NEXT STEP Full Lengths

subjective vs. objective measure

the subjective is like answering a survey question the objective is direct measurement like seeing how they score in this test, it is not related to their own subjective opinions

Case control study

A study that compares patients who have a disease or outcome of interest with patients who do not have the disease or outcome (controls), and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in each group to determine the relationship between the risk factor and the disease. these studies are observational

what does it tell you when it says molecule X undergoes a gamma radiation and B-decay?

B-decay means that one neutron will be converted to a proton, thus this will increase the atomic number and it does not effect the atomic mass. gamma radiation does not change anything in the atomic number or the atomic mass. it, however, tells me that the compound has undergone ionization energy, meaning that the compound now has high levels of energy so they are hazardous. Gamma rays are ionizing and mutagenic. they can lead to DNA damage and cancer development. note. also, B-decay can penetrate through living matter and can thus strike and change/disturb the shape of molecules, including DNA. thus they are MUTAGENIC.

which is stronger C-H or C-C

C-H is stronger because it is a shorter bond, closer to the nucleus, and thus needs more energy to break that bond. this is also due to Hydrogen's size being small and thus near the nucleus.

Air is bubbled through distilled water. The solution will have a pH: A. greater than 7, because elemental nitrogen undergoes hydrolysis. B. less than 7, because elemental nitrogen undergoes hydrolysis. C. greater than 7, because carbon dioxide undergoes hydrolysis. D. less than 7, because carbon dioxide undergoes hydrolysis.

D is correct. Air contains elemental nitrogen as its major component, but elemental nitrogen is essentially inert and is neither an acid nor a base. On the other hand, carbon dioxide can undergo a hydrolysis reaction in liquid water to produce carbonic acid, a weak acid that produces a solution whose pH is less than the pH of water (pH = 7).

An experiment is arranged in which participants spend 10 seconds, 20 seconds, or 30 seconds looking at a large, complex image. The image is then removed and replaced with a second image which is identical except for one small change. Researchers then measure how long the subjects look at the new image before finding the change. In this scenario, the independent variable is: A. whether the subjects ever find the change. B. the time spent looking for the change. C. the size and prominence of the change. D. the time spent looking at the original image.

D is correct. The independent variable is the one the researchers can control, and the dependent variable is the one they measure. Here, the experimenters can control the time the subject gets to study the first image.

what do free radicals act as? reducing or oxidizing agents?

Free radicals are molecules or atoms that contain one unpaired valence electron. As such, they typically serve as highly reactive oxidizing agents. they have similar functions to NAD and FAD but opposite functions to NADH and FADH2

What is the approximate pH of a saturated aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid whose molarity is 10.6 M?

Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and completely dissociates in aqueous solution. In this solution, the hydronium ion (H+) concentration is 10.6 M, which can be approximated as 10 M to make the math easier. The pH is the -log of the hydronium ion concentration: -log[10] = -log[101] = -1. While the typical pH range is normally thought of as ranging from 0 to 14, if the concentration of hydronium ion is greater than 1 M, negative pH values are possible. It is also possible to have pH values greater than 14, i.e. if the hydroxide concentration is greater than 1 M.

what is the role of the endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules. In your cells, the endomembrane system is made up of both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. thus, for the synthesis of insulin, for example, the translated polypeptide will be cleaved into its mature form in the endomembrane system (technically the ER since translation occur in the ER). insulin is a secretory protein meaning that it needs to be secreted and goes to specific locations so it needs to be cleaved into the mature form and that takes place in the endomembrane system because its role is the processing of secretory proteins

the just world phenomenon

The just-world phenomenon is the tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. Because people want to believe that the world is fair, they will look for ways to explain or rationalize away injustice, often blaming the person in a situation who is actually the victim so, good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad things. so higher class people might say they deserve their class and that the poor people don't work as hard as them so they deserve their class. thus, this phenomenon often results in discrimination and prejudice.

why is the use of an autoclave bag best when disbosing hazardous material?

The most effective technique for sterilizing used laboratory materials is using an autoclave and should be the standard procedure followed here. An autoclave brings the materials to a temperature over 120ºC and a pressure of 2 atm, which is enough to kill almost anything.

what is the formula for the osmotic pressure? and identify the terms and units of each

The osmotic pressure can be found by the equation п = iMRT, where п is the osmotic pressure(Pa), [M] is the total molarity (called osmolarity so the unit is either M or mOsm), R is the gas constant (or 8.314), and T is the standard temperature of 273.15 K i is the constant 1atm= 760 mmHg = 100,000 Pa

what does the sense of agency mean

The sense of agency is the sense that you feel in control of your life, in control of your thoughts and behavior, and able to handle a wide range of life problems successfully. It is the capability of individuals to act freely and make independent choices. the confidence the person has in their knowledge and in their fitness to one group can be attributed to the sense of agency

CBT

a cognitive behavioral therapy that first focuses on the maladaptive behaviors to systematically modify the behavior. this is followed by sessions designed to foster cognitive change through self-assessment.

social integration

another meaning for socialization. socially integrated into the community means you have learned the norms and values. it means you have been manifested into the social stratification system such as the institutions and the educational system in the community.

antisocial personality disorder

antisocial personality disorder is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others

what is meant by symbolic play in paigets theory

between age 2-7 in the pre-operational stage. a stick is a sword, a plastic toy is a cake, a doll is a person, etc.

what does it mean by bone resorption

bone resorption is similar to bone osteoclast. it is the breakdown of bones to release minerals such as calcium

groupthink vs group polarization

both of them are leading to extreme options/decisions. however, groupthink is most likely the results of members CONFIRMING to the rest of the group even when they might have different viewpoints Groupthink: Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints, by actively suppressing dissenting viewpoints, and by isolating themselves from outside influences. group polarization occurs when members of the group have an AGREEMENT with each other at something, they will ALL arrive at an extreme decision when are placed in a group. (they all have the SAME viewpoint initially) these more extreme decisions are towards greater risk if individuals' initial tendencies are to be risky and towards greater caution if individuals' initial tendencies are to be cautious.

on what basis do you number the groups their priority when detecting if it is R or S configuration?

by their atomic number (proton numbe thus the lower the atom and toward the left is the higher in property

gap junction

channels (made up of glycoprotiens) that connect two cells so they can transmit signals and material between them (such as the cardiac cells when they transmit the electrical signals very fast). the main protein in gap junctions are connexions which are embedded in the cell's plasma membrane and anchored to the cell's cytoskeleton. so gap junctions connect one cell's cytoskeleton to the other cell's cytoskeleton.

fractional distillation

compounds that have smaller differences in their boiling point (such as Compound Z has a bp at 78C and compound Y has a bp at 100C), then we would use fractional distillation instead of simple distillation because fractional distillation have beads in the condenser and the compounds will evaporate into the condenser once it reaches its bp, but instead of going from the condenser to the reservoir flask, it will go to each of the beads as vapor, it will condense and then vaporize again to go to anther bead to also condense and to also vaporize again to go to another bead all the way up the condenser before reaching the end and the reservoir flask. it is pretty much subsequent distillation processes due to the presence of the beads. this is essential so we can obtain pure compounds Y and Z and the graph would be a sharp rise in temp first and then a sharp plateau for compound Z at its bp (phase change from liquid to gas/evaporation) and then rise in temp again and then another sharp plateau for separating compound Y at its bp. if simple distillation is used for compound Y and Z that are NOT very different in their bp, then the graph would not be sharp, it would start with a sharp rise in temp, but when the plateau hits, it would be a smooth turn that indicates there is no real separation between the two compounds. thus, simple distillation fails to separate PURE compounds if their bp differences are not high

what two aspects does the conflict theory focus on? what about structural functionalist? what is the conflict theory of education vs the functionalist theory of education

conflict theory focuses on inequality and bias. and they can form groups, unions. Conflict theory sees the purpose of education as maintaining social inequality and preserving the power of those who dominate society. Structural functionalism, or, simply, functionalism, focuses on parts work together to promote solidarity and stability thus, it states that education has several important functions in a society, such as socialization, learning, and social placement. functionalist focus on the positive things arise from the education system such as teaching skills necessary for jobs and to create social solidarity functionalist theorists usually focus on macro-level institutions that promote social stability instead of focusing on individual beliefs.

arab doctors who are scheduling their day while taking breaks that align with the daily prayers. is this an example of cultural assimilation or accomidaiton?

cultural assimilation is the process in which the Arab doctor will be replacing an Arab cultural norm or value with an American one. in this case, the Arab is maintaining his/her own cultural norm of the daily prayers and would be arranging for the American institution (hospital) to accommodate the cultural practice of daily prayer that the arabic person already possessed.

which is related to conjugate base/acid? electron donating groups vs electron withdrawing groups

electron donating groups is a characteristic of good conjugate acid since an acid is H donor electron withdrawing groups is a characteristic of a good conjugate base since a base is an acceptor.

explain how electrons are moved in the ETC from carrier to carrier

electrons within the ETC care moved from carriers of lower reduction potential (NADH) to carriers of higher reduction potential (O2)

the process of internalization and fusion within the membrane of the cell is mediated by

endosome

how does estrogen effect bone resorption

estrogen inhibits bone resorption/osteoclast. that is why women after menopause experince low bone density because they don't have that much estrogen thus the osteoclast activity is increased so there is more of bone breaking.

cultural relativism

evaluating another culture based on your own culture standards

NEXT STEP EXAM 3

exam 3/ FL3 (163)

structural functionalism

focus on social stability through two main concepts: latent and manifest. manifest is the intended part of social activity and the latent is the unintended part. the functionalism theory states that almost all social actions require both latent and manifest function

which is compressible gas or liquid

gas is compressible

how does glucocorticoids affect muscle mass

glucocorticoids act on skeletal muscles causing the breakdown of muscle proteins os it leads to muscle weakness if the patient is injected with high levels of glucocorticoids over a long period of time. however, its primary function is gluconeogenesis

affluent country

having an abundance of wealth, property, or other material goods;

how does high levels of cholesterol affect the biological membranes

high cholesterol levels will increase the rigidity of the membranes. cholesterol is highly nonpolar so it will attract adjacent phospholipid tails, making it more rigid.

what is hybridization

hybridization describes a process of binding through complementary nucleotides. for example the binding of DNA and mRNA through their complementary bases.

implicit memory vs explicit memory where does each belong: episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory, sensory memroy, spatial memory, autobiographical memory, and working memory

implicit: Long-term memory; PROCEDURAL - knowing how (also called "nondeclarative" memory) is a type of long-term memory that stands in contrast to explicit memory in that it doesn't require conscious thought. It allows you to do things by rote. previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences. Evidence for implicit memory arises in priming ex) procedural memory -- how to tie your shoe explicit: Long-term memory; DECLARATIVE-- knowing what, facts conscious, INTENTIONAL recollection of previous experiences and information. People use explicit memory throughout the day, such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago. Explicit memory involves conscious recollection, compared with implicit memory which is an unconscious, unintentional form of memory. Remembering a specific driving lesson is an example of explicit memory, while improved driving skill as a result of the lesson is an example of implicit memory. Types: Episodic, Semantic, Autobiographical, Spatial episodic memory: Type of explicit memory Consists of the storage and recollection of life-events. These can be memories that happened to the subject directly or just memories of events that happened around them. Episodic memory allows for mental time travel - recalling various contextual and situational details of one's previous experiences. Semantic Memory Type of explicit memory refers to general world knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) that can be articulated. Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory, which is our memory of experiences and specific events that occur during our lives, from which we can recreate at any given point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is, whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of petting a particular cat. We can learn about new concepts by applying our knowledge learned from things in the past. Autobiographical Memory Type of explicit memory consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory. Spatial Memory Type of explicit memory The part of memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and its spatial orientation. For example, a person's spatial memory is required in order to navigate around a familiar city. It is often argued that in both humans and animals, spatial memories are summarized as a cognitive map. Spatial memory has representations within working, short-term and long-term memory the bottom types are all short term memory while the above types are all long term memories Sensory Memory the shortest-term element of memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended. As information is perceived, it is therefore stored in sensory memory automatically and unbidden Working Memory Short term memory the ability to remember and process information at the same time. It holds a small amount of information (typically around 7 items or even less) in mind in an active, readily-available state for a short period of time (typically from 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute). Prefrontal cortex Repetition, association, meaning, and motivation can help convert working memory into long-term memory

what is the index of refraction

index of refraction (n) of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that medium.

what is the relationship between P50 of oxygen saturation to affinity? how does mono-oxide (CO) affect P50?

inverse relationship high P50 means that the hemoglobin needs much more oxygen concentration in order for it to reach 50% saturation. thus it has lower affinity to oxygen Low P50 means that the hemoglobin needs so little of O2 concentration to reach 50% saturation level. it has high affinity to oxygen. high P50= right shift low P50 = left shift (myoglobin's affinity to Oxygen is much higher than hemoglobin). CO increases the affinity of hgb to oxygen. it increases the LEFT shift by decreasing the P50. CO encourage oxygen bindings. this is a bad thing because when O2 is tightly bound, it will not dissociate it to the tissues when they need it.

interference effect

irrelevent info interfiering with recall of specific info

psychodynamic

is talking about Freud's psychosexual theory. it is the psychological forces (such as the id) that influence human personality and functioning id, superego, and ego

what is the word for constant pressure? such as isothermal in constant temp

isobaric

what is the STP temp

it is 273K meaning it is ZERO C˚....NOT 25C˚ because 25 is the room temp

what is the coordination number

it is how many atoms are bound to the central atom for example NH3, the 3 indicates that there are 3 H atoms bound to Nitrogen. it has nothing to do with the oxidation number.

lipido

it is relating to Freud's theory of psychosexual LIPIDO IS THE SEX DRIVE libido is the natural energy source that ffuelsthe mechanism of the mind. when this energy is stuck or fixated at various stages of psychosexual developed of Freud's, the conflicts can occur that have long life effect. so fixation at particular stages can shape the personality of the individual in the future (such as having smoking habits when growing up, being messy, sexual normal)

what does esterification of FA means

it means building up fats from free fatty acid chains (FFA) to store more fats. insulin promotes it

what does it mean when it says compound X's effect on the organ has a half life of 1 hour?

it means that after each hour, the compound X's effect will decrease in 50% its effect will be eliminated by 50% each hour.

where does folding into tertiary structure proteins happen

it takes place in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the same place of where the protein is synthesized

a compound has more oxygen is more or less acidic

it will be more acidic for example HCLO is less acidic than HCLO2

anomie

lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group.

small receptive fields vs large receptive fields

large receptive fields are good at detecting large things (or large differences between two things) whereas small receptive fields are good for detecting details

latent learning vs manifest learning

latent learning is the hidden type of learning that does not require an explicit change in behavior or is not overt/apparent. it is latent thus hidden. it manifests itself only when you need to utilize it. for example, you watch your parents cook meat every day. this type of learning is latent because it is not observable or it is a hidden type of learning. only when you have to make/cook some meat and you actually DO IT, then this will become obvious that we have learned the information. now it will be manifest learning because it is not hidden anymore.

if two molecules consisting of leucine dimerize together, in which solvent will the dimerization be least favorable to form?

let us think about this step by step. First, the process of dimerization is bringing together two molecules to be one. leucine residues on different parts of a molecule are coming together to form a dimer. second, Leucine is hydrophobic, since its side chain contains only carbon and hydrogen. since it is hydrophobic and it loves to be in the dimer form, that means the hydrophobic parts want to be together SO BAD so they can avoid the environment/solvent because it is hydrophilic. thus, hydrophilic solvents will increase the likelihood of the hydrophobic parts to dimerize. hydrophilic= more dimerization If the solvent were hydrophobic, the Leucine could then interact with the hydrophobic solvent just as favorably as with the other leucine/hydrophobic molecule. Some leucine residues would likely interact only with the solvent, preventing the formation of the dimer entirely. thus, nonpolar and hydrophobic solvents such as hexane will be the least favorable solvents for the formation of a dimer.

