in verses 1, 4 as evidence to take the term in reference to a person. Some have even named the woman as "Kyria" (the Greek word for "lady") or "Electa" (the Greek word for "chosen"). Another more likely interpretation is to see "lady" as a personification for a local church and its members. The Greek word for "church" is feminine in gender. This gender is normally used in speaking of the church. Also a church would more likely have a reputation for truth than a single family (2 John 4).

(27.20) What is the theme of Jude?

Jude began with the intention of discussing the theme of "salvation." Awareness of the infiltration of false teachers led Jude to emphasize two features. He warned against and condemned false teachers who were heavily influencing his area. He urged his readers to greater firmness and commitment.

(23.6) What is the name of Paul's address to the people in the city with an "altar to an unknown god"?

Mars Hill address

(25.8) What is the name of the young man whom Paul revived from death?

One young man, Eutychus, "overcome by sleep," fell out of a third-story window and died. Paul miraculously revived him

(25.12) Upon being shipwrecked on his trip to Rome, on what island was Paul stranded?

Paul and other passengers, including crew members, had to spend that winter on the island of Malta.

26.12) What is Paul's focus in the epistle of Ephesians?

Paul viewed Christ as the exalted Lord of the church and creation. Paul's focus in Ephesians appears to be the church, but he was compelled to discuss its origin in Christ. In the second portion of the letter, Paul noted that the Church was the body of Christ, the bride of Christ, and the temple of God. Paul stressed that Jews and Gentiles were now part of the same church. God, by His grace, had reconciled Gentiles with God, and Jews, with Gentiles. Consequently, the church has certain responsibilities. Being in Christ should affect one's moral behavior (4:17-5:14). Christians are filled with the Holy Spirit, which enables them to live holy lives. For example, wives will submit to husbands (5:22-24), husbands will love wives (25-33), children will obey (6:1-3), etc. In the end, Paul urged the Christian to put on the whole armor of God (6:10-20).

(26.10) What central question does Paul address in Colossians?

Paul's major teaching centered around the question, "Who is Jesus Christ?"

(26.3) What is the date of the prison epistles?

Paul's prison epistles were written during his first stay in Rome between A.D. 61 and 63

(24.1) What are the dates for Paul's third missionary journey?

Paul's third missionary journey extended from about A.D. 52 to A.D. 56 and is recorded in Acts 18:23-21:16

(26.18) The student will be responsible for knowing what happened to each apostle