how can you separate water with the use of magnesium sulfate

magnesium sulfate is a drying agent. Magnesium sulfate complexes with liquid water. it can dehydrate an organic solution (note, it can dehydrate a SOLUTION). The drying agent pulls the water down from the liquid phase into a solid, and you can then filter the organic layer through, leaving the hydrated salts/solid. if you are trying to separate water from a frozen protein, you cannot use the drying agent because the drying agent will result in the conversion of water into solid and now we are left with two solids and thus filtration cannot be done.

manifest vs. latent function

manifest function: what the action is intended to help latent function: unintended consequence of an action(either positive or negative) Ex: A meeting among physicians to discuss current health crisis (intended) also creates stronger bonds among physicians (unintended)

the mean vs median

mean is the average the median splits the set into two halves if the median is 25 that means half are under 25 and exactly the other half is 25

which maintains genetic integrity? meiosis or mitosis

mitosis is responsible for maintaining genetic integrity between parent cells and daughter cells within a cell culture. Meiosis does not maintain genetic integrity, as one of its functions is genetic recombination in order to create genetic diversity in offspring

would more area allow the blood to flow faster or slower

more area will cause the blood flow to decrease

what does the serial position effect tell us about STM and LTM

most people are able to recall words that came first and last, while they had trouble in between. This phenomenon is called the serial position effect, broken down into the primacy effect and the recency effect. why do these effects occur? The recency effect may be obvious because the most recent words (last words of the list) are in the short term memory/working memory and can be recalled easily. But as for the primacy effect, the theory is that " the initial items presented are most effectively stored in long-term memory because of the greater amount of processing devoted to them (depth of processing). (The first list item can be rehearsed by itself; the second must be rehearsed along with the first, the third along with the first and second, and so on.)" The dip in the recall of middle words signified the break between short term and long term. this theory tells us that STM and LTM are two separate systems

is disulfide bond covalent or hydrogen bond SH-SH

note it cannot be hydrogen bond since hydrogen bonds only take place with the three atoms FON thus the disulfide is a covalent bond

proactive interference

old information that is stored in long term is interfering with learning new memory. on a graph of the serial position effect, the Y-axis will be the percent of recall correctly and the X-axis is the serial/order of the words. people with Alzheimer will not experience proactive interference. this can be shown in the graph the following: the line will go up only by the middle and end of the list in which the people are able to recall correctly words in the end only (recency effect). this means that these people have short term memory intact while their long term memory is not intact because they could not recall correctly any words in the primacy/beginning of the list which represent the long term memory. thus, these people will not be able to experience proactive interference because they do not have long term memory so there is NO OLD info to interfere with the learning of new info.

the strain theory of crime

people who feel strained everyone wants to reach the American dream that can be reached through obtaining an education, money, and hard work. however, not everyone have access to education or hard work (no employment) thus the society structure will make the members feel strained. this will force/encourage members to deviate and to go to other ways such as committing crimes to obtain what is needed.

relative configurations vs absolute configurations

relative configurations are L and D absolute configurations are R and S

how are the secondary structure and tertiary structures of proteins stabilized

secondary strucutre is stable due to the backbone interaction/hydrogen bonds in alpha helix, it is stabilized by the hydrogen bonds formed in the backbone between the amine group and the carbonyl group positioned 4 amino acids away. in the beta sheet, the hydrogen bonds are formed by adjacent amino acids' amine and carbonyl groups on adjacent strands that are anti-parallel to each other OR a parallel beta sheet the R groups are pointed outward in the alpha helix whereas the beta sheet R side chains are alternative in and out. none of the hydrogen bonds in the alpha helix and beta sheet involve the R chains, so they can form with any protein sequence. the tertiary structure is due to side chain interactions. the R chains can form hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, or hydrogen interactions or sulfide interactions. this is only within one subunit of the protein.

what is the difference between social exclusion vs social isolation

social isolation happens when. group or an individual CHOOSES to be isolated from the main society maybe because they are treated differently by the main society so they just choose to isolate themselves and create their own society. social isolation= VOLUNTARY isolation due to maybe their religion or cultural (for example the Amish in the US due to having different beliefs) social exclusion is when a group is excluded from the society due to EXTERNAL FACTORS such as the educational system or the law that FORCE the individual to be excluded from the main society.

an immigrant rejects his cultural norms and values and adopts the American culture and values and standards and becomes one of them..the Americans became which type of groups to the immigrant?

the Americans are considered to be the reference group for the immigrant as a reference group (the attitudes and behaviors that one admires and look up to and would like to join.) the immigrant is participating in assimilation, replacing his childhood norms with the dominant norms.

what is the buoyant face equation

the Fb is the force that pushes the object upward when submerged in water note: if the object is fully submerged in water, then the volume of the object in air is EQUAL to the volume of displaced water. Fb by definition is the weight of the water displaced by the body: Fb = pwater * Vdisplaced * g (this will lead to mg after canceling the volume, so it is the FORCE=WEIGHT)

what does the catalyst do in the formation of product X

the catalyst will increase the reaction rate which will then increase the production of compound X per unit time. it does NOT increase the total amount of compound X produced. no, it is not a substrate.

what is one character about organic acids? is carbonic acid considered to be an organic acid? what is the structure of carbonic acid

the character is that they must contain both carbons and hydrogens. the hydrogen must be bound to carbons. in carbonic acid, HO-C(=O)-OH, all hydrogens are bound to oxygens and none are bound to carbons. thus carbonic acid is NOT considered organic acid.

Eros vs Thanatos

the drives that are discussed by Freud's eros is the drives for LIFE, including being healthy and safe and have sex. the emotions associated with them are love, cooperation, and collaboration Thanatos is the opposite of eros. it is the drives for DEATH, including self-destructive motives and harmful motives to others. the emotions included are fear, hate, anger

chemiosmosis

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

how can I know which single bond is shortest in length?

the smaller the atom is the shorter the bond, d thus requires more energy to break. that is why C-H is shorter bond than C-C and C-N because of the hydrogen's size

what is the strength of the eye?

the strength of the eye is the inverse of the focal length of the eye thus it will have the equation (S= 1/O + 1/i) i and O are the distance in METER

define a half life

the times it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei/material to decay into daughter nuclei which may or may not be radioactive.

ethnographic method of measuring

they are observational types of measurements that take place in social environments

where do transcription factors bind to?

they bind to DNA to promote RNA polymerase

what do we need in order to find the current if we are only given voltage and length

to find current, we need both voltage and resistance I = V/ R to find R, we have the equation R= pL / Area we are not given the area or the resistivity, thus we can rearrange the equation to be R/L = p/A so in this case, we only need to be given the value for resistance unit per length and the length. in this case, we will cancel out the length and end up with R (resistance.) and substitute it with the original equation

5.6 Kg of a compound where 66.8% of it is N2 and 54% of it is O2..what is the moles of N2?

to get moles, we must first find out the grams of N2. now we have a total mass of 5600g and only 66.8% of it is N2. remember that here the percentage of N2 does not mean 66.8 grams of N2. no, it says that the total mass is 5.6 kg and by mass, 66% of it is N2. the percentage given is of the total mass, not the percentage of moles. thus, 5600g (66.8/100)= # grams of N2

what happens to the protein if it was tagged by ubiquitination

ubiquitination targets the protein to the proteosome to be degraded. the ubiquitination acts as a degradation signal

how can you detect the motion of the fetus

we can detect the motion of the fetus by using an ultrasound that uses frequency and the Doppler effect

what is altruism

Psychological altruism means acting out of concern for the well-being of others, without regard to your own self-interest. Biological altruism refers to behavior that helps the survival of a species without benefiting the particular individual who's being altruistic.

rater bias

rater bias, a tendency for raters to rate in the middle of a scale. Tending to rate their perception of crime and income towards the middle of the survey responses

Nativist hypothesis

the view that certain skills or abilities are "native" or hard-wired into the brain at birth humans are pre-programmed with the innate ability to develop language.

Behavioristic Approach

Observable behavior * People have no free will (opposite of the humanistic theory of personality) - a person's environment determines their behavior * All behavior is learned from the environment. We learn new behavior through classical or operant conditioning. (Palvo and Skinner) * When born our mind is a blank slate

tactile perception

Tactile perception involves perceiving information related to touch

Test-retest bias vs Researcher bias

Test-retest bias can happen when participants take the same exam over and over again, which affects their responses. Based on the information given in the passage, this probably did not happen. Researcher bias occurs when a study's design is biased. Research bias, also called experimenter bias, is a process where the scientists performing the research influence the results, in order to portray a certain outcome.

more voltile compound means?

more volatile material refers to the substance with a lower boiling point

NEXT STEP FULL LENGTH EXAM #2

#2

George Miller's magic number

7+/- 2 (it ranges from 5 - 9) this is the best capabilities of the working memory

what element is deficient in Karsakoff's syndrome

. Korsakoff's syndrome is a neurological disorder that is most often seen in people who have severe prolonged alcoholism, as a result of which they experience severe thiamine deficiency.

what is the eV of one electron

1 eV = the charge of electron in joules 1 eV= 1.6 x 10 -19 J

how many cm3 in 1 m3

1 m is equal to 100 cm thus, 1 m3 is equal to 1000,000 cm3 (100^3)

social minority vs statistica minority

A social minority is identified based on their level of power in society. A statistical minority is a group of people who make up less than 50% of the population."

stereotype threat

A stereotype threat occurs when an individual's behavior changes based on perceived negative stereotypes about himself or herself.

Max's three types of authority

1. legal-rational authority is one that is grounded in clearly defined laws. The obedience of people is not based on the capacity of any leader but on the legitimacy and competence that procedures and laws bestow upon persons in authority. Contemporary society depends on this type of rationalization, as the complexities of its problems require the emergence of a bureaucracy that embodies order and systematization. In the exercise of authority, the administration of power, laws and rules, including institutional duties and protocols, have control over individuals. 2. traditional authority indicates the presence of a dominant personality. This leader is someone who depends on established tradition or order. While this leader is also a dominant personality, the prevailing order in society gives him the mandate to rule. This type of leadership, however, is reflective of everyday routine and conduct. 3. charismatic authority points to an individual who possesses certain traits that make a leader extraordinary. This type of leader is not only capable of but actually possesses the superior power of charisma to rally diverse and conflict-prone people behind him. His power comes from the massive trust and almost unbreakable faith people put in him. such as Martin Luther King and Barack Obama

what is the germ layer for each 1. bronchi 2. mouth 3. bladder 4. rectum/anus 5. teeth 6. dermis of the skin 7. bone marrow

1. the bronchi is derived from endoderm 2. the mouth is derived from the ectoderm (Mouth and anus are ectoderm) 3. the bladder is endoderm 4. rectum (feces/shit) is from ectoderm 5. teeth are ectoderm 6. dermis of the skin is mesoderm (the dermis is the inner layer of the two main layers of the skin. The dermis has connective tissue, blood vessels) 7. bone marrow is mesoderm (bone marrow and therefore the blood) know for a fact, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM are derived from endoderm so the bronchi are endoderm.

convert 60 THz to Hz

1Hz = 10^-12 THz so 60 THz will be equal to 60x10^12Hz

how many fused rings does steroid have

4

Pearson correlation coefficient

A Pearson correlation coefficient is calculated to compare the association between two variables

formal positive sanction, formal negative sanction, informal?

A formal positive sanction is an official reward for an action or behavior. For example, individuals who help others in a crisis are often given a reward or a medal for doing so. A formal negative sanction is an official punishment for an action or behavior; for example, a customer who was violent with others may be banned from a store for life - this is a consequence enforced by a group or organization, the business or store. informal is by peers or group of peers, but not the government. It usually involves shaming or ridicule, which is considered a punishment.

kinship of affinity

A kinship of affinity is one in which individuals are related by choice, such as through marriage, rather than through blood,

role exit, role strain, role conflict

A student has never been very good at math and is struggling in his algebra course; additionally, this student is pressured by his parents to work more hours at a job rather than do homework. What issues does the student experience? Role strain involves a problem fitting into an existing role, such as the student's problem with getting good grades. (Strain= Single=Same role). Role conflict involves two roles coming into conflicts, such as when the student experiences conflict as a student and worker. Role exit involves leaving a role, which is not described here.

pyrrole

A pyrrole ring is nitrogen-based

AAMC PRACTICE TEST 2

AAMC

what does ANP do

ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium, and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure. it inhibits ADH, aldosterone and renin s

what is the mass of the alpha particle

An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, having a mass of 4 amu

azimuthal quantum

An azimuthal quantum number is a quantum number for an atomic orbital that determines its orbital angular momentum and describes the shape of the orbital.

French and Raven's bases of power model,

An expert tends to motivate through using his knowledge of subject matter. A legitimate power, such as a president, exert power through the legitimacy of their role. a coercive power exerts control through force or its threat.such as the threat of being fired reward power is the tendency to give a reward, so people will do what you want in order for you to give them a reward (promotion or raise). referent power exerts control by appealing to others' desire to belong to a group. This type of control is most likely to appeal to individuals through external factors, such as appearing desirable or feeling included. referent power comes from one person liking and respecting another and strongly identifying with that person in some way

anchoring or focalism

Anchoring or focalism is a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the "anchor") when making decisions. During decision making, anchoring occurs when individuals use an initial piece of information to make subsequent judgments. Anchoring is the act of relying too much on the first information encountered.

androgyny

Androgyny is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics. Gender ambiguity may be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle.

anomie theory

Anomie theory states that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society.

Anticipatory socialization

Anticipatory socialization is when we prepare for future life roles it is like I want to be a doctor and thus I am preparing myself to hold on to kids and other things in order for me to be a doctor it is when non-group-members learn to take on the values and standards of groups that they aspire to join, so as to ease their entry into the group and help them interact competently once they have been accepted by it.

compare assimilation and separation and marginalization and integration when encountering a new culture that is different than his native culture

Assimilation is a strategy in which the individual seeks to interact with the new culture and reject the native culture. B: Separation is rejecting the new culture and maintaining the native culture. C: Marginalization involves the rejection of both cultures. D: Integration involves identifying with both cultures.

attribution theory vs fundamental attribution error?

Attribution theory relates to an attempt by an individual to interpret actions by assigning causes to them; fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another's actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events.

Attrition bias

Attrition bias occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study. Withdrawals from the study lead to incomplete outcome data

automatic processing

Automatic Processing is sort of like muscle memory. When you start to do something that you have done many times, and you can complete it successfully without giving it any thought, that's automatic processing. It can actually be disruptive to begin to think about the process once it has started automatically. Automatic processing - no attention required, comes effortlessly, subconsciously Controlled processing - have to pay attention and focus

what is the l number for Be that is in the second group second period?

Be is in the second group, thus having 2 valence electrons. it is in the second period thus it has 2s level. n=2 l= (2-1)= 1 ml = (-1,0,1) ms= (-1/2, +1/2) since Be is in the S sub-orbital, it will have l=0

Two known competitive inhibitors were studied to analyze their effects on the reaction rate catalyzed by the enzyme lysozyme. Equimolar amounts of inhibitor A (hydronium ion) and inhibitor B (hydroxide ion) were mixed in a beaker before being added into the reaction mixture containing the substrates. Then, lysozyme (the enzyme) was also added into the reaction mixture. what would happen to the km and vmax of this reaction when compared with a reaction of no competitive inhibitors

Be sure to read the question stem carefully! Inhibitor A is a strong acid (H3O+) and inhibitor B is a strong base (OH-). Since these inhibitors are mixed together before being added to the reaction mixture, they would simply neutralize each other and become water before having any effect at all. it would be the same as the normal reaction

implicit attitude vs explicit attitude

Both are a positive or negative feeling towards an object. The primary difference between the two is found in conscious awareness of a particular attitude and how the attitude is expressed. explicit attitudes are at the conscious level and you are aware of it. for example, you always say that I support equality among all races and does not promote any racial differences. we all are equal. you are conscious about your own attitude of races and you can simply declare it thus this is an explicit attitude. however, you tend to be tense and uncomfortable when surrounded by Hispanics. this may be due to being grown up in an area with negative stereotypes on Hispanics being thieves. you are not conscious about this attitude so it would be considered an implicit attitude. for example, a student used to think that smoking is bad but he started smoking to relieve his stress levels about exams as his friends are doing it and told him to try smoking since it is helping them to focus and get better scores. now the students no longer think that smoking is bad, he now smokes to improve his level. thus, this student CONSCIOUSLY changed his attitude toward smoking thus this is an example of explicit attitude

What measure of central tendency most accurately captures the average wealth of most Americans, and why? A. Mean American wealth, because the mean best represents all of the wealth distributed amongst individuals B. Range of American wealth, because individuals must fall within the range C. Median American wealth, because the median is less sensitive to outliers D. Median American wealth, because the median remains unchanged by inflation

C is correct. Median wealth is not influenced by those at the upper range of wealth, who disproportionally increase the mean wealth value. A: Mean wealth is influenced by those at the upper range of wealth, creating an artificially high average wealth. B: Range does not give information about those in the middle of the range. D: This is incorrect; the median will rise as values change.

what is cell mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

chain migration

Chain migration is the tendency for people to follow family members and close friends to the same community in another country.

Conditioned memory

Conditioned memory is a type of memory that is formed based on your associations between two things. For example, if your professor rings a bell at the end of the exam, you will remember the bell as the sign that the exam is over.

conformer structures vs anomers

Conformers can freely convert between forms with no bond breaking (such as the chair and boat forms of cyclohexane). the hydroxyl group of the sugar on C1 cannot simply rotate from the axial "down" position into the equatorial "up" position without breaking bonds. this will be an example of anomers that are types of epimers and are thus DIASTEOMERS since they differ in the 3D at once carbon only (not all carbons=enantomers) (attached is an example of anomers at the epimer carbon=diaseteomers)

Convergence theory

Convergence theory has its roots in the functionalist perspective, which assumes that societies have certain requirements that must be met if they are to survive and operate effectively.

covert behavior vs overt behavior

Covert Behaviour refers to a performance that cannot be observed directly, a performance that is mental, invisible, cognitive, thinking, imagining, or internal. (covert=COVER= invisible) Overt behaviors are those which are directly observable, such as talking, running, scratching or blinking.

Deindividuation

Deindividuation happens when a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and acting in a way that they wouldn't normally act if they were alone.

deindividuation

Deindividuation occurs when a person's identity with a group overrides his or her own identity and self-awareness. that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups

What type of conflict are the jurors likely experience if they are unsure of the defendant's guilt?

Double approach-avoidant conflicts consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics, which seems to represent the jury's dilemma. If they rule the defendant guilty, they would either be punishing a criminal (approach) or punishing an innocent (avoidant). If they rule the defendant innocent, they would either be letting a criminal walk away unpunished (avoidant) or freeing an innocent (approach). A: In approach-approach conflicts, two options are both appealing. B: In avoidant-avoidant conflicts, both options are unappealing C: An approach-avoidance conflict is observed when one option has both positive and negative aspects, but there are two options in the question above.

compare E1 and E2

E1 reaction happens with tertiary and secondary alcohols (2˚ and 3˚) while E2 takes place with 1˚ for E1 reaction, the alcohol will be transformed into a double bond. the rate for 3˚ is faster than 2˚. first, to remove the -OH group, we have to make it a better leaving group and to do this we can make the -OH into -H2O. thus, we add an acid such as H2SO4 because acids are H-donors so it will give a proton to the -OH group and make it -H2O. thus it will leave. now we are left with a carbocation. then, we remove the -H from the adjacent carbon to form the double bond. to remove a -H, we need to add a base because bases are H-acceptors. note, H2O can also act as a base. the base will take -H and that will create the double bond. E1 takes places in two steps and forms a carbocation while E2 forms alkene in one step by having a strong base. so the strong base will take the H off (deprotonate) and it will kick off the LG at the same time.

Empathy altruism

Empathy-altruism is the idea that you are more likely to help people towards whom you feel empathy.

endonuclease, exonuclease, ribonuclease, protease

Endonuclease: endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. Can break within the DNA molecule. Exonuclease: exonuclease are enzymes that cut at either end of the DNA molecule Ribonuclease: Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components. Ribonucleases can be divided into endoribonucleases and exoribonucleases. Protease: A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is any enzyme that performs proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in a polypeptide chain.

Experimental, Longitudinal, Cohort, cross-sectional study, Case Studies, Qualitative, Quantitative, Comparative Studies, and Mixed Method study

Experimental - you have a control that allows you to measure the change in one variable in relation to another (always remember though, that correlation is rarely the causation). That means that there would be a set independent variable (by the researchers) that are hypothesized to influence (or not in the H0 null hypothesis). Longitudinal- a study that follows the same subjects over a long period of time. -A longitudinal study is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. Longitudinal research projects can extend over years or even decades. In a longitudinal cohort study, the same individuals are observed over the study period. Cohort study- a subset of a longitudinal study in which the subjects are picked because they have a share common characteristic or experience within a defined period (such as they share the same birth year or the same year of exposure to radiation). for example, study that observes a group of individuals who meet a set of demographic, economic, educational or other criteria. These predetermined characteristics required of the subjects are known as selection criteria. Cohort studies are longitudinal, which means they monitor the effects of a treatment over time. By following a group of individuals who meet the selection criteria for a length of time, there's less need to collect participant background information throughout the study, because the scope of participant background was limited from the start. Cross-sectional - A "snapshot" study of a population at a given time (observing a population at one point in time). So for example, you can have a study about a high-risk population for X disease. The study will have a sample of the population that will include healthy members that don't have X, people with the disease, etc. This kind of studies are observational, and therefore cannot be used to draw a relationship. They are good to study a prevalence of a condition, or as a reflection of the current conditions. best used to determine prevalence. Case study- a study in which the subject(s) are hand picked (no random selection) for a detailed analysis. it is a research method that relies on a single case rather than a population or sample. When researchers focus on a single case, they can make detailed observations over a long period of time, something that cannot be done with large samples without costing a lot of money. This is useful when encountering a unique subject and intend to gain more information than a regular study. For example, HM was a man with epilepsy and had his hippocampus removed. Researchers studied his unique condition to learn more about the hippocampus and memory. -case study: a particular instance of something used or analyzed in order to illustrate a thesis or principle. Quantitative data- tangible, "hard data", objective information. Examples: height, weight, age, A1c blood glucose test. -Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics)'. this type of study can predict what comes in the future. for example, if the data shows that 50 men out of 70 participants jaywalk, then you can predict in the future that more men are likely to jaywalk than women. Qualitative data - subjective information (more commonly found in social sciences). Examples: pain rating, mood rating, etc. - Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Comparative analysis studies the difference between different populations. Example: how local diet influences health in US vs Japan. Mixed method study- research is more specific in that it includes the mixing of qualitative and quantitative data, methods, methodologies, and/or paradigms in a research study or set of related studies. One could argue that mixed methods research is a special case of multimethod research.

what muscles are used by the lung for forced respiration?

Forced exhalation beyond the norm does not use the diaphragm muscles (which simply relax during expiration), but the intercostal muscles are the ones used in forceful respiration.

order the energy from highest to lowest UV, gamma, IR, Xray, visible.

Gamma , Xray, UV, Visible, IR Different effects dominate at different frequencies. With IR, there isn't enough energy in the photon to excite electrons, so the energy goes into vibrations. With UV, there is always enough energy in the photon to cause an excitation of the electron, and that's where the energy goes, rather than vibration.

gender dysphoria

Gender dysphoria is the feeling of stress or discomfort in which one's sense of one's gender does not align with the gender assigned at birth (overwhelmingly the physiological sex of the person as determined by primary sex characteristics). (it is When a person's gender identity does not match his or her physical sex)

General paresis

General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, classified as an organic mental disorder and caused by the chronic meningoencephalitis that leads to cerebral atrophy in late-stage syphilis. this is a disease that attacks brain cells

General strain theory

General strain theory holds that individuals who have experienced negative events feel negative emotions, which lead to negative behaviors.

what is the positive charged amino acid

He Ran to Kiss her H,R,K = histidine, arginine, and lysine for histidine, it is charged with +1 if the PH is lower than 7 because its pka is 6.5 so it will be deprotonated at PH 7 thus not charged. histidine is not charged in the physiological PH

what does a high fertility rate, high infant mortality, high median age indicate in a country?

Higher fertility rates (more children) tend to be associated with lower quality-of-life indicators. Higher infant mortality is associated with lower quality-of-life indicators. Having a higher median age suggests that people are more likely to die from age-related causes, leading to a higher mortality rate. thus they have higher quality of life

when looking at an object, does the brain recieves one or two or more images?

Humans have two eyes, but we only see one image. We use our eyes in synergy (together) to gather information about our surroundings. Binocular (or two-eyed) vision has several advantages, one of which is the ability to see the world in three dimensions. We can see depth and distance because our eyes are located at two different points (about 7.5 centimeters apart) on our heads. Each eye looks at an item from a slightly different angle and registers a slightly different image on its retina (the back of the eye). The two images are sent to the brain where the information is processed. In a fraction of a second our brain brings one three-dimensional image to our awareness. The three-dimensional aspect of the image allows us to perceive width, length, depth and distance between objects. Scientists refer to this as binocular stereopsis.

identification

Identification is a psychological process by which the subject assimilates an aspect, property, or attribute/behavior of another and is transformed, wholly or partially, by the model the other provides. Identification refers to a situation where the person would conform to a behavior because they like or respect the person who exhibits it. it becomes part of their personality

Scientists wished to prevent cells from cell replication, it would be best served by arresting the cells during which phase of the cell cycle? A. Prophase B. anaphase C. Interphase C. telophase

If the scientists wanted to prevent cellular replication, they would need to halt cell division (MITOSIS). Interphase is the stage of the cell life cycle that occurs between rounds of division. mitosis is found in the interphase phase. thus they must halt interphase. Prophase, metaphase, and anaphase are all phases of mitosis. If cells were arrested at any of these stages, they would already have begun to replicate.

Harry Harlow experiments ?

In Harlow's experiment, the infant monkeys preferred spending their time clinging to the cloth mother. Even when only the wire mother could provide food, the monkeys visited her just to eat. Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother/infant relationship than milk and that this "contact comfort" was crucial to the psychological development and health of infants. After monkeys were paired with a Wire Mother, they showed abnormal behavior, which could NOT be corrected later in life by pairing them with a Cloth Mother. Monkeys with both Cloth and Wire Mothers drank similar amounts and grew similar amounts at similar rate In fact, monkeys paired with Wire Mothers very rarely sought soothing from their "mothers" at all and went almost only to eat. Monkeys held Cloth Mothers more than Wire Mothers when given a choice.

Ingratiation

Ingratiation is an attempt to get someone to like you in order to get them to comply with your requests. Ingratiation is a psychological technique in which an individual attempts to influence, manipulate or control another by becoming more attractive or likeable to their target

what is the Kcat equation

Kcat = Vmax / [E]

kin selection

Kin selection is a concept in which people will help their relatives even when it is costly to them.

phosphorylase vs phosphotase vs kinase

Kinase is adding P group into substrate by using ATP phosphorylase is adding phosphate group from inorganic phosphate. (without using ATP). phosphorylase has a y that can stand for Yes- as in Yes to phosphorylation. phosphatase is removing P group- deactivating.

Korsakoff's syndrome

Korsakoff's syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. Its onset is linked to chronic alcohol abuse or severe malnutrition, or both.

physiological dimensions of light vs sound

LIGHT: 1. hue= the color, this is determined by wavelength of light (400nm is purple, 700nm is red) 2. saturation= the purity of light, this is determined by the combination of light intensity and how much of it is distributed across the wavelength spectrum. the purest color is when only one wavelength is used with the highest intensity 3. brightness= how intense is the color. SOUND 1. loudness = determined by amplitude 2. pitch- determined by frequency of the sound (high pitch is high frequency) 3. timbre = the quality of the sound note that frequency is related with sound and not vision. WAVELENGTH is with vision

what are Freud's psychosexual stage

MEMORIZE

how does Malonyl-CoA affect FA synthesis

Malonyl-CoA, an indicator of ongoing fatty acid synthesis, it inhibits β-oxidation by preventing the movement of long-chain acyl groups into the mitochondrial matrix, thereby preventing a futile cycle of fatty acid synthesis followed by immediate β-oxidative catabolism of those newly synthesized fatty acids.

moral hypocrisy

Moral hypocrisy is a situation in which a person appears to be a moral person but doesn't actually try to pursue moral behavior in which the behaviors violate the moral standards

Narcissistic personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder is a condition in which people have an excessive sense of self-importance, an extreme preoccupation with themselves, and lack of empathy for others.

N2 make up 80% of the air we breathe, how is that okay since only O2 is good for us?

N2 has triple bonds and it is a very inert gas. it does not react with our lungs so it is okay for us to breathe. it would serve as a good artificial atmosphere when working with reagents that might react with oxygen or other gases.

what is Newton's first, second, and third law?

Newtown's First Law. Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. the second law is F= ma Newton's second law of motion can be formally stated as follows: The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. the third law is for every action, there is a reaction of the same, but opposite, magnitude.

what is ozonolysis? what does it act on?

O3 is ozone and takes part in ozonolysis, which results in the oxidative cleavage of alkenes.

what is the equation of Energy of PE if we have a charge

PE = Q * V it is charge multiplied by voltage. this is important, PE units are in joules. however, sometimes we are given the energy to be in eV so we have to convert it to joules by this relationship 1 eV = 1.6x10^-19 JOULES

what is the spring equation

PE= (1/2)(k)(x^2)

what age is parallel play covere

Parallel play is a normal part of the behavior of preschool children (at age of 4 years old), in which they will play by themselves but observe another child playing and adjust their behavior in response. Parallel play does not entail direct interaction between the children. As children reach school age, they are much more likely to engage in forms of play together.

paraphilia

Paraphilia is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, or individuals.

primary aging vs secondary aging

Primary aging describes the aging of biological factors and the physical body. III: Aging that relates to behavioral factors like diet and exercise is defined as secondary aging.

what is RNA polymerization

RNA polymerization is just like RNA polymerase. it is the process by which nucleotides are strung together to form a single-stranded RNA strand, going from DNA to a single stranded RNA.

risk ratio

Risk ratios compare the risk of a disease among one group with the risk among another group.

what solvent is favored by SN2 reaction/SN1 reaction

SN2 favors POLAR and aprotic solvents such as acetone (it is polar and it does not have a reactive H) and DMSO or DMF or THF (all are protic and aprotic). SN1 favors the POLAR and PROTIC reactions such as methanol and acetic acid

salts producing anions are considered to be acidic or basic

Salts producing a basic pH are salts of weak acids and strong bases. These salts have a neutral cation and a basic anion. For example, NaF dissociates into Na+ and F- ions. The Na+ ion has no acidic or basic properties, but the fluoride ion is a conjugate base of a weak acid and therefore is a basic anion.

Linguistic Relativity

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis or Whorfianism, is a hypothesis in linguistics and cognitive science that holds that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition.