Peter Though Peter led the disciples and took a prominent role in the early church (Acts 1-5), he did not emerge as the leader. Peter helped establish the Jerusalem church, but James the brother of Jesus assumed the leadership of the Jerusalem church (Acts 15). Though active in the spread of the gospel to the Gentiles (Acts 11-12), Paul became "the apostle to the Gentiles" (Acts 14; 16-28). Peter served as a bridge to hold together the diverse people of the early church (Acts 15). Peter became the "apostle to the Jews," preaching throughout Palestine. Peter died as a martyr in Rome under Nero, probably in A.D. 64 or 65 (1 Clement 5:1-6:1). Tradition holds that Peter was crucified upside down because he felt unworthy to die in the same manner as Jesus. Conservative scholarship maintains that Peter wrote 1 and 2 Peter with scribal assistance. Eusebius held that John Mark wrote the Gospel of Mark to preserve the preaching of Peter. Apparently devotees of Peter produced pseudonymously the noncanonical books, the Acts of Peter and the Gospel of Peter, assigning Peter's name to them. James, Son of Zebedee James, the son of Zebedee, was the brother of John (Matt. 4:21; 10:2; Mark 1:19; 3:17; Luke 5:10). As one of the 12 disciples (Acts 1:13), he, with Peter and John, formed Jesus' innermost circle of associates. These three were present when Jesus raised Jairus' daughter (Mark 5:37; Luke 8:51), witnessed the transfiguration (Matt. 17:1; Mark 9:2; Luke 9:28), and were summoned by Christ for support during His agony in Gethsemane (Matt. 26:36-37; Mark 14:32-34). Perhaps because of James' and John's fiery fanaticism, evidenced as they sought to call down fire from heaven on the Samaritan village refusing to receive Jesus and the disciples (Luke 9:52-54), Jesus called the brothers "Boanerges" or "sons of thunder" (Mark 3:17). James' zeal was revealed in a more selfish manner as he and John (their mother, on their behalf, in Matt. 20:20-21) sought special positions of honor for the time of Christ's glory (Mark 10:35-40). They were promised, however, only a share in His suffering. James was the first of the 12 to be martyred (Acts 12:2). His execution (about A.D. 44), by order of King Herod Agrippa I of Judea, was part of a larger persecution in which Peter was arrested (Acts 12:1-3). John, Son of Zebedee John, son of Zebedee, was the brother of James. Harmonizing Matt. 27:56 with Mark 15:40 suggests that John's mother was Salome. If she was also the sister of Jesus' mother (John 19:25), then John was Jesus' first cousin. This string of associations is so conjectural, though, that we cannot be sure of it. Because James is usually mentioned first when the two brothers are identified, some have also conjectured that John was the younger of the two. James' brother, John, is also known as "the disciple whom Jesus loved." Luke locates John with Peter in Acts 3 as Peter healed the lame man. Tradition places John's primary ministry in Ephesus, before he was exiled to the Island of Patmos (from where he wrote the book of Revelation). There is no record of how John died. Andrew Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, and became one of Jesus' first disciples. Because of John the Baptist's witness concerning Jesus, Andrew followed Jesus to His overnight lodging and became one of His first disciples. Subsequently Andrew brought his brother Simon to Jesus (John 1:40-41). He was a fisherman by trade (Matt. 4:18). He questioned Jesus about His prophesy concerning the temple (Mark 13:3). Andrew brought the lad with his lunch to Jesus, leading to the feeding of the 5,000 (John 6:8). He and Philip brought some Greeks to see Jesus (John 12:22). He is mentioned for the last time in Acts 1:13. He figures prominently in several early extrabiblical church traditions. He is believed to have been killed on an x-shaped cross in Patros, Greece, around A.D. 69. Philip In the Synoptic Gospels, the name Philip occurs only in the lists of the names of the twelve disciples/apostles (Mark 3:16-19; Matt. 10:2-4; Luke 6:14-16; cf. Acts 1:13). In each instance Philip is presented in fifth position. In John, however, Philip plays a narrative role in 1:43-46; 6:5-7; 12:20-22; 14:8-9. He is said to be from Bethsaida (John 1:44; 12:21), is connected with Greeks seeking Jesus (12:20-21), and serves as a foil for the Johannine Jesus (6:5-7; 14:8-11). It is tempting to conclude that the figure of Philip was "known" by both the author and the readers of the Fourth Gospel. Philip met Jesus the day after Peter and Andrew joined Jesus. To be clear, this Philip (the apostle), is different from Philip the deacon, who preached to the Samaritans and the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8. Tradition places Philip's ministry in Scythia as well. Apparently he died a martyr's death near the end of the first century. Bartholomew (Nathanael) In the Synoptic Gospels, Bartholomew immediately follows the name of Philip. His name does not occur in John's Gospel. In the first chapter of John, however, the account of Philip's call to discipleship is closely related to the call of a person named Nathanael (vv. 43-51). This circumstance has led to the traditional identification of Bartholomew with Nathanael. The name Nathanael means, "giver of God." He was from Cana of Galilee (John 21:2), and apparently became one of the inner core of disciples who followed Jesus. Although Matthew, Mark, and Luke do not mention him by name, his two appearances in John point to his devotion to Christ. Philip announced to Nathanael that Jesus was the promised Messiah (John 1:45). It was then that Nathanael made the infamous remark, "Can anything good come out of Nazareth?" (John 1:46). Bartholomew (Nathanael) is credited with taking the gospel to India and Armenia. He was beheaded in A.D. 68. Thomas (Didymus) Thomas (Didymus) was one of Jesus' original 12 disciples. He is named in all the Synoptic Gospels and Acts (Matt. 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13), but plays no further role in those writings. The name is a Greek transliteration of the word, "twin," translated as Didymus. Thomas appears prominently in John, during the final stages of Jesus' earthly life. When Jesus indicates that he is going back into Judea where "the Jews" had recently tried to stone him to death, Thomas courageously urges the disciples to accompany Jesus, "that we may die with him" (John 11:16). In John 14:5 he appears to lack a deeper understanding of Jesus, questioning how they can follow Jesus when they do not even know his destination; Jesus responds that he is that "way." When the other disciples report that Jesus has appeared to them, Thomas adamantly says that he will not believe Jesus is alive unless he can put his finger into the print of the nails in Jesus' hands and put his hand into Jesus' side (John 20:24-25). Jesus appears to the disciples eight days later when Thomas is present and invites him to satisfy his conditions for belief; Thomas responds, "My Lord and my God!" (John 20:26-28). Thomas is last mentioned among a group of disciples to whom the risen Jesus appears beside the Sea of Tiberius/Galilee (John 21:2). "Doubting Thomas," as he is often called, traveled east. After traveling to Persia and South India, he also died a martyr's death around A.D. 63. Matthew (Levi) Matthew was a tax collector, whom Jesus called to be an apostle (Matt. 9:9; 10:3). Matthew's office was located on the main highway that ran from Damascus, down the Jordan Valley to Capernaum then westward to Acre to join the coastal road to Egypt or southward to Jerusalem. His duty was to collect "toll" or "transport" taxes from both local merchants and farmers carrying their goods to market as well as distant caravans passing through Galilee. He was an employee of Herod Antipas. Matthew knew the value of goods of all description: wool, flax, linen, pottery, brass, silver, gold, barley, olives, figs, wheat. He knew the value of local and foreign monetary systems. He spoke the local Aramaic language as well as Greek. Because Matthew had leased his "toll" collecting privileges by paying the annual fee in advance, he was subjected to the criticism of collecting more than enough, growing wealthy on his "profit." Thus he was hated by his fellow Jews. Matthew is the same person as Levi, a tax collector (Mark 2:14; Luke 5:27), and thus the son of Alphaeus. James the son of Alphaeus is also listed among the apostles (Mark 3:18; Matt. 10:3; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13). This indicates that both Matthew and his (half) brother were in close association with Jesus. Mary, the mother of James, keeps the vigil at the foot of the cross with Mary, the mother of Jesus (Matt. 27:55-56; Mark 15:40). If the James mentioned here is the same as the son of Alphaeus, then we have a larger family closely associated with the family of Jesus. Matthew remained in Palestine for about fifteen years following the resurrection (which is about the time of the Jerusalem Council). He is credited with taking the gospel to Ethiopia, before dying in Egypt. Details surrounding his death are unknown. James, Son of Alpheus (James the Less) James the son of Alphaeus is not mentioned in the Gospels beyond the lists of disciples. Little is known about this disciple. Matthew is also called the son of Alphaeus, and may possibly be the brother of James. If this is true, however, it is remarkable that these brothers were not associated in any way in the gospels, as were Simon and Andrew and the sons of Zebedee. Legend says that James was of the house of Gad, was stoned by the Jews for preaching Christ, and was buried by the sanctuary in Jerusalem. It is believed that he was executed by stoning at an unknown date. Judas (Thaddaeus) Judas of James was one of the 12 apostles, and called, "Judas the son of James" (Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13). This has been interpreted as either Judas the brother of James or more plausibly as Judas, the son of James. In the lists of the disciples given in Matthew and Mark, instead of Judas of James, Thaddeus is mentioned. In John 14:22, this Judas is sharply distinguished from Judas Iscariot and is reported to have asked a question of Jesus: "Then Judas (not Judas Iscariot) said, 'But, Lord, why do you intend to show yourself to us and not to the world?' " Judas was martyred in Syria around A.D. 66. Simon the Zealot Simon the Zealot is mentioned as one of the 12 disciples in Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Acts. Before becoming a disciple of Jesus, he was a member of the Zealots, a party of patriotic Jews, who believed that to submit to Rome's authority was to deny God's lordship. In Matthew and Mark he is called "the Canaanean." This is to designate him from Simon Peter; not that he was a Canaanite or from Cana, but rather a "zealot," or "enthusiast." In Luke 6:15 and Acts 1:13, he is correctly called "the Zealot" since he was a member of that party of patriotic Jews, who so zealously opposed the Roman rule in Palestine and fanatically resorted to violence in their hatred of the foreign yoke.