Schizotypal personality disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs.

the house money effect

Thaler and Johnson have found that individual risk-taking behavior is affected by prior gains and losses. They found that after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one's own (since they gained it)

delirium tremens.

Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms such as shaking, confusion, and hallucinations.

gentrification

Some people have investments to rebuild areas of the city itself in what is called urban renewal which can lead to gentrification gentrification is the reinvestment in the lower income neighborhoods in urban areas which can result in the efflux of afferent groups. with the afferent/wealth groups arrival, housing demands will increase and generally results in a decrease in affordable houses for lower income residents. this will also lead to an increase in neighborhood stratification and displacement of lower income residents. this can also lead to expanded tax base for the local environment.

where is sperm produced

Sperm is produced by the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules, not the Leydig cells.

Status quo bias

Status quo bias is the tendency to avoid situations or actions that may produce change, instead preferring to choose actions that will keep normalcy or the status quo.

Suburbanization and urban decline:

Suburbanization and urban decline: with better transportation and the ability to work at home, many people prefer to live in the suburbs (city outskirts), where there is less crime, noise and pollution. This depopulation leads many areas of the city abandoned, contributing to urban decline.

subjective norms

Subjective norms refer to the perceived social pressure to engage or to not engage in a behavior.

surround suppression

Surround suppression is an effect seen when neurons do not respond as much when the stimulus is enlarged. it involves perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it. This would explain the difficulty in perceiving the inner horizontal bar in the "B" by believing that it is "D" when we have to determine the letter by touch only, our eyes are clsoed.

dual coding theory

The dual coding theory proposed by Allan Paivio attempts to give equal weight to verbal and non-verbal processing. "it states that Human cognition is unique in that it has become specialized for dealing simultaneously (at the same time) with language and with nonverbal objects and events. this theory states that both visual and verbal info are used to represent info in our mind however the two processes are processed differently so they create separate representations in our mind to help us fully get the full picture. analog codes are used to mentally represent images so they maintain the main visual feature of the actual physical object seen. symbolic codes are used to form the mental representation of words, they are more conceptual so they represent info in form of symbols such as words and letters.

how does the educational system support social stratificaiton

The educational system stabilize the social stratifications present in our society because they only value the social class and culture of the HIGH class while disregarding the lower class.

the gambler's fallacy

The gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa

does the half life depends or does not depend on starting concentration for zero, first,2nd,3rd order reactions

The half-life DOES depend on starting concentration - it is only first-order reactions where the half-life is a constant.

what is the heaviest amino acid

The heaviest amino acid, tryptophan, weights 204 Da

humanistic perspective vs social cognitive perspective vs behaviorist persepective vs biologist persepctive

The humanistic perspective is centered on the use of free will and how to best apply it, The social cognitive perspective is based upon expectations of others. it explains the behavior of the subjects in terms of their expectations of others The behaviorist perspective is related to external stimuli experienced by the person. The biological perspective is based on biological inheritance.

order those VR, VI, FR, FI in the order from hardest to extinction to least. also order them in the frequency of increasing a behavior.

The order in the resistance to extinction is (VR>VI>FR>FI) but for increasing the frequency of a behavior it would be (VR>FR>VI>FI).

what lobe can we found mechanoreceptors in

The parietal lobe integrates multiple inputs of sensory information, from spatial sense and navigation (proprioception) to temperature (thermoreceptors) and touch (mechanoreceptors).

The specificity constant

The specificity constant (kcat/Km) is a measure of the efficiency of an enzyme.

hemoglobins T and R state

There are two states in the hemoglobin, the T state (the tense state) and the R state (the relaxed state). The T state has a less of an affinity for oxygen than the R state.

what is an odd unit for the work equation (joules)

W = F.d = mgd Joules = N. m or Joules= kg. m2/s^2 or joules = lbs.ft the force can be measured in pounds and distance can be measured in feet

what is the equation of Work

W= PV

what does the Weber's law state about the relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection

Weber's law postulates that there is a linear relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.

If pharmacologists wished to make morphine available to brain tissue, which of the following changes could be made to its molecular structure to allow for the best chance to use the drug as a direct brain treatment? A. Attach a glucose molecule to the nitrogen atom B. Replace the alcoholic protons with acetyl groups C. Lyse the molecule to make it smaller D. Remove all double bonds from the molecule

What needs to change for morphine to enter the brain while maintaining its function? We know that lipid-soluble molecules are able to pass through BBB, while hydrophilic molecules are not. Morphine is hydrophilic in part (given the picture) because of its hydroxyl groups. So, replacing them with acetyl groups would allow the drug to become more lipophilic. A: This would only make the molecule bigger and do little for its polarity. C, D: These would destroy the molecule's structure, making it unlikely to maintain its therapeutic function.

what is the difference between XO and YO

YO is not viable (don't count it in the bunnett square) while XO is viable

cytochrome c

a heme protein in oxidative phosphorylation that is a 1 electron carrier as it cycles between ferrous and ferric state

does glycolysis increase or decrease after a rich meal?

after a rich meal, we have a lot of carbohydrates/glucose. thus the insulin secretion will increase. since we have tons of food in our body, we need to break it up and create energy from it. thus Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP. so glycolysis will increase.

how do you know what the compound is acid/base if it is only dissolved in acidic solutions

basic compounds dissolve in acidic solutions and vice versa

lipid draft

cholesterol rich domains in the membrane of a cell

dispersive model of replication

dispersive model of replication, in which bases segregate randomly to daughter strands.

face validity

does the test APPEAR to test what it aims for

sodium efflux

efflux means the Na is rushing OUT it is opposite of the Na influx

group think vs group polarization

group polarization is when making decisions that are more extreme than any of the member's views. this can be followed by the confirmation bias in which members look out at data that confirms theier views and thus lead them to make an over confident extreme decision. groupthink is happens there is members invulnerbality by having a very powerful or well respected leader in the group. groupthink main focux is havinga group unity, all have one view and one standards. thus, the well respected leader's view may supress the other members veiws due to having group unity. for example, the group leader says i believe we should order chikcen pizza for dinner. most of the membrs will say yes and you will say yes too even though you don't like chicken but you confirm (peer pressRE) to the majority of the opinions due to the importance of group unity. the suggestion presented by the leader is most likely to be dominated in the group. the groupthink will also lead to extreme views but only after being invulnerable and due to social pressure or conformity.

hallucinogens level of dependance/addiction

hallucinogens have low levels of dependance unlike stimulants and alcohol and sedative drugs

imine vis amine vs amide vs imide

imine - C=N amine - NR3 amide - R(N-C=O)R imide - R-(O=C-N-C=O)R

Emotion processing is in which hemisphere

in the right hemisphere along with visospatial processing and music processing.

distillation process of separation

it separates compounds that have a different boiling point. compounds with lower bp will evaporate to gas first and then condense to a liquid and thus are separated first. as temp continues to increase, the next lowest bp is reached to separate the next compound. the distillation apparatus is attached int he picture. we have a distillation flask where the mixture of compounds are placed and those compounds are of interest that we want to separate. the distillation flask is kept on a heating flame or submerged in oil because oil does not evaporate and it keeps the temperature constant. then we have the condenser. as the temp increases, the compound that has a bp of 56C, for example, will start to evaporate once the temp reaches 56C (its bp). the compound will switch the phase from the aqueous to gas (evaporation) and goes tot eh condenser. The condenser has 3 taps, one for water coming in and one for water going out and one for vacuum. the reason for having water coming in and out is so that the condenser is kept cool because we want lower temp in the condenser so the evaporated gas can condense back to liquid by lowering the temp and goes to the reserving flask as drops of liquid so thus the compound can be separated. the reservoir flasks are changed for every compound to be separated. if the mixture has 3 compounds of interest, then we should end up with 3 reserving flasks, one for each compound with its unique bp. the vauum tap is used to lower the atm pressure so compounds with very high bp can be seperated at low temps since the low atm pressure decrease the boiling point of the compound. note: the water coming in and out of the condesner doesn't interfer with the seperation ofthe pure compound because the condenser have two chambers, the outside one is for the water coming in and out which will decrease the temp (make it cooler) and that will then make the inside chamber walls cooler (for the compound of interest) so the water will never be physically in contact with the compounds of interest. to graph the results, the X-axis would be time and the Y-axis would be temp. the line will start to slowly increase as temp and time are increasing. the line will then hit a plateau where a phase change takes place when the temp is constant. this occurs when the compound of interest reaches its bp and is evaporated and then condensed back. so each plateau reflects a compound of interest. for the earlier example, we would get 3 plateaus. each plateau will be at the bp of the compound. compound X that has a bp of 56C will change phase at that temp and thus the plateau in the graph will be at 56C. this simple distilation process is used to seperate compound with high bp differences (that can be more than 20 points higher or lower). compound that have smaller differences in boiling point such as compound Z has a bp at 78C and compound Y has a bp at 100C, then we would use fractional distilation instead of simple distilation becauser fractional distilatoin have beads in the condenser and the compound will evaporate into the condensor once it reaches its bp, but it will go to each of the beads as vapore, and it will condense and then vaporize again to go to anther bead to also condense and to aslo vaporize again to go to another bead all the way up the condenser before reaching the end and the reservoir flask. it is pretty much subseqent distilation processes due to the presence of the beads. this is essential so we can obtain pure compounds Y and Z ang the graph would be sharp rise in temp first and then a sharp plateau for compound Z and then rise in temp again and another sharp plateau for seperating compound Y. if simiple distilation is used for compound Y and Z that have close bp, then the graph would not be sharp, it would start with a sharp rise in temp, but when the plateau hits, it would be a smooth turn that indicates there is no real seperation between the two compounds. thus, simple distialtion fails to seperate PURE compounds if their bp differences are not high

Lysine can exist as two enantiomers. T/F?

lysine is chiral and has one stereocenter thus it can have 2 enantomers 2^n (n=number of stereocenters) 2^1=2

how does having a D-substrate effect the reaction if the original substrate is L-substrate

most of the enzymes in the body have specific functions and shapes for the L-substrates and thus they will be limited if there are D-substrates. note that only L-isomers are used to form proteins during ribosomal protein synthesis if only D-substrates are there in the solution, then the reaction will be inhibited as the enzyme can't function with them. if there are D- and L-substrates, then the reaction will be minimized as the L-substrate will compete

how can we measure the levels of histone acetylation

okay first, remember the mnemonic SNOW DROP histone is a protein and they are trying to measure the acetylation process of histone so we use the western plot to detect proteins. posttranslational modifications to proteins are detected via western plot. also, if you were mistaken to think that histone acetylation that will activate vs deactivate transcription, then you would have probably mistaken in picking northern plot

Commensalism vs Parasitism vs mutualism

one species benefits but the other species is neither helped nor harmed, that is commensalism Parasitism benefits one species at the cost of harm to another. Mutualism requires that both species benefit.

optimal arousal theory

optimal arousal leads to optimal performance (best) high and low arousal impedes performance

conformity?

peer pressure

self serving bias

self-serving bias is people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.

what does hormone is sequestered mean

sequestered means being trapped so, for example, to say that the testosterone is being sequestered in the membrane-bound cell is wrong because we can't trap testosterone in any membrane bound cell since it is a steroid hormone and can easily diffuse into and out of the membrane-bound cell

what does sex linked means

sex linked traits mean that for example the color red and green are sex linked. so they are transported from the parent to the offspring together.

stimulus motives

stimulus motive is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival.

visuospatial skepthpad

subcomponent of the working memory along with the phonological loop (repeating a word over and over again)

hemiacetal group? how does that relate to sugars as reduing agents

when the carbonyl carbon C=O is bound to -OH on one side and to -OR in the other side. an acetal group is when the carbonyl carbon C=O is bound to -OR in both sides glucose is hemiacetal because, in its cyclic form, the C1 carbon is attached to OR and to OH. sugars with hemiacetal groups can be oxidized (because their ring can be opened) and can thus function as reducing sugars

Which of the following best explains why arginine is more basic than lysine?

with these type of question when asking which is stronger in base or acid, we do NOT compare the basicity of arginine vs lysine. no, we must convert and compare to the CONJUGATE ACID of each. thus, the stronger conjugate acid is the stronger the base strong conjugate acid= should have high/strong electron donating groups since an acid is H donor. thus, The electron-donating groups around the basic nitrogen on arginine make its conjugate acid more stable.

is ribose a sugar?

yes it is a monosacchrides xylose, arabinose and ribose and fructose are all m

what is the STD temp?

0C or 273K

Increasing plasma concentration of aldosterone is most likely to be followed by which of the following? A. Increased water reabsorption through increased aquaporin channels in the collecting duct B. Increased sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule C. Decreased water reabsorption in the collecting duct D. Decreased plasma calcium concentration

Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure. Its primary function is to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Aldosterone upregulates the sodium-potassium pumps along the lining of the nephron, pumping three sodium ions OUT of the nephron lining (and toward the blood) for every two potassium ions it pumps IN (toward the nephron and away from the blood). Since we have a net solute movement out of the nephron, aldosterone also increases the gradient that favors water reabsorption. A: Although aldosterone causes an increase in passive water reabsorption, it does not do so through regulation of aquaporin channels. That's the effect of ADH. C: This is the opposite of aldosterone's effect. D: Aldosterone does not have a direct effect on calcium.

how is aldosterone affect the Na/K pump?

Aldosterone upregulates the sodium-potassium pumps along the lining of the nephron, pumping three sodium ions OUT of the nephron lining (and toward the blood) for every two potassium ions it pumps IN (toward the nephron and away from the blood). Since we have a net solute movement out of the nephron, aldosterone also increases the gradient that favors water reabsorption.

how does CO levels effect the oxygen binding and the L/R shift?

CO increases the affinity of hgb to oxygen. it increases the LEFT shift by decreasing the P50. CO encourage oxygen bindings. this is a bad thing because when O2 is tightly bound, it will not dissociate it to the tissues when they need it. (note: CO2 is attracted to hgb more than O2 so higher levels of CO2 will decrease O2 binding, shifting to the right)

how does an addition of fluorine atom affect the stabilization of a carbocation? does it stabilize it or destabilize it?

Carbocations are typically unstable due to their high concentration of positive charge. If a substituent can contribute some electron density to the carbocation, this positive charge will be "balanced" and the species stabilized. In contrast, electron-withdrawing substituents (such as F) pull even more electron density away from the carbocation, decreasing its stability further. Fluorine does have lone pairs, However, fluorine's lone pairs would not be the reason of destabilizing a carbocation. Instead, it is the tendency of the fluorine substituent to pull even more electron density away from the carbocation that destabilizes it.

conformity vs internalization

Conformity is the tendency to align your attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those around you. so a person privately disagrees with the behavior but publicly conforms. Internalization refers to a situation where the person would publicly and privately conform and accept the behavior.

Opaque

Opaque means "not transparent." opaque looks like "paq=bag" so the bag is transparent but it is Opaque so the O stand for nOt transparent

prevalence and incidence

Prevalence rates describe how common the disease is. More specifically, they tell us how many people (new cases and current cases) have it within a certain amount of time. Incidence describes the number of new cases of a disease during a specific time

Informational social influence vs normative social influence

Social proof, also known as informational social influence, is a psychological phenomenon where a person would conform by turning to others in their group for information about what is correct for a given situation. ... This is contrasted with normative social influence wherein a person conforms to a specific behavior for the goal of being liked or accepted by others.

Synaptonemal complexes

Synaptonemal complexes are complexes made out of chromosomes and have nothing to do with mitochondria, which are organelles in the cellular cytoplasm

Vertical mobility vs Urbanization

Vertical mobility is the movement from one social level to a higher one or a lower one by either changing jobs or marrying. Urbanization is the pattern of movement from rural areas to cities. In a scenario, the rural town that does not have enough resources to support its population, so the people are moving to a City, a classic example of urbanization.

at what temp does air behave more ideal? high or low

air is gas and gases behave more ideally in HIGH temp

which is a cyclical process meiosis or mitosis

arranging nuclear DNA in preparation for transmission to offspring - in other words, the creation of gametes through meiosis - is a noncyclical process. It happens once and terminates in gamete creation (either sperm cells or ova). Growth of cell cultures, though, occurs through mitosis, which is a cyclical process.