(27.8) What are the major themes of 2 Peter?

Peter felt strongly that his death was near (2 Pet 1:14-15). He wanted to leave a spiritual testament that would provide helpful instruction after his departure. He provided warning against the character and false teaching of heretics who would infiltrate the church (2:1-19; 3:1-4). To provide protection against their errors, he urged a development of proper Christian virtues (1:3-11) and a constant growth in God's grace (3:17-18). Peter held to a high view of Scripture (1:19-21), and he viewed Paul's writings as "Scripture" (3:16). In addition to these, the major themes of 2 Peter include the following: the designated Jesus Christ as "Savior" and "Lord" (1:1-2); the observation of Jesus' transfiguration (1:16-18); the affirmation of the return of Christ (3:1-4); the assertion of God's sovereign control of the events of history (3:13); the certainty of Christ's return as an incentive to appeal for godly living (3:14).

(23.1) In what city was the first European conversion recorded?

Philippi

Postmillennialism

Postmillennialism has the following sequence of events: The present age becomes better and better as more people become Christians and the blessing of God is poured out on them. There will come a future age of spiritual prosperity when Christian faith will dominate in this world. Christ returns (the Second Coming). Christ judges all people, living and dead. Believers receive resurrection bodies, and unbelievers are cast into hell. The eternal reign of God begins (the consummation).

Premillennialism

Premillennialism argues for the following series of events: The present age continues to be a mixture of good and evil, believers and unbelievers. Christ returns (the Second Coming). Christians living and dead receive resurrection bodies. There is a judgment on the unbelievers who are alive. Christ inaugurates a visible reign over the nations, a time of great peace and prosperity lasting for 1,000 years (some think longer). Shortly before the end of this period, Satan instigates a great rebellion (described in Rev. 20:7-10). God puts down the rebellion, and there is a final judgment of those alive and of the wicked dead. The eternal reign of God begins (the consummation).

(25.1) Which of Paul's letters has been referred to as the "Constitution of Biblical Christianity"?

Romans, which is considered by many Christians to be the greatest piece of literature in existence

(27.9) What are arguments for and against Pauline authorship of 1 and 2 Timothy?

Some have suggested that Paul did not write 1 and 2 Timothy. Arguments against Pauline authorship are basically threefold: The letters cannot be placed within the framework of the chronology of Acts and are thus assumed to have been written after Paul's death. The content of the letters is said to be different from Paul's teaching elsewhere. Differences in vocabulary are said to be so great that the same author could not have written these three letters and Paul's earlier works. In response to these who doubted Pauline authorship of 1 and 2 Timothy, the following is offered: Both Acts 28 and Phil. 1:25-26 imply that Paul was released from his first Roman imprisonment. Also, several writers in the early church indicate a release, a further period of activity (during which 1 Timothy and Titus were written), and reimprisonment (when 2 Timothy was written). The different subjects addressed and the needs of the recipients account for the differences in style, vocabulary, and doctrine. If Luke was the one who wrote down Paul's thoughts, as was certainly possible, then Luke's input may explain some of the unique vocabulary. There is no compelling reason to deny the claim of Paul's authorship of these letters.

WAYS OF INTERPRETING REVELATION-Historicist

The Church History interpretation (''historicist") believes that the prophecies are fulfilled in the history of the church from the first century until the Second Coming. The narrative of Revelation is assumed to be in exact chronological order. The early chapters (for example, Revelation 2, 3, and 6) relate to events in the first few centuries, the middle chapter (Revelation 13) relates to events of the Reformation, and the later chapters (Revelation 18, 19) related to events immediately before the Second Coming. The beast represents the Pope in Reformation times.

WAYS OF INTERPRETING REVELATION-Idealist

The General Principle interpretation (''idealist") believes that the prophecies depict general patterns of conflict that repeatedly occur throughout the period between the first and second comings of Christ. The beast represents state persecution of Christians throughout this age. The General Principle interpretation is relevant, in view of the fact that Revelation claims to be relevant to all the servants of Christ (1:1), and in view of the fact that Paul teaches us explicitly that there is a general pattern of conflict (2 Thess. 2:7). The General Principle approach also explains how the Roman Empire (Preterist) interpretation and the Final Crisis (Futurist) interpretation can in a sense both be right, since both are looking at one manifestation of the general principle. Part of the power of the symbolism of Revelation lies in its fluidity: it is capable of being applied to a multiplicity of cases through church history, and thereby serving to encourage and instruct Christians in every generation.

(27.1) What is the name of the period between the time of the original apostles to the death of John?

The apostolic age is a term used to describe the first period in the history of the Christian Church. It is the period of the Early Church history during the life and work of the original apostles, which extended from the day of Pentecost (A.D. 30-33), to the death of John (A.D. 100).

(27.19) What possibilities exist for the identity of the author of Jude?

The author of the letter is named in the first verse, "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James." There are several possibilities regarding the identity of Jude: the brother of James (Jesus' brother); the son of James; a coworker in the gospel.

(27.16) Who are possible authors for the book of Hebrews?

The book is anonymous. We find no name for a stated author. The best suggestion for authorship is that given by Origen, a Christian leader in the 3rd century who said, "But as to who actually wrote the epistle, God knows the truth of the matter." Early Christianity viewed Paul as the author, even though those who supported Pauline authorship knew the language did not resemble Paul's other letters. Western Christianity did not accept Pauline authorship until the 4th century. They felt the letter had great authority, but many saw it as anonymous and non-Pauline. The writer of Hebrews held to the same basic apostolic teaching as Paul, but he wrote with a different style and quoted the Old Testament differently from the apostle. The author identified himself as a second-generation Christian (2:3). Paul would never do this! Among possible authors suggested are Luke; Apollos; Barnabas; Priscilla; Aquila.

(28.3) How do the "I Am" statements in John's Gospel portray Christ?

The central theological theme of John is the nature of Jesus Christ. This Gospel teaches us that the Word was God, and that Word became flesh (1:1, 14). John's Gospel presents Jesus as God Himself in human form. This is perhaps presented most clearly in the seven "I am" statements found in chapters 6-15, which portray Christ as: "the bread of life" (6:35, 48); "the light of the world" (8:12; 9:5); "the door" (10:7, 9); "the good shepherd" (10:11, 14); "the resurrection, and the life" (11:25); "the way, the truth, and the life" (14:6); "the true vine" (15:1-5).

(26.15) Which of the prison epistles was written as a "thank you" note to one of Paul's favorite churches?

The epistle to the Philippians, written to one of Paul's favorite churches in Phillipi, the first church established in Europe, is in essence a thank you note. They had sent a gift to Paul. When people were in prison, unless supported by their family, one simply would not survive. Why? Because the prisons did not support their prisoners as we do today.

(28.8) What is the purpose of 2 John?

The false teachers whom John denounced denied the true humanity of Jesus Christ. Their specific error was likely Docetism, a denial of the reality of Jesus' human body. The false teachers traveled among the churches and took advantage of Christian hospitality. John's purpose in this letter was twofold: he expected his readers to offer hospitality to traveling Christians; he urged his readers to refuse such hospitality to itinerant heretics (vv. 10-11). John also urged his readers to practice love with one another. This love would lead them to walk in obedience to God's commands (vv. 5-6).

(25.2) What are two main divisions to the book of Romans?

The first 11 chapters describe what God has done for Christians; what God has done for man through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Chapters 12 through 16 ask what God expects of those who have been redeemed by Christ.

(24.10) What alternatives to Christian litigation did Paul suggest?

The first is arbitration within the church. "Could it be that there is no man among you wise enough to decide between members of the brotherhood?" (v. 5). The Corinthians had boasted of their wisdom. Surely, there was one in their congregation who was competent to render a judgment in their disputes. The second alternative to continuous litigation was for one of the brothers to endure the wrong (vv. 7-8) rather than discredit the gospel by seeking redress in pagan courts.

(28.10) What is the focus of Revelation?

The focus of Revelation clearly falls upon the future coming of Christ. His coming will defeat the powers of Satan, those evil forces that oppress the people of God. The One who will come is none other than the same crucified and risen Jesus. The churches and those within them who have devoted themselves to the lordship of Jesus Christ are exhorted to remain faithful in the hour of affliction to Christ the crucified and risen Lord. Such exhortations to perseverance are widespread in the New Testament. The Book of Revelation thus reflects the basic, apostolic theology that may be attested throughout the New Testament. This "apostolic theology" may be summarized as follows: The events accomplished by God, particularly as they pertain to the person of Jesus Christ, have all been done in fulfillment of Scripture (Matt 1:22-23). God has powerfully acted for our salvation, especially through the death and resurrection of Jesus (Acts 2:23-32). This same Jesus is now the exalted Lord. Having ascended to the right hand of God and taken His place on God's throne, He now executes the purposes of God as the Living Lord of the cosmos (Acts 2:32-36). All who believe and confess the person of Jesus Christ will experience the salvation of God (Acts 2:38). God's Spirit has been poured out on all those who name the name of Christ (Acts 2:38; Rom 5:5; 8:9). Commitment to God through Christ means participation in a fellowship of worship and instruction (Acts 2:41-42; Rom 9:24-26). This same Jesus will come again to rescue those who have confessed Him in faithfulness (see Mark 13:24-27).

The history of Christianity for the apostolic era is based on the Gospels, the book of Acts, references to the apostles in the early Christian writings, and Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. The following basic chronology of the apostolic era is accepted by most historians:

The founding of the Christian Church on the feast of Pentecost. The death of King Herod Agrippa I. The Apostolic Council in Jerusalem. The epistles, Galatians, Corinthians, and Romans. Paul's captivity in Caesarea. Paul's first captivity in Rome. The epistles, Philippians, Ephesians, Colossians, and Philemon. The Neronian persecution, including the martyrdom of Paul and Peter. The destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. The death of John after the accession of Trajan.

(26.4) What was the occasion for the epistle of Philemon?

The occasion for the letter involves a runaway slave named Onesimus. Onesimus was a slave belonging to Philemon, who had run away. Apparently, Onesimus had either damaged or stolen some of Philemon's property. However, Onesimus had become a Christian under Paul's influence and needed to make restitution for the wrong he had committed. In response to Onesimus' request, Paul wrote a letter of conciliation on his behalf. In this letter, he urged Philemon to forgive Onesimus and receive him as a brother.

(24.13) What was the issue in the Corinthian Church that led Paul to discuss the problem of the weaker brother?

The issue that led to Paul discussing the weaker brother involved the pagan temples in Corinth. In these pagan temples, animal sacrifices were offered to the gods. Only limited portions of the animal were used, leaving the greater part to be consumed by the priests and worshipers in a cultic meal. Following the sacrifices, the magistrates sold to the butcher shops nearby whatever meat remained. This was the best meat available. Anyone having a dinner party in his home would be sure to serve it to his guests.

(27.14) What is the occasion for 2 Timothy?

The letter 2 Timothy was probably written a year or so after 1 Timothy, and from Rome. Paul was for a second time a prisoner when he sent the letter to Timothy by the hands of Tychicus. In it, he entreats Timothy to come to him before winter, and to bring Mark. Paul was anticipating that "the time of his departure was at hand" (2 Tim. 4:6), and he exhorts his "son Timothy" (1 Tim. 1:2), to all diligence and steadfastness, and to patience under persecution (1:6-15), and to a faithful discharge of all the duties of his office (4:1-5), with all the solemnity of one who was about to appear before the Judge of the quick and the dead. The occasion for Paul writing 2 Timothy appears to be threefold: Paul was apparently once again in prison in Rome, and was expecting to die soon; he was alone and longed for Timothy's company, so he appealed for Timothy to come to his side; the heresy at Ephesus had continued to spread, so Paul urged Timothy to focus on developing faithful followers of Christ.

(27.10) What is the occasion of 1 and 2 Timothy?

The letters 1 and 2 Timothy were written to deal with the false teaching which was negatively impacting the young churches. The churches were apparently in more danger from internal threats than from external persecution. Paul urged his apostolic associates to counter the internal danger with sound teaching, by providing an example of godly living, and by organizing and training leaders for the congregations.

(23.8) Which of Paul's letters had as its major theme, the second coming of Jesus Christ?

The major theme of the epistle of 1 Thessalonians is the second coming of Jesus Christ

(26.8) What was the occasion for the epistle of Colossians?

The occasion for Colossians began when Paul received information about a heresy at Colossae. (A heresy is a false doctrine or teaching.) Evidently, the residents of Colossae were seeking to attain the fullness of God, and when teachers came among them with a philosophy that promised a mystic knowledge of God, they were entranced by it. Among these tenets were the worship of angels, abstinence from certain foods and drinks, and the observance of feasts and ceremonial days. It is quite likely this strain of Jewish legalism developed from contacts with the Jewish population of Asia Minor.

(24.2) Which of the cities visited by Paul had as their outstanding feature, the great temple of Diana?

The outstanding feature of Ephesus was its great temple of Diana

(28.2) What is the purpose of John's Gospel?

The purpose of John's Gospel is not a question for speculation. It contains the most clearly stated purpose statement in all of Scripture: "That you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name" (20:31). The key word here is "believe," found in John close to one hundred times. This gives the Gospel two primary purposes. John's Gospel sought to confront individuals with the life and claims of Christ in order that they might surrender their lives to Christ's rule. Therefore the first purpose of John's Gospel is evangelistic. It is possible to translate "may believe" in John's purpose statement as "may continue to believe," which would intimate the purpose of not only winning individuals to faith in Christ but also that of strengthening the family of faith that is already walking with Christ.

(28.5) What is the purpose of 1 John?

The purpose of John's first letter was threefold. John wrote to strengthen the joy of his readers (1:4); to give them assurance of their relationship with Jesus Christ (5:13); to prepare them for dealing with false teachers (4:1-3).

(25.6) What reason did Paul give for Israel not inheriting the spiritual promises of the covenant?

The reason Israel did not inherit the spiritual promises of the covenant was that she tried to gain the righteousness of God through works (human effort) (Rom. 9:32; 10:2-3). The righteousness demanded by the law can only be received through a believing confession in the deity and redemptive work of Jesus Christ (Rom. 10:4-10). In a logical sequence of questions (Rom. 10:13-15), Paul showed that men cannot call on Christ for salvation unless someone tells them about Him. "Faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the Word of God" (Rom. 10:17).

(28.4) What criteria does John use to test teachers and those proposing to be Christians?

The theme of 1 John is the testing of Christian professional teachers and individual Christians. In order to verify the authenticity of these, John uses three criteria: they must live righteously and exhibit right behavior (2:3-4); they must demonstrate love as the correct attitude of Christian living (4:8); they must hold to the correct view of Christ as the proper teaching of Christians (4:3). Those who demonstrate these three traits have eternal life. John would repeat these three themes several times in the epistle as tests to determine the presence of eternal life.

(27.4) What is the theme of 1 Peter?

The theme of 1 Peter is suffering. This theme is elaborated throughout the entire epistle. He offered words of hope to his readers as they faced suffering (1:4-5; 5:4). He pictured suffering as purposeful (3:14; 4:14). Christians were to endure it patiently (2:21; 3:9), and they were to demonstrate joy despite hardship (4:13). They could draw encouragement from following the example of Christ in suffering (2:21-25). God's will often demanded that believers endure suffering (4:19).

(28.1) What is the theme of John's Gospel?

The theme of John's Gospel is that God had taken human form in the person of Jesus Christ. For this reason, John's Gospel is often seen as the most evangelistic of the four Gospels. John's emphasis on the nature of Christ—as opposed to the more chronological, historical accounts of Jesus' life in Matthew, Mark, and Luke—has fostered the popular classification of Matthew, Mark, and Luke as "Synoptic" Gospels. This means they put forth a similar view and emphasis, while the Gospel of John falls into a class all to itself.

(27.13) What theological concerns are addressed in Titus?

There are several theological concerns address in Titus. These include the following: listing the qualifications of the elders whom Titus was to ordain; giving instruction concerning proper Christian domestic behavior; demonstrating that the grace of God should result in good works rather than reckless living; presenting guidelines for proper relationships to the unsaved, especially the civil rulers; pointing out the right order in church discipline.

(23.3) In what city did the authorities attack the house of Jason, thinking Paul and Silas were there?

Thessalonica

(28.9) What is the theme of 3 John?

This theme of 3 John is to present a contrast between genuine/disingenuous service. John does so by highlighting the genuine service demonstrated by Gaius, and the disingenuous arrogance shown by Diotrephes. John emphasized that "truth" was a type of behavior that agreed with the doctrine Christians professed (3 John 8). The autocratic behavior of Diotrephes violated this behavior. John wanted to bring his domineering practices to an end. John wrote both to commend and rebuke. He commended Gaius for his unselfish behavior and Christian hospitality. He rebuked the domineering Diotrephes for his dictatorial practices. He also praised Demetrius (v. 12), who probably carried the letter. The length of the letter allows little opportunity for theological expression.

WAYS OF INTERPRETING REVELATION-Futurist

This view recognizes that Revelation arose out of pressure on the church from Rome during the first century A.D. and that the book spoke to that situation. It holds that the bulk of Revelation describes the future Tribulation that will immediately be followed by the return of Christ, the coming of God's kingdom, the final judgment, and the eternal state. Futurists usually calculate the Tribulation as seven years in length, with perhaps only the last three and one half years intensely distressing. Their calculation is based on Daniel's reference to the seventieth week (Dan. 9:24-27).

(26.2) Which of the three prison epistles are inseparably connected?

Three of the prison epistles: Ephesians, Colossians, and Philemon, are inseparably connected.

(24.16) Who joined Paul in Ephesus when he wrote 2 Corinthians?

Timothy

(25.9) What Jewish vow did Paul take to show he was not forsaking the Mosaic Law?

To demonstrate this was not so, Paul agreed to publicly involve himself in a Jewish vow, Nazarite purification. However, while Paul was in the temple, someone saw a Gentile and accused Paul of having brought him. The result was that a small riot ensued.

(24.8) What was the reaction of the Corinthian Church when Paul confronted them with the issue of immorality?

What was the church's attitude toward this evil? Those reporting the matter to Paul stated that the people still were puffed up with pride (5:2). The same arrogance that had blinded them in their factions to the oneness of Christ (1:10-4:21) had also rendered them insensitive to the moral outrage in their midst!

(27.17) What is the purpose of Hebrews?

Wherever the recipients lived, they were well-known to the writer. He described them as generous (6:10), but immature (5:11-14). He was aware of their persecution (10:32-34; 12:4), and he planned to visit them soon (13:19, 23). The writer rebuked the readers for not meeting together often enough (10:24-25). They were in danger of lapsing into sin (3:12-14). Perhaps the readers were a Jewish-Christian group that had broken away from the chief body of Christians in the area. They were considering returning to Judaism to avoid persecution. The purpose of Hebrews is to warn these Christians against such apostasy (6:4-9; 10:26-31), and to help them return to the mainstream of Christian fellowship.

(25.15) Who was the runaway slave who was converted during Paul's stay in Rome?

While imprisoned in Rome, Paul converted a runaway slave, Onesimus, who was from Colossae.

(26.9) What is the purpose of Colossians?

attacked the centrality of Christ (1:15-19; 2:9-10); focused on speculative philosophical traditions (2:8); observed dietary prescriptions and prohibitions (2:16, 21); observed certain religious rites of a Jewish nature (2:16); venerated angels (2:18); tended toward asceticism (2:20).

(24.11) Under what three circumstances did Paul allow a married couple to refuse sexual relations?

by common consent; for a limited time―not indefinitely; for a special season of prayer.

(26.5) What are the theological concerns with Philemon?

emphasizes the brotherhood of Christians; presents Paul as an ambassador and representative of Onesimus.

(25.4) What three condemnations of man does Paul present?

fornication (1:24-25); sexual perversion (1:26-27); depraved lifestyle (1:28-32).

(27.18) What is the theme of Hebrews?

he theme of Hebrews is the presentation of Jesus Christ as the High Priest who offered Himself as the perfect sacrifice for sins (8:1-2; 10:11-18). Christ had superiority over every aspect of Old Testament religion. Understanding this principle could prevent the readers from abandoning Christ and returning to Judaism (10:26-29).

(26.17) What is the purpose of Philippians?

he wanted to explain why he was sending Epaphroditus back to them (2:25-30); he wanted to let them know of his plan to send Timothy to them (2:19-24); he wanted to thank the Philippian church for their concern for him and their generous gifts to him (4:10-20); he desired to inform them of his own circumstances and the advancement of the gospel (1:12-26); he wanted to exhort the church to live in humility, fellowship, and unity (1:27-2:11; 4:2-3); he also needed to warn them concerning the false teachings of legalism, perfectionism, and careless living (3:1-4:1).

(25.5) What results of justification by faith does Paul present?

peace with God; access to the very promises of God; a great hope in the future with God.

(25.3) What three reasons for God's judgment of a pagan world does Paul present?

suppressed God's truth (1:18); ignored God's revelation (1:19-20); perverted God's glory (1:21-23).

(23.2) Who were the first three converts on the continent of Europe?

the first three converts on the continent of Europe were a Jewish woman, a Greek slave girl, and a Roman jailer.

(26.14) What are the main themes of Ephesians?

the mystery of redemption (1:7); the divine intention for the human race (1:3-14); grace (1:2); predestination (1:4-5); reconciliation (2:1-10); union with Christ (2:11-21).

(25.14) After arriving in Rome, why was Paul's trial delayed?

the necessity for accusers to come from Palestine; the destruction in the shipwreck of the document drawn up by Festus concerning the accusations brought up against Paul; the crowdedness of Nero's court calendar.

The book of Revelation, in spite of its unusual language and symbolic traditions, has the basic apostolic theology at its core. The rest of the New Testament speaks profoundly about the same crucified, risen, and exalted Jesus who is variously portrayed in the Book of Revelation. Some of these portraits include the following:

the strangely dressed apocalyptic Son of man of chapter 1; the Lord of the churches of chapters 2 and 3; the Lamb/Lion of Judah of chapter 5; the Lord of judgment who pours out woes upon the earth by way of the seals, trumpets, and cups of chapters 6-19; the Child who is to rule the nations and who is exalted to the right hand of God of chapter 12; the Lamb and Son of man of chapter 14; the Word of God, who is the King of kings and Lord of lords who comes to do battle riding a white horse and having a robe dipped in blood of chapter 19; the One who reigns upon the throne of God and is likewise the heavenly Temple of chapters 20-22.

(24.14) What were two aspects of worship Paul addressed to the Corinthian Church?

veiling of women (11:2-16); observance of the Lord's Supper (11:7-34).

(23.11) Luke highlights Paul's appearance before this Proconsul as the apex of his second missionary journey.

while Gallio was proconsul of Achaia.