An object with a mass of 10 kg is rolled down a frictionless ramp from a height of 3 meters. If a factory worker at the bottom of the ramp slows the object until it comes to a stop, how much work must the factory worker have done? (Assume g = 10 m/s2.)

at the top, the object has PE=mgh=300 J as the object rolls down, the PE converts into the KE (300 J= KE, since there is no friction). to find the work that must be done: The work-energy theorem tells us that Wnet = ΔKE (KE final- KE initial). Since the object had zero KE at the top (KEi=0J), its ΔKE = 300 J. Thus, the work was done must also equal 300 J.

positive control vs negative control

both of them are controls the positive control happens when a known response is expected. they can thus compare the results seen by the positive control to the other groups in the experiment. for example, adding a known inhibitor has an expected results of decreasing the enzyme activity. the results seen by this inhibitor can be compared to the other variables added to see which one acts as also an inhibitor and which does not. a negative control group is a group in which no response is expected. they don't get anything. they get observed in their natural state to test the results. for example, a doctor wanted to test if the flu shot actually prevents people from getting the flu. so she gets two healthy groups of people, she gives one group the flu shot and the other group the saline shot and watch them for results. both groups were exposed to an environment of sick/flu people. if both groups got sick, that means the flu shot isn't working. if only the people with the saline shot got sick, it means the flu shot does prevent people who take it from getting the flu. the negative group would be the ones who took the saline shot simply because they were not given any treatments and a response from them was not expected. the positive control is the group that was given the treatment and we were expecting the results.

Which of the following molecules will have the highest Rf value when studied with thin-layer chromatography using a silica plate? A. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 B. HOCH2CH2CH2CH3 C. HOCH2CH2CH2OH D. HOOCCH2CH2CH3

choice A. Silica is a highly polar molecule; thus, when chromatography is done on a silica plate, a polar substance will move slower on the plate due to polar-polar interactions between the substance and the plate. This means that the Rf value of a polar substance will be smaller than that of a nonpolar substance since the substance will move less on the plate compared to the solvent front than a nonpolar substance would. Of the options given, compound A is the least polar.

construct validity vs external validity vs Criterion validity

construct validity is the manner in which the terms of the study are defined. the motivational state in operant conditioning is defined as the starvation of 24 hours. this is the operational meaning that the researcher chose to define the variable being measured. if the participants or anyone else uses the term motivational state in a different way (such as being motivated to get something that tastes good), then the experiment has an error in the construct validity. External validity refers to the generalizability of the research to settings beyond this study. Criterion validity (or concrete validity) refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome. for example, how valid is the MCAT score in predicting the pass rate of medical students through medical schools?

Prejudice vs discrimination vs Stereotyping

discrimination is actually acting on that feeling. Discrimination is the unfair treatment and harmful actions against others based on their membership in a specific social group. Stereotyping is a cognitive action, not a behavior (stereotype. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but are usually an exaggerated idea of what a group is like.Eddie thinks that meat eaters are all strong, due to all the protein they eat - that's a positive stereotype. But he also thinks that they don't care about the environment, which is a negative stereotype.) Prejudice is a feeling, attitude towards a person based on their affiliation with a group. For example, Eddie thinks that meat eaters don't care about the environment, which is (as we've already seen) a stereotype. But if he decides that he doesn't like Jeff just based on the fact that Jeff eats meat, then he is being prejudiced. His feeling of dislike, which springs from his belief in a negative stereotype, is prejudice.

how can you find the partial pressure of O2 if you are given the total mass of the molecule to be 5.6Kg and only 55% of it is O2 and 45% of it is N2. if the total pressure is 1.5 atm.

first, the partial pressure equation equals to the partial mole of O2 times the total pressure Po2= (Xo2) (P total) we thus need to find the partial moles of O2. to find the partial moles, we need to convert the percentage given into moles. now, remember that the percentage given is NOT equal to the grams (55% of O2 does not equal 0.55g) because the question states that 55% of 5.6kg is O2. thus, (55/100) ( 5600g)= 3080g of O2 now convert grams to moles by dividing on 32 g/mol assume there are 35 moles of O2. THIS IS NOT THE PARTIAL MOLE. partial moles = moles of O2/ total moles thus we must find the total moles, so we do the same thing with N2 (to find the grams, we take 0.45 of the 5.6Kg and we convert that to moles) let us assume there is 40 moles of N2. now, let us find the partial moles Xo2 partial moles = moles of O2 divided by total moles Xo2 = 35 moles/ (35+40) partial moles of O2 = 70 moles (ASSUME) now to find the partial pressure of O2 Po2 = (Xo2)(total pressure) Po2 = (70) (1.5)

what does it mean to have 50% efficiency in the energy released from A=> B ?

it means that only half of the "usual" energy release from A to B can be used FOR PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY. So it would be 40 Kcal/mol if the usual energy is 80 Kcal/mol. the remaining energy (the other 40) would not be used for productive biological activities. it would most likely be dissipated as heat to the system. If the excess energy were useful, we would not call the conversion 50% efficient, since all energy would be going toward productive cellular processes

homotropic regulation

just like how it sounds, a homotropic is like hemoglobin. A homotropic allosteric modulator is a substrate (O2 or CO) for its target enzyme (hgb), as well as a regulatory molecule of the enzyme's activity. It is typically an activator of the enzyme. homotropic= cooperation binding

what is the standard voltage of O2/H2O in the ETC

the O2 has a very high reduction voltage thus it must have the higher positive value out of all the options. think about it, In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from species with a less positive reduction potential to those with more positive reduction potential. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain and must possess a standard reduction potential that is more positive than any other acceptor in the chain.

what is shared between drive reduction theory and cognitive theorists

the common thing between them is the state of arousal/tension. Drive-reduction theories' term "drive" refers to the state of tension or arousal caused by biological or physiological needs. Thirst, hunger and the need for warmth are all examples of drives that motivate us to behave in a certain way. for example, they would suggest that depression arises from a reduction in the motivating forces of arousal. A cognitive theorist would argue that arousal is essential to sustaining most behaviors and depression may arise if there is a reduction in arousal.

polarimeter

the device is used to measure the optical activity. the device is used to detect enantiomers

what is the main difference between suicide inhibitors and the competitive/uncompetitive/noncompetitive inhibitors?

the suicide inhibitors bind to the ACTIVE site of the enzyme but the main difference is that it binds IRREVERSIBLY. all the other inhibitors bind REVERSIBLY.

if you are given the titration graph of an amino acid glycine that has two equivalence point (one at 6=Ph and one at Ph=11). you are asked to determine the PI of the amino acid glycine how can you do that? (pi is when the amino acid is a zwitterion)

there are two ways to find the PI from the titration curve, 1) PI = 1/2 ( PKa1 + PKa2), the PKa1 can be found at the first plateau (the first half equivalence point where PH=PKa) and PK2 can be found by the second plateau at the second half equivalence point 2) the equivalence point IS THE Isoelectric point.

what is the endpoint of a solution? what should the pKa of an indicator be if we are reacting acetic acid and NaOH?

weak acid and a strong base will result in a solution that is basic. we should always pick an indicator that has a PKa value very close to the PH value of the solution thus the indicators should have a pka of around 7 and higher. such as phenolphthalein (pka=9) an indicator color change happens near the equivalence point ( the moles of acid is equal to the moles of base). this is called the end point. the solution changes color to tell us that now we have slightly more of one of the reacting components. if we are adding W.A and S.B then the solution would turn slightly blue, telling us that now is the point where we have a little bit more base in the solution.

what is embedded field study

when the researcher is a participant. it is being more involved in the community than an observation. such as a researcher is being a "patient" when studying some setting of a hospital

what is the range of frequency that can be heard by the human ear

. The generally accepted standard range of audible frequencies is 20 to 20,000 Hz, (20 Hz - 20 KHz) the ultrasound has a sound that is ABOVE the humans' frequency of hearing. thus any frequency above 20KHz is considered to be an ultrasound frequency

find the total R in parallel if R1 is 60 and R2 is 20

1/Rt = 1/R1 +. 1/R2 ... = 1/60. + 1/20 = 1/60. + 3/60 = 4/60 =1/15 STOP HERE the question is asking for R total and the answer i reached is 1/Rt=1/15 thus R-total is equal to 15

The researchers' decision to use their within-subject study (particpants=45) design rather than a between-subject design with 100 participants was most likely made in order to: A. allow for all subjects to be compared to the same type of control. B. control for sociodemographic and economic factors, but not genetic ones. C. increase the statistical power of the study. D. decrease the sensitivity of the experiment to detecting the effect of anxiety on decision-making.

A is correct. Within-subjects design controls for individual variations in a measurement by comparing the scores of subject X in one condition to the scores of the same subject (X) in other conditions. Thus, each subject serves as his or her own control. In this experiment, all subjects were compared to the same type of control - themselves. B: Using a within-subject control allows researchers to control for all factors inherent to the individual, which would be all 3 factors in this choice, not just 2. C, D: There are two fundamental advantages of the within-subject studies over between-subjects studies: (1) increased power and (2) a reduction in error variance associated with individual differences. A fundamental inferential statistics principle is that, as the number of subjects increases, statistical power increases. This is why it is always better to have more subjects. A within-subject study design with 45 subjects is equivalent to a similar between-subject study design with 90 subjects. The question states the alternative study would have had 100 participants, which would have more statistical power. Choice D is the opposite of what a within-subject design offers compared to between-subject designs (advantage 2).

what is the difference between mediating variable and moderating variable and confounding variable

A mediating variable is one which explains the relationship between two other variables. a mediator variable is one that explains the relationship between the two other variables. A moderator variable is one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables, it can increase or decrease or reverse the relationship. As an example consider the relationship between social status and frequency of testicular self-exams. Age might be a moderator variable, in that the relationship between social status and testicular self-exam might be stronger for older men and less strong or nonexistent for younger men. Education might be a mediator variable in that it explains why there is a relation between self-exam and social status. This would mean when we remove the effect of education, the relation between the two variables disappears. confounding variable is an example of an extraneous varibale in which it was not included in the study. these variable were not an intended part of the study but can affect the results and the relationships between the DV and IV. this varibale is not measured by the researcher. the researcher fails to measure it. for example, the background noise can act as a confounding variable when the researcher was studying the effect of different music on studying. or it could be the time of the day that partcipants take tests of attention. or it could be gender in experiment that tests the attractiveness of facial symmetry vs asymmetry.

nominal, Ordinal, Interval & Ratio measurement ?

A nominal scale of measurement deals with variables that are non-numeric or where the numbers have no value. In other words, we can put them in any order and it wouldn't matter. Think about the numbers on the jerseys of football players. Is the player wearing number 1 a better player than the player wearing number 82? Maybe, but that doesn't have anything to do with the numbers they wear. Jersey numbers have no value as far as telling us anything about the ability of the players; it's just a way to identify them. Other examples of variables measured on a nominal scale include gender, race and the number on pool balls. An ordinal scale of measurement looks at variables where the order matters but the differences do not matter. When you think of 'ordinal,' think of the word 'order.' In the case of letter grades, we don't really know how much better an A is than a D. We know that A is better than B, which is better than C, and so on. But, is A four times better than D? Is it two times better? In this case, the order is important but not the differences. She had one rose get 4th place, one got 7th place, and one got 2nd place. These rankings are an example of ordinal data, which is data that can be ordered and ranked but not measured, such as levels of achievement, prizes, rankings, and placements. the interval measurment is when the difference matters. for example, we want to test a study that tests if high temp of food increase attention vs cold temp. the difference here matters. A ratio level of measurement is one in which there is a range of quantitative responses, ordered at equally-spaced intervals, and with it being possible to score 0 (complete absence of the quantity). ratio, which is a mathematical comparison between two numbers. This can be represented with a colon; however an ordinal or interval level of measurement, do not have the possibility of a measurement of 0. nominal and ordered are catogaries interval and ratio are quantitative

what happens to the velocity of blood as it goes under a very constricted artery? what about the pressure?

According to the continuity equation, velocity increases as cross-sectional area decreases. Increasing velocity decreases pressure

independent samples t-test vs A paired samples t-test vs ANOVA

An independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare between two different groups (control vs experiment) the important thing in here is that the participants are DIFFERENT in each group. thus, the researcher is comparing between two different groups. A paired samples t-test would be used if the results came from the same participants. we still have two different groups, control and experiment but the participants are the same in both groups. they act as their own control. ANOVA is used when there are two or more groups to be compared.

Which of the following correctly lists a pair of analogous structures and a pair of homologous structures, respectively? A. The wing of a bee and the wing of a bird; the wing of a bird and the leg of a bird B. The wing of a bee and the wing of a bird; the arm of a human and the flipper of a walrus C. The arm of a human and the wing of a bat; the wing of a bird and the wing of a bat D. The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat; the wing of a bee and the wing of a bat

B is correct. Analogous structures are those structures that evolved independently to carry out the same function. Thus, the wing of a bee and the wing of a bird are analogous structures. Homologous structures are those that have a similar evolutionary history, arising from the same source, even if they now have different functions. The forelimbs of mammals (human arm, walrus flipper, bat wing) would all be homologous despite their different functions. Thus, this choice correctly indicates a pair of analogous structures and then a pair of homologous structures. A: The first set of structures listed here are analogous, but the second set (which come from the same type of organism) are neither analogous nor homologous. C: These are homologous and analogous structures, respectively. D: Both of these sets of structures are analogous.

Eosinophils play a major role in the promotion of the inflammatory response, which is marked by increased vasodilation, blood vessel permeability, and pain. The inflammatory response is classified as: A. a function of the adaptive immune system. B. a function of the innate immune system C. a function of passive immunity. D. a function of antibody-mediated immunity.

B is correct. The innate immune system includes nonspecific immune responses. In other words, its responses provide general protection, rather than protection against specific pathogens that have been previously encountered and "remembered." Inflammation is a function of the innate immune system, as it serves as a general response to infection or injury. A: Adaptive immunity is directed against particular pathogens to which the body has been previously exposed. These pathogens are "remembered" by specialized cells, leading to a quicker response in the case of a second exposure. Inflammation is a not a specific protective mechanism, so this choice does not fit. C. Passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. This is not relevant to the question. D: Inflammation does not directly relate to antibodies, which are specific proteins produced by B lymphocytes.

What aspects separate single-crossover events from double-crossover events? A. Single-crossover events result in one-way displacement of chromosomal content from one chromosome to another, while double-crossover events always reverse this one-way displacement, resulting in chromosomes identical to the pre-crossover chromosomes. B. Single-crossover events occur during mitosis when a cell splits into two cells, while double-crossover events can only occur during meiosis when a cell splits into four cells. C. Single-crossover events affect only the ends of chromosome arms, while double-crossover events can affect segments in the middle of chromosome arms. D. Single-crossover events only affect one arm of each chromosome, while double-crossover events affect two arms of each chromosome.

C is correct. A double-crossover event is one in which chromosomal arms of homologous chromosomes cross over in two different places along the arm. This results in a section in the middle of each chromosome being exchanged. A: A double-crossover event occurs in two different places along the chromosome arm, resulting in a segment exchange, not necessarily a reversal of the original crossover. B: Crossover events only occur during meiosis, not during mitosis. D: Both single- and double-crossover events will only affect one arm of each chromosome.

Two identical gurneys are placed side-by-side on a ramp with their wheels locked to eliminate spinning. Gurney 1 has a dummy placed on it to give it a total mass of 200 kg, while Gurney 2 is loaded with a dummy that makes it only 50 kg overall. If the ramp has a coefficient of friction of μs, which gurney is more likely to slide down the ramp? A. Gurney 1, due to the increased force of gravity B. Gurney 2, due to the reduced force of static friction C. Gurney 1 and Gurney 2 are equally likely to slide. D. Neither gurney can slide unless the wheels are unlocked.

C is correct. In order for the gurney to slide down the ramp, the force pulling it downward (mgsinƟ) must be greater than the static frictional force (μsFN = μsmgcosƟ). The net force on each gurney is thus Fnet = (mgsinƟ) - (μsmgcosƟ). Since net force is equal to the product of mass and acceleration, we can rewrite this equation as ma = (mgsinƟ) - (μsmgcosƟ), where an acceleration greater than 0 means the gurney will slide down the ramp. The mass of the gurney is present in all terms and can be canceled, meaning that it is not a factor in whether the gurney slides. Thus, both gurneys have an equal likelihood of slipping down the ramp, regardless of the fact that they have different total masses. A: While Gurney 1 does experience a larger force of gravity, its mass also contributes to a larger static frictional force. B: Gurney 2 does feel a reduced force of static friction due to its lower mass, but the gravitational force pulling it down the ramp will also be proportionally smaller. D: This statement is not true. If the force of gravity acting along the ramp is greater than the static frictional force, the gurneys will slide down the ramp, even if their wheels are not capable of spinning.

The concentration of intracellular signaling molecules fluctuates rapidly in dividing cells during the cell cycle. Which of the following experimental techniques would be best to elucidate the mechanism of regulation for these proteins? A. RT-PCR and Southern blot B. Southern blot and northern blot C. Western blot and RT-PCR D. Western blot and Southern blot

C is correct. Rapidly dividing cells undergo mitosis under the influence of specific signaling molecules. These molecules are expressed when their genes are transcribed, then are translated into proteins. In order to gain the best understanding of how a signaling protein's levels are regulated, both the protein and mRNA levels would need to be studied. Western blotting gives us information about the amount of protein expressed in a cell, while RT-PCR gives us information about the amount of RNA expressed. A, B, D: Southern blots are used to probe DNA for specific sequences; however, changes of gene expression at a cellular level are due to changes in the transcription and translation rates for the genes, not the number of genes themselves.

A follow-up study by the researchers showed that the Y chromosome experiences a much higher mutation rate than the X chromosome. This is likely due to the fact that: A. the X chromosome encodes more proteins responsible for genetic repair than the Y chromosome. B. the Y chromosome is much smaller and therefore more susceptible to mutation. C. the Y chromosome goes through many more divisions than the X chromosome in a typical population. D. the Y chromosome has significantly fewer genes, making mutations more evident.

C is correct. The Y chromosome is inherited through sperm, which undergoes many divisions during gametogenesis. Each cellular division makes mutation more likely. Additionally, sperm develops in the testes, which exist under unusually oxidative conditions; this also promotes mutation. The X chromosome undergoes fewer total replications in the population due to the limited number of replicative rounds during oogenesis. Additionally, females have crossing-over events to restore function to damaged X chromosomes. A: While this may be true, proteins responsible for gene repair are not exclusive to their chromosome of origin. B: The size of the Y chromosome does not contribute to its susceptibility to mutation. D: While the Y chromosome has a very limited number of genes, the majority of the chromosome is "junk" DNA; therefore, mutation of the Y chromosome is actually relatively unlikely to have a phenotypic effect.

which is more stable the heat of formation for CH4 = -47kJ or the heat of formation for OH= -15kJ

CH4 has a lower energy (-47) when compared to OH (-15). memorize this, the lower the energy is the more stable the compound is. also, CH4 release more energy so it is exothermic thus more favorable. imagine a ball on top of a hill and trying to slide down, the ball on top of the hill has a big potential energy when compared to the ball on the group level that has much lower potential energy. the ball on the ground is much more stable than the ball on the tip of the hill because it can slide/fall at any given time.

four stages of demographic transition

Demographic transition = changes in birth and death rates a society goes through as it develops stage 1: preindustry society = both birth rate and death rates are high stage 2: better conditions = death rate decreases stage 3: better population control = birth rate decreases stage 4: industrialized society = both birth and death rates are low

stage of Cross's Nigrescence Model

Cross's Nigrescence Model Nigrescence: "the process of becoming black" STAGE ONE: Pre-Encounter Assimilation: shows low importance/salience for being black; shows a strong reference group for being an American Anti-Black: "holds extremely negative views about Black people. internalized as Black self-hatred" Miseducation: occurs when black people believe the historical distortions they are inevitably exposed to through the educational system. Individuals internalize these stereotypes and question their own self-worth. STAGE TWO and THREE: Immersion-Emersion Intense Black Involvement (Everything Black is Good): individuals embrace all things black; a first step in internalizing Black identity Anti-White (Everything White is Bad): "individuals have a tendency to denigrate White people and White culture" this can become a permanent part of one's Black racial identity". STAGE FOUR Internalization: individuals put aside anger and guilt of the previous stage and accept their Blackness without promoting it or denigrating Whiteness. Three independent ideologies: Black Nationalism: "a focus on Black empowerment, economic independence and a heightened awareness of Black history and culture" Biculturalism: an acceptance of being both black and American. Multiculturalism: Acceptance of self as black, and an acceptance of others from diverse racial backgrounds

Which of the following is NOT an example of a demographic measure? A. Income B. Sexual orientation C. Education D. Absolute mobility

Demographics are statistics used to examine a population by quantifying subsets of that population. Absolute mobility means that living standards are increasing in absolute terms: you are better off than your parents and your children will be better off than you. Absolute mobility compares your income to your parent's income. If your parents make $5,000 dollars a year and you make $10,000 dollars a year, you have experienced absolute mobility. Absolute mobility is not an example of a demographic measure. A, B, C: Income, sexual orientation, and education level are examples of demographic measures.

The pKa value for each of the functional groups on cysteine is as follows: C-terminal 1.96, N-terminal 10.128, and R-group 8.18. At what pH will a solution of 2.2 M cysteine be isoelectric, or have no net charge? A. 8.18 B. 7.20 C. 6.04 D. 5.07

D is correct. At a pH of less than 1.96, all groups will be protonated to give a charge of +1. At a pH of 1.96, the net charge will be +0.5. Exactly between a pH of 1.96 and 8.18 is where the molecule will have a charge of 0, so (8.18 + 1.96) / 2 = 5.07. Alternatively, simply remember that for amino acids with acidic side chains, isoelectric point can be calculated by averaging the two most acidic (lowest) pKas. While cysteine is not commonly listed as an acidic amino acid, its side chain includes an -SH group, which can be deprotonated; thus, the side chain of cysteine is able to act as an acid.

Colliding cells often meet on the near frictionless surface of vascular membranes. If Cell 1 collides into stationary Cell 2 on an arterial wall, which of the following describes what happens to Cell 2 after the collision? I. Cell 2 continuously accelerates. II. Cell 2 moves with decreasing velocity. III. Cell 2 moves with constant speed. IV. Cell 2 moves with constant velocity.

D is correct. Cell 2 only accelerates while it is being pushed/in contact with cell 1, so statement I is false. Since the cells are on a frictionless surface, cell 2 will not decelerate after the collision; statement II is similarly incorrect. Once cell 2 is in motion, it will stay in motion with constant velocity, without changing direction. Therefore, it will have a constant speed (III) and a constant velocity (IV). speed is a scalar quantity meaning that it only cares about the magnitude whereas velocity is a vector quantity in which it cares about both, magnitude and direction.

If the DNA of a representative species from each of the major kingdoms was examined, the sequences coding for which of following would be expected to be most similar? A. Photosynthesis B. Cholesterol synthesis C. Protein modification D. DNA synthesis

D is correct. DNA sequences that are common among different species, phyla, or even kingdoms are called conserved sequences. Conserved sequences tend to remain that way due to the fact that they code for a vital function that is COMMON among different species. A: Not all kingdoms utilize photosynthesis. B: Not all kingdoms engage in cholesterol synthesis. C: Protein modification is something that is quite unique to each phylum or even species, since it is one of the major ways in which species tailor protein function to their own needs and create additional protein diversity from the limited set of genes they contain.

when assigning priorities, which is more priority D or H in S/R assignment

D is heavier than H, so it has more priority. we want the H to have the dash line because it needs to be in the back since it is the lowered priority. if H has the bold line, then we would need to REVERSE the S/R assignment but if it has the dash lines then the assignment of R/S remains the same even when the D has the bold line.

which is more compact in increasing order of compactness DNA helix, nucleosome, heterchromatin, and euchromatin

DNA helix is the least compact thus comes first, euchromatin is less compact than the heterochromatin(inactive). a nucleosome is the most compact the order is: DNA helix, euchromatin, heterochromatin, and then nucleosome

what is natural immunity

Natural immunity is immunity that is present in the individual at birth, prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen, and that includes intact skin, salivary enzymes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and complement.

distress, eustress, and neustress? give example of each

Distress is a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body. It happens when you perceive a situation to be threatening to you some way (physically or emotionally) and your body becomes primed to respond to the threat. this can be an illness of a loved one. eustress is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but motivating. Eustress is usually enjoyable! this can be as moving to your higher and better job. it is stressful but enjoyable at the same time neustress is a neutral type of stress. Neustress happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn't actively or directly affect you. For example, news about a natural disaster on the other side of the world may be very stressful, but your body doesn't perceive that stress as good or bad for you so you aren't affected.

Which of the following do NOT have proteins with a nuclear localization signal? I. E. coli II. Homo sapiens III. Fungi IV. Archaea

E.coli and Archaea is the answer E. coli, a bacteria, and archaea do not have nuclei, they lack membrane-bound organelles and thus do not have a need for nuclear localization signal on their proteins. Homo sapiens and fungi are eukaryotes with nuclei.

false negative result

False negative: A result that appears negative when it should not (when it should be positive) so it gives you a false negative. An example of a false negative would be if a particular test designed to detect cancer returns a negative result but the person actually does have cancer. Another example of a false negative would be if a particular test of a known inhibitor gives a result that shows no change in enzyme activity. (we know the inhibitor must reduce the enzyme activity but it gave results of not affecting the enzyme which is negative results.

folkways and mores

Folkways are the customs or conventions of daily life. They are a type of social norm -- expectations for how we act. Folkways are mildly enforced social expectations, while mores are strictly held beliefs about behaviors. Mores dictate right and wrong, while folkways distinguish between proper and rude behavior. How do you greet someone when you first meet him? Often, greetings include some form of 'Hello' and 'How are you?'. Perhaps you shake the person's hand and smile when you introduce yourself. You probably expect similar behaviors from the other person. You can be confident that the person you're meeting will reciprocate in a similar manner because these behaviors are folkways. Perhaps he will refuse to shake your hand, get your name wrong, or interrupt you. You may think he is rude or come away from the interaction with a bad impression of the person. He is breaking the rules of social interaction - in other words, he is violating your culture's folkways. For the most part, our reactions to such violations are mild. We may come away from the person with a bad impression, but we will not be calling the police to report his behavior. This is where folkways differ from mores. While both fall under the umbrella of 'social norms', violations of mores are met with severe punishments from society. The reactions to violation of social norms, including folkways and mores, are called sanctions. Folkways also vary given the specific context. If a man walks onto a public bus with no shirt on, he'll receive quite a few stares or dirty looks, but this same behavior on the beach is considered normal. Talking on the phone in a public park is not unusual at all, but in a church speaking on the phone would be considered very rude. Folkways are norms that govern everyday behavior (like holding a door open).

tetany is it associated with hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia? explain

I first have to pay attention to what they're talking about, it is the blood Ca concentration or the cell Ca concentration. when the question says hypercacemia, they are mostly talking about the plasma level having high Ca ions. but if it says the cell's level of Ca is high, then most likely the plasma level (extracellular Ca level) will be low because if there is high levels of Ca inside the cell, then there will be low levels of Ca in the plasma. note- the calcium levels is opposite for Na levels. the Ca++ will bind to the Na channel and blocks it, that is why they have opposite in cases of hypocalcemia, the blood/plasma levels of Ca are low, meaning that the Na levels extracellular are high thus Na will rush into the cell down its concentration gradient and it will cause an AP, muscle contraction which is what we call tetany. thus, hypocalcemia causes tetany also, low levels of Ca in blood (hypocalcemia) means that there must be higher Ca levels intracellular/inside the cell. if so, Ca will bind to troponin and will expose the myosin binding site on the actin to initiate a contraction. hypercalcemia means having high Ca levels in the blood, means Na levels extracellularly are low so they cannot rush into the cell anymore. thus no AP or depolarization. no contraction. this will cause muscle weakness. also, hypercalcemia in the blood means low levels of Ca in the cell, thus no contraction happen thus there will be muscle weakness

impression management? A. Complimenting coworkers on their clothing B. Bragging about one's financial success while on a date C. Matching the behavior of a boss D. Revealing a friend's personal information while on a date

Impression management involves the control of information about oneself and is characterized by flattery, boasting, and ingratiation In contrast, in choice D, an individual is attempting to control information about someone else. not one's so D is the only one that doesn't fit impression management

what is the difference between genetic drift/bottleneck and the founder effect

I have to know the difference very well. here is a website of the notes, watch the previous video of it. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/a/genetic-drift-founder-bottleneck A genetic drift is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts). for example, a male will not be able to transmit his Y allele if he only has female offspring. In other words, even if the male has a well-adapted Y chromosome, it may not be passed to the next generation. The repeated random loss of well-adapted Y chromosomes can result in the degeneration of the chromosome as a whole. genetic drift can be in the form of a founder effect or bottleneck. the genetic drift can lead to DELETION of an entire allele (such as the white bunnies bb) from the population due to sample erroring or random events. pay attention here becuase natural selection is different (it SELECTS the traits that are more fit by which they are able to reproduce more or catch the food more, but this process is NOT random it is selective for the good traits). in the bunny example, the white bunnies may have been better at survival because they live in the snow so predators can't seen them and they go for the brown bunnies often so the white ones have a more advantage and more fit. however, the enviornment RANDOMLY reduced the entire allele. the founder effect is the reduction in genetic diversity when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population genetic drift is a decrease in the genes/alleles as some are dead/gone and the other may not be able to pass it on to the next generation. while the founder effect is the decrease in genetic diversity. note; Gene flow, or the movement of alleles between local populations, adds to the genetic diversity

what are Marcia's four identity statuses? identity foreclosure, identity diffusion, identity achievement, and identity moratorium

Identity Diffusion: Adolescents have not yet attempted to find their identity, nor do they have a clear picture of what their identity may be. They have not set any goals for themselves. Identity diffusion is characterized by low commitment and low exploration. Identity Foreclosure: Adolescents have blindly accepted and committed to values and beliefs taught to them by their family, community, or significant others without exploring alternatives. They do not question the values that were taught to them. Identity foreclosure is characterized by high commitment and low exploration. Identity Moratorium: a person who is in the midst of an identity crisis, considering changing their identity, and is actively seeking alternative identities. However, they have not yet committed to any values or beliefs and are instead experimenting. Identity moratorium is characterized by low commitment and high exploration. Identity Achievement: After a process of active exploration, adolescents have made a strong commitment to a highly-developed set of beliefs and values. Identity achievement is characterized by high commitment and high exploration.

In severe diabetic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), insulin cannot effectively induce the uptake of glucose by cells. Chronic hyperglycemia directly leads to the presence of which of these molecules in the urine? I. Proteins II. Glucose III. Ketone bodies

If cells cannot take up glucose, it will remain in the blood and eventually be excreted in the urine when it builds up to the point that it cannot be reabsorbed by the nephron. In a state of extended hyperglycemia, the body relies on fat metabolism to generate energy since glucose can't be uptaken by the cells. fat metabolism will produces ketone bodies that are also excreted in the urine. Therefore, Roman numerals II and III are correct. I: Proteins in the urine are not the result of hyperglycemia, but rather damage to the glomerulus. In people with hyperglycemia/diabeties it is common for all that glucose to rip the filter on the glomerulus and let proteins out into the urine. However, the question says DIRECT and the ripping of the glomerulus and consequent proteins in urine is indirect.

compare the charge of the anode and cathode of the galvanic cell and electrolytic cell? where does a battery belong

In a galvanic (voltaic) cell, the anode is considered negative and the cathode is considered positive. This seems reasonable as the anode is the source of electrons and cathode is where the electrons flow. However, in an electrolytic cell, the anode is taken to be positive while the cathode is now battery=galvanic cell

what does thinning mean in operant conditioning? what about fading

In operant conditioning, thinning refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action. or changing schedule of reinforcement from continuous to intermittent to variable after acquisition to prevent satiation FADING: (operant) gradual reduction in prompting when teaching a new behavior (e.g., teaching manners and reducing prompting from "what do you say" to no more than a look)

Inter-rater reliability

Inter-rater reliability is when two people will come up with the same answer when using the same assessment. For example, let's say that you have a questionnaire that will help you diagnose Kevin. You ask him the questions and he answers. From his answers, you diagnose him with attention deficit disorder. But then Kevin goes down the street to another psychologist. That psychologist has the same questionnaire. She asks the same questions and gets the same responses from Kevin. But she diagnoses him with obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this example, the questionnaire has a low inter-rater reliability. If it had a high inter-rater reliability, each time a different psychologist used the questionnaire and got the same answers from Kevin, he or she would come up with the same diagnosis.

Vygotsky

Interactionists argue that language development is both biological and social. Interactionists argue that language learning is influenced by the desire of children to communicate with others. Theorist Lev Vygotsky = interaction theory

source monitoring error vs source amnesia

Let the wording answer your question with the key difference in the terms being error vs amnesia Source monitoring error example: you think you first heard about a tragic event while watching the news on TV, while you actually first heard about from someone mentioning it at work Source Amnesia example: you can't recall what source first informed you about the tragic event A source-monitoring error is a type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience.

the three theories of emotion

MEMORIZE THEM BY HEART Julia pets her cat, her blood pressure decreases and her brain increases the release of oxytocin. She then cognitively interprets how much she loves her cat and experiences happiness as a result. The Schachter-Singer theory states that emotion processing has three distinct steps: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation of the situation, and the experience of the emotion, in that order. (Julia pets her cat, which leads to physiological changes in her brain. She then thinks about her love for the cat and feels an emotion — happiness). Timothy's dog runs out of the house without his collar or leash. Timothy's heart rate increases and he shouts for the dog to come home. His body's cues and behavior lead him to understand that he is in a scary situation, and he feels afraid. (note that Timothy did not cognitively interpret the physiological changes, it is just that his body cues made him realize that this is what I should feel when I'm scared) the James-Lange theory of emotion, which states that behavioral and physiological aspects of emotion (like increased heart rate and shouting for his dog when he escapes) lead to cognitive aspects of emotion (like understanding that a situation is scary and feeling afraid). Luke is training for a marathon and runs with his dog. He feels moderately happy and excited while he runs with his dog, and records his best time yet. the Yerkes-Dodson law, which states that people tend to perform their best when they're moderately emotionally stimulated. Luke is moderately happy when running with his dog, which leads to optimal performance. Annabel is holding her guinea pig on the couch and scratching its ears. As she does this, her brain releases hormones associated with reward. At the same time, she cognitively interprets the situation as happy and calm. She then smiles. the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which states that physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion occur simultaneously and independently. Annabel's brain released hormones at the same time that she interpreted the situation as happy and calm. The theory also states that behavioral expression is the last aspect - like when Annabel smiled.

Malthusian theory

Malthusian theory = population grows exponentially and will eventually outgrow its resources. War, famine, disease bring the population back down to a sustainable level (positive checks). Population control (preventive checks) such as later marriage also keeps the population from outgrowing its resources.

Negative sense RNA vs positive sense

Negative-sense RNA (like DNA) has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the mRNA that it encodes. Like DNA, this RNA cannot be translated into protein directly. Instead, it must first be transcribed into a positive-sense RNA that acts as an mRNA. remember- DNA is negatively charged

Negativity bias, self-serving bias, Social desirability bias, Availability heuristic

Negativity bias is when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects. Self-serving bias; interpreting that one's positive experiences with substances are due to positive personality traits and dismissing negative experiences with substances as due to external factors. Social desirability bias; peers report using more substances than they really did, leading others to follow suit Availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. for example, judging an event to not be risky because friends have not suffered consequences

compare the size of the eukaryotic ribosome with the prokaryotic ribosome..what about the subunits?

Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, with a 50S and a 30S subunit, whereas eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, with 60S and 40S subunits.

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases are commonly found as hormone receptors such as the catecholamines- norepinephrine and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

reconstructive bias

Reconstructive bias is a type of bias related to memory. Most research on memories suggests that our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when we are remembering times of high stress. example, The physicians may not have accurately remembered the unethical behaviors experienced and what they witnessed during medical school because they were in high stress. thus their memory is reconstructed. Reconstructive memory is a theory in which the act of remembering is influenced by various other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory, and beliefs, amongst others. People view their memories as being a coherent and truthful account of episodic memory and believe that their perspective is free from errors during a recall. However, the reconstructive process of memory recall is subject to distortion by other intervening cognitive functions such as individual perceptions, social influences, and world knowledge, all of which can lead to errors during reconstruction.

relative deprivation theory

Relative deprivation theory posits that individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources.

self efficacy (important)

Self-efficacy involves believing in your ability to go through the steps necessary to produce the desired outcome people who believe that they have high self-efficacy (meaning they can control how to do a task or how to ace the exam), they also tend to have a high INTERNAL locus of control (i can control this). however, when faced with failure, people with high efficacy will blame the failure to an EXTERNAL locus of control. he would say the test was hard, I was gonna fail it no matter how hard I studied for it. thus, we must always think of INTERNAL locus of control when thinking of self-efficacy

acetylation vs deacetylation and is the DNA active or inactive? what about methylation?

Since DNA is negatively charged due to its phosphate backbone, the charge on lysine (+ve) on the histones allows for tight histone-DNA interactions thanks to electrostatic attraction between the charged atoms on each molecule. Acetylation(adding -ve charge) of lysine makes the residue neutral, lessening the DNA-histone interactions and promoting a looser structure of DNA. Loose chromatin structure is typically associated with euchromatin, the less dense, transcriptionally active chromatin structure that appears light under a microscope. In contrast, histone deacetylation (removing the -ve charge) will restore the positive charge to the residue, allowing the electrostatic attractions to return between the negative DNA and the positive histone. Therefore, deacetylation of lysine residues on histones should lead to a denser chromatin structure and lowered transcription/gene expression (heterochromatin) methylation will lead to heterochromatin (INACTIVE). demethylation will lead to euchromatin (active TRANSCRIPTION, not replication) we are talking about DNA's ability of being transcribed

social cognitive theory

Social cognitive theory asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too.

conflict theory

Social conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society have differing amounts of material and non-material resources (such as the wealthy vs. the poor) and that the more powerful groups use their power in order to exploit groups with less power.

social desirability bias

Social desirability bias is a type of bias related to how people respond to research questions/survey. The physicians may have known that the researcher was examining unethical behavior and thus responded a certain way. Since the topic is fairly sensitive, they may have also changed their known unprofessional behavior and responded in a way that they felt was most socially acceptable.

Social facilitation vs Social loafing

Social loafing is a phenomenon in which individuals tend to work less hard when they're in a group. Social facilitation is the tendency for people to perform better when in the presence of others.

Asch's line experiment study of conformity

Solomon Asch conducted an experiment investigating the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could influence a person to conform. Asch used confederates who were instructed to give clearly incorrect answers regarding the lengths of various lines. He then measured the number of times each unknowing participant conformed to the majority view. In Asch's study, the confederates never provided an explanation for their choices to the group

While researching in Nigeria, several foreign researchers attend a local restaurant and ask for the special. They are brought Agouti, a large rat eaten by locals. The researchers are disgusted and disapproving of the dish, discussing at length the superior food culture in their home country. can this be an example of stigma

Stigma is strong disapproval attached to disobeying the expected norms of a society. Stigmatized individuals may be discredited as "less than normal." Here, we wouldn't say that the those who consume Agouti are stigmatized, since its consumption is clearly perfectly normal in this Nigerian community. It only appears abnormal to the foreign researchers, who are judging the meal by standards of their own societies. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own group and its cultural expectations and norms as right, proper, and superior to others. In this scenario, the researchers immediately believe that their culture is superior to the local environment based on the dish they were served.

what does each theory say about social stratification 1. social conflict theory (Karl and Max Web) 2. structural functionalist theory (Davis-Moore) 3.symbolic interactionism

Structural functionalists (talks about the structure of the society and how it is functioning) argue that social inequality plays a vital role in the smooth operation of a society. The Davis-Moore thesis states that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society. Davis and Moore argue that the most difficult jobs in any society are the most necessary and require the highest rewards and compensation to sufficiently motivate individuals to fill them. Certain jobs, like mowing grass or cleaning toilets, can be performed by almost anyone, while other jobs, such as performing brain surgery, are difficult and require the most talented people to perform them. In order to lure the most talented people away from less important work, a society must offer those people rewards and incentives. Davis and Moore further claim that any society can be equal, but only to the extent that people are willing to let anyone perform any job. Social conflict theorists disagree that social stratification is functional for a society. Instead, they argue that social stratification benefits some at the expense of others. Two theorists, Karl Marx and Max Weber, are the primary contributors to this perspective. Social stratification is unnecessary and results from both the lack of opportunity and discrimination against the poor and people of color. social interactionism states that Social stratification affects what people believe about themselves and others and influences their daily life, lifestyle choices, and interactions with others.

5-UTR vs 3'UTR? are they found in eukaryotic or prokaryotic

The 5'-untranslated region (5′-UTR) is the region of mRNA that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of TRANSLATION of a transcript. 5'-UTR is right before the AUG codon of the mRNA. 3'-UTR immediately follows the translation termination codon. from this information alone, we know that the UTRs must be transcribed (eliminating choice C). However, as it is the "untranslated" region, we can conclude that this region is not translated or only partially translated into a protein the UTRs typically do not end up in the final protein product. they are found in both, eukaryotic or prokaryotic

The Learning Perspective

The Learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see and hear,and that children learn from punishment and reinforcement.(Shaffer,Wood,& Willoughby,2002).

The Stroop effect

The Stroop effect describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information.

how does -ic and -ous differ in the number of oxygens? what is phosphoric acid?

The anion in phosphorous acid is phosphite, (PO3)-3. When comparing the -ous acids and -ic acids, the -ous acids will have 1 fewer oxygen atoms than their -ic counterparts. A: This is perphosphoric acid. (H3PO5) B: This is phosphoric acid. (H3PO4) D: This is hypophosphorous acid. (H3PO2) phosphorous acid = H3PO3

how does the brain develop? outside inward or inside outward

The brain develops from the inside outwards.

what is the pulmonary surfactant

The elastic recoil force of the airway and the surface tension of the water lining the airway oppose expansion of the alveoli due to the influx of atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary surfactant adsorbs to the air-water-alveoli interface, reducing surface tension and the total force resisting expansion. This increases pulmonary compliance—a measure of lung volume change at a given pressure of inspired air—and decreases the work required to expand the lungs at a given atmospheric pressure. in order for us to breath, we have to keep our lungs wet. our lungs are inside so they must be wet and that is why they are surrounded by a thin layer of fluid along the pulmonary and alveoli wall. the fishes breathe by their fins and they also have to remain wet. so their fins are outside of their bodies so they can be wet and thus function. thus, there is a thin layer of fluid surrounding the alveoli wall and that has high water tension due to the water molecules intermoleculat attraction. the water molecules are thus pulled tightly together and pul the alveoli cells with it as well. this will cause the alveoli to collapse and increase the pressure of air within the alveoli since the surface tension is pulling everything together and decreasing the volume and thus increase the pressure. thus the pressure is directly proportional to the surface tension and inversely proportional to the size of the alveoli. (the more surface tension, the more it will force the cell INWARD/more collapse and the more pressure) now the pulmonary surfactant will decrease the surface tension because it is mainly consisting of phopholipids (90%) and protin/polar group (10%). so the nonpolar molecules will decrease the force of the surface tension. thus will decrease the pressure needed for the alveoli in order for it to expand and inflate so inhalation can take place. it also prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation. the surfactant makes the respiration process easy and efficient' so, for better inspiration, we need high levels of surfactnat not sruface tension.

misinformation effect

The misinformation effect happens when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. long term memory

how can you determine stability from Tm when you are given the enzyme activity

Tm is the melting point (temperature). to find the Tm in the figure, it will be the temp at half (50%) of the enzyme activity. the higher the Tm, that means the higher the melting point, the more stable the compound is because it will not be denatured/unfolded as easy when its melting point is high.

Kübler-Ross model of death

The stages are sequenced in the following order: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. denial- no not me, i dont have this terminated illness there must be something wrong anger- after they realize they are diagnosed with a terminal illness, they become angry and say why me? Ross said that we must respond with love and support to the anger, not with avoidance or return anger. bargaining- try to bargain by trying to spend so much money to find a cure, or to spend more time with family, or to have less pain depression- once bargaining is over and realize he has nothing else to bargain for, he goes into depression acceptance- he accepts to die. they embrace their battle and this stage is calm and peaceful. Kubler-Ross said there might be the 6th stage and that would be hope, the hope to die with dignity.

the undifferentiated subtype vs the catatonic subtype

The undifferentiated subtype is diagnosed when people have symptoms of schizophrenia that are not sufficiently formed or specific enough to permit classification of the illness into one of the other subtypes. Their cognitive abilities can fall within a wide range of ability. The catatonic subtype involves disturbances in movement. Affected people exhibit a dramatic reduction or increase in activity. Other symptoms associated with the catatonic subtype include parrot-like repeating of what another person is saying or mimicking the movements of another person.

Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation would have the shortest wavelength? A. Radiation that ejects an electron from an sp orbital B. Radiation that ejects an electron from an sp2 orbital C. Radiation that ejects an electron from an sp3 orbital D. Radiation that excites but does not eject an electron from an sp3 orbital

This question asks us about the wavelength of EMR that ejects an electron from an atom. Shorter-wavelength EMR (such as γ rays) carries much more energy than longer-wavelength EMR (such as radio waves). Therefore, we must look for the answer choice that involves the highest-energy EMR. The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the harder it is to eject. Because sp-hybridized orbitals have the most s character of all of the answer choices, they contain the electrons that are hardest to eject.

what does it mean if I say Tollen's test is positive for glucose and negative to sucrose

Tollens' test is intended to identify "reducing sugars," or sugars with the capacity to serve as reducing agents. Specifically, sugars with hemiacetal groups can undergo mutarotation, allowing them to be oxidized by CuO. The process of mutarotation requires ring opening, which occurs at a hemiacetal group. Thus, sugars with hemiacetal groups can be oxidized and can thus function as reducing sugars. We do not need to have the structures of glucose and sucrose memorized to answer this question. Instead, simply note that the question stem tells us that glucose yields a positive Tollens' test. Glucose must therefore contain a hemiacetal group, whereas sucrose (which gives a negative test result) must not. The hemiacetal group on glucose marks it as a classic reducing sugar.

what is Total internal reflection

Total internal reflection, in physics, is a complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium. (so it stays in the SAME medium) The phenomenon occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. when the ray is going from water to air for example from high dense to low dense medium, then, the refracted ray will bend AWAY from the normal line. (first image to the left) when the incident ray is reflected instead of refracted (third image to the right), that means 100% of the ray is reflected back into the same medium, water. this means that the angle of incidence is EQUAL to the angle of reflection. this happens when the ray of light is going from a higher n value to lower n value. NOTE: the maximum angle where refraction can occur is when the incidence angle is equal to the critical angle. the refraction would be at 90 degrees (this would happen when the incidence angle is 48 ˚ and this is the critical angle). if the incidence angle goes any bigger than the critical angle, there will be no more refraction, we would get a reflection.

A study participant was asked to observe circular images and determine if they were the same size as a 10 cm2. Circles with areas greater than or equal to 11 cm2 were perceived as different. Circles with areas between 10.1 and 10.9 cm2 were perceieved as the same size as the 10 cm2 circle. If the participant then was asked to compare samples with a circle with an area of 200 cm2, Weber's law would predict that a circle of what area would be perceived as being of the same size?

Weber's law asserts that perceptible differences are proportional to the initial perception. Thus, a 10% increase in area was perceptible, but a 1% to 9% increase in area was imperceptible. For this reason, the 9% increase in area reflected by choice C (200 to 218) would be perceived as the same size as before. answer is 218

which is afferent and efferent ? motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons

You should know that motor neurons carry signals outward, so they are efferent neurons. You should also know that sensory neurons carry signals inward, so they are afferent neurons. Interneurons are neurons that connect afferent and efferent neurons, so they fall into neither of the two categories.

coordinate covalent bond

a bond that is sharing electrons just like a regular covalent bond. however, the electrons that is shared are taken from one atom only. so it is one atom such as the lone pair of Nitrogen is supplying both of the electrons for the bond it is a lewis acid-base interaction between electron pair donor and a metal cation (cation meaning it has + charge so it does not have any electrons to share but it actually needs electrons, thus the electron pair donor is going to donate both of its electrons by forming a bond) such as Cu+2 (lacks 2 electrons) and N (has a lone pair)

euploid female vs euploid male

a normal set of chromosomes female = XX (one X is active and the other is inactive) male= XY (the X is active) in Triple X syndrome, XXX, two X chromosomes must be inactive so it can function as the normal set of chromosomes in Klinefelter syndrome, XXY, one X must be inactive in order for it to behave like the nomral set of XY

anomie

a person who lacks social norms and thus feel disconnected from her/his community because he/she cannot connect without having the social norms.

prion

a protein that is folded abnormally and induce other proteins to take the abnormal shape as well which is a deleterious condition

bureaucracy

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. Ideal bureaucracies should have a hierarchical structure. (the management team is distinguished and seperated from the workers team). also, employees should be specialized in an ideal bureaucracy meaning that they should have a high level in one skill instead of multiple things.

acetic acid vs carbonic acid

acetic acid has a central carbon that is bound to =o and the other side is bound to a methyl group carbonic acid has the central atom as c=O and in each side is a -OH

mirror neurons

activity which requires observation and understanding of others. such as observing behaviors taken by others and thus our mirror neurons will be activated just by observing the theory of mind is also involved with mirror neurons because the theory of mind requires being able to take another person's perspective, an activity that involves mirror neurons also, empathy feeling requires mirror neurons because of the understanding of others. Empathy involves being able to understand another person and relate to that person's experience. Vygotsky's social learning theory heavily stresses the role of people and interactions in language acquisition, which would involve mirror neurons.

what is the ABC model of attitude

affective is the emotion/feeling such as I am scared of spiders (the word scared indicates emotion) Behavioral attitude component is how we act or behave toward an object/subject (i will avoid spiders and scream if i see one) the word avoid and scream will influence our attitude cognitive component is the thought or belief/or when we have knoweldege about something that will thus shape our attitude (i believe that spiders are dangerous)

understand the semi-conservative cell division or the meselson-stahl experiment (what happens after two cycles)

after first division, there will be 50/50 of new strand and parental strand after second cell division, there will be two strands of only new strands and only two strands that have (parental and new)

what components of Freud's psychosexual theory includes the unconcsious

all three, id, ego , superego The id includes basic human instinctual drives and, by definition, is unconscious. While the ego operates primarily in conscious and preconscious levels, it also contains unconscious elements. This is because both the ego and the superego evolved from the id, which is unconscious. The ego takes care of the id impulses as soon as the adequate circumstance is found. The superego forms the organized part of the personality structure and therefore is mostly (but not entirely) unconscious.

is ammonia a Lewis acid or base

ammonia is NH3 it has a lone pair. this lone pair will be donated to another compound (for example Hydrogen) to form a covalent bond. in this case, the N lone pair is giving some of the electrons to H. thus the NH3 is acting as a lewis base because it is electron donor and H is acting as a lewis acid because it is accepting electrons.

implicit bias vs explicit bias

an attitude can exist at two different levels. Explicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the conscious level, are deliberately formed and are easy to self-report. ... Implicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the unconscious level, are involuntarily formed and are typically unknown to us

PEPCK

an enzyme in gluconeogenesis that aids in the process of converting the very high in energy step from pyruvate to PEP. PEPCK will decarboxylate (to produce energy) OAA and phosphorylate it by GTP to produce PEP from OAA. this enzyme can be found in the cytosol and in the mitochondria

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence, and emotional intelligence

analytical intelligence the ability to defind well-designed problems creative intelligence the ability to react adaptively to a new situation and to generate novel ideas practical intelligence the ability to solve ill-designed problems emotional intelligence which is the ability to understand and manages the use of emotions with others. this allows us to delay gratification instead of wanting immediate gratification. an emotionally intelligent person can control his/her emotion because they are self-aware and can delay gratification to pursue longer term rewards instead of the immediate gratification

diffraction, refraction, absorption, and reflection

attached picture of diffraction (the spread of wave after it passes through a narrow opening). refraction is the change of the direction of a sound wave when passing obliquely through one medium and another (or through a medium of varying density or different speeds.) note: oblique means not straight not at 90 angles, it is a diagonal line. absorption is the process of being absorbed by the tissues for example reflection is the throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it. the signal is reflected back and is not being propagated all of those (as well as scattering) are considered types that dissipate or attenuate the signal propagation.

availability heuristic bias

availability heuristic, in which individuals pay attention to more extreme cases, which they then use to generalize events as occurring at greater rates than they actually are.

what stage of sleep does bedwetting happen

bedwetting and sleepwalking happen in the slow wave stage which are associated with delta waves so it is in stage 3 and 4

institutional discrimination

behaviors/treatments stemming from an institutional cultures or policies (rather than by individual)

proliferative cells? are blood cells proliferative

blood cells come from STEM CELLS therefore are not highly proliferative and DO NOT undergo mitosis. Also they don't have a nucleus. If they come from stem cells (e.g. blood cells, immune cells, neurons), it's safe to bet that they do not proliferative themselves easily. neural cells are stuck in G0 of interphase and therefore do NOT proliferate at all. GI epithelial cells are highly proliferative

which is true statement DNA sequence that codes for protein x mRNA sequence that codes for protein X

both statements are correct as both are necessary to code for protein x. however, the mRNA sequence is a better choice because protein level relates most directly to the mRNA level

Alloparenting

caretaking of offspring by individuals other than the biological parents

social mobility is inhibited in what system

caste system has a closed stratification system that do not allow soical mobility

centromere vs kinetochore

centromeres are the organelles that connect two sister chromatids together. the centromeres create microtubules and the microtubules bind to the kinetochores that are bound to the centromere the microtubules originate at the centrosome. (note: the centrosomes are made up of microtubules) kinetochore are the microtubules

ABC transporters

channels that transport ions/protein but have ATP binding site

class consciousness vs false consciousness

class consciousness refers to the awareness that a group has about their social, economic and political position in the society. Class consciousness emerges when the working class realizes their position in the society. They realize that they are being oppressed and exploited by the capitalists/owners. This will results in the bonding of the working class together as they comprehend that it is vital to take political action such as revolutions to topple the prevailing social structure. False consciousness refers to the distorted forms of awareness that the individuals have of his position in the society, the owners create an illusion in the minds of the working class. (ideology). Marx believed that this would be one of the strongest obstacles against a revolution because the working class fails to comprehend themselves as a single unit thus they don't unite together to fight against the owners. This can also prevent them from seeing the reality of capitalism. For instance, the working class can be blind to their position of being oppressed in the forms of oppression and exploitation that take place in the society. for example, a farm owner tells the worker that he will be one day just like him an owner, that he was a worker before and also became an owner. the owner is creating an illusion that might or might not be true but this will prevent the workers from uniting together to revolute.

delirium

cognitive disorder that involves disorientation and confusion

how do we know if compound X (inhibitor) is a competitive inhibitor or an allosteric one?

compare the molecular shape of the inhibitor and the substrate. if they are similar in shapes, then it can most likely be a competitive inhibitor as it can bind to the active site of the enzyme (same site to where the substrate binds) if they have different shapes, then it will most likely bind to the allosteric site and thus be an allosteric inhibitor.

pyruvate carboxylase? what does it do? where? what is it inhibited by

converts pyruvate (3 carbons) to OAA (4 carbons). so OAA can be converted back to PEP in gluconeogenesis. it is inhibited by NADH the conversion of pyruvate to OAA by pyruvate carboxylase takes place in the mitochondria. purvate will first be transported to the mitochondira through specific carriers and it wil then be converted to OAA by pyruvate carboxylase. this enzyme will add CO2 to pyruvate to make it 4 carbos, then OAA will travel out of mitochondira to the cytosol and it will be converted to PEP by PEPCK. PEPCK will remove CO2 (what's the point if it was just added? well, the release of CO2 will release energy that is needed to convert pyruvate to PEP because that is an irreversible step in glycolsysi since it generates a lot of energy/ATP. thus, the reverse step requires a lot of energy) then PEPCK will phosphorylate it by GTP to produce PEP. thus, Pyruvate carboxylase will take place in the mitochondria to produce OAA and PEPCK is inthe cytosol to produce PEP.

core countries vs periphery countries vs semi-periphery

core countries are the industrialized countries and INDEPENDENT of outside control. periphery countries are usually influenced by core nations semiperiphery countries are in between the core and periphery. so they may include rising periphery countries and declining core nations

core nations vs periphery nations vs semi-periphery nations

core nations: areas like Western Europe and the US, strong central government with enough tax to support it; economically diversified, industrialized, & relatively independent of outside control; strong middle and working classes and focus on higher scope production of material goods rather than raw materials periphery nations: Latin America and Africa; tend to have a relatively weak central government with little industrilizaion; tend to depend on only 1 type of economic activity, like extracting raw materials and unskilled production of goods; high percentage of poor and uneducated people, as well as a small upper class which controls most of the economy; huge inequality in the population; greatly influenced by core countries and transnational corporations which can harm the future economic potentials of the periphery countries semi-periphery nations: India and Brazil; make up middle ground between Core and Periphery; not dominant in international trade but have relatively diversified and developed economy and stable government with expanding middle class; can come either from periphery countries moving up toward the industrialized core countries OR core countries declining toward periphery status; lacks global, economic, or political influence

differential association theory of crime

criminal commit crimes based on their ASSOCIATION with other people. criminal behavior is learned by being exposed to other such behaviors. thus, it can be found in any background since it is a learned behavior and is learned by interacting with people. this theory does not discriminate among people since it is learned in any community from any background.

cytochrome c in ETC, how does it differently than the other carriers

cytochrome C is the only carrier that is not hydrophobic. all ETC carriers are mobile and hydrophobic. but cytochrome c is hydrophilic as it is highly water soluble. it can also carry one electron only while the other can carry 2 electrons

sexual dimorphism

difference in size and appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves. Sexual dimorphism refers to the degree to which males and females resemble each other. A species with low sexual dimorphism contains males and females that look mostly identical. High sexual dimorphism signals intense competition for mates, while animals from species with low sexual dimorphism typically form pair bonds and mate for life.

A balloon has a volume of 3.0 L at 25°C. What is the approximate volume of the balloon at 50°C?

do NOT solve the problem without converting C to Kelvin even when both sides have C and can cancel out. this is using the STP equation and thus all must be in the correct units V/T=V2/T2

ecological validity vs construct validity

ecological validity refers to ways that the experiment applies to the environment. Ecological validity is the extent to which research findings would generalize to settings typical of everyday life. As such, ecological validity is a particular form of external validity. construct validiy measures if the test is actually measuring what its supposed to measure. for example, does this human anatomy test actually test on humany anatomy content?

are enantiomers optically active or inactive?

enantiomers are chiral compounds but they cancel each other out so they are optically inactive and achiral compounds are optically inactive such as meso compound

high levels of what hormone can indicate love?

endorphin

what does extraction separation based on

extraction separates molecules with different densities. the mixture of compounds will be placed in a large flask and the compounds will be separated in different layers. the more dense compound will be at the bottom of the flask (usually the aqueous layer will be on the bottom because water is denser than most of the organic compounds EXCEPT for DCM/dichloromethane that has a density of 1.3 while water's density is 1). if you think about it, the aqueous layer contains water and water and other polar molecules have atoms that are heavier than the hydrocarbons. thus, the aqueous layer will most likely be the bottom layer most of the time.

what is the difference between structural MRI and functional MRI and PET

fMRI is a functional neuroimaging technique which would allow the researchers to assess the operation of brain regions, not just their structure. Structural MRI would not show the function of the brain regions examined, but the structure only. PET is a functional neuroimaging technique (it also tests for the function)

how much Phosphorus has decayed after 55 days if we start with 4g of phosphorus that has a half-life of (T1/2= 14.3 days)

first, we need to know how many half lives is phosphorus undergoing and to do this, we are given the half life to be 14.3 days and are asked to find the amount decayed after 55 days. so, 55/14.3 = 4 that means we are asked to find the amount of phosphorus decayed after 4 half lives. or we can say 1 half-life = 14.3 days X half-life = 55 days 14.3 X = 55 X= 55/14.3 = 4 half lives so that means each half life, half of the phosphorus will decay. we can calculate this in two ways. we started with 4g -> 2g -> 1g -> 0.5g -> 0.25g each -> means one half life so we need four -> so now we have 0.25g LEFT OVER of phosphorus. the question is asking for how much has decay not left over. so we can calculate this by starting with the original amount and subtracting the leftover amount to see how much has been used up/decay into another element via B-decay. 4g - 0.25g = 3.75g has decayed another way to calculate this is by: (1/2)^4 means there are four half-lives and we multiply this by the starting amount of 4g (1/2)^4 x 4g = (1/16)x4= 1/4 of the phosphorus is left over (0.25 is left over) and 3/4 has been decayed. note, the decay happens ONLY with radioactive isotopes NOT stable isotopes they don't undergo any decay and thus the amount will be 0g has decayed and 4g is leftover if we are also starting with 4g phosphorus.

what is the equation for flow rate relating it to velocity and cross sectional area

flow rate = cross-sectional area x velocity.

what are the assumption made for IDEAL gasses

for ideal gases the volume of the gases and their intermolecular forces are negligible/meaning too tiny or small to count. the ideal gas does not exert any intermolecular forces.

how does gas chromatography separate compounds? GC

gas chromatography IDENTIFY (NOT separate) compound based on their boiling point and their relative size. first, we have a place to inject the sample that is in its liquid form. once it reaches the box, it will vaporize to gas. in GC, the mobile phase is a gas so in the box, there is an opening where the mobile phase is inserted. it is important to have an INERT mobile phase in its gas phase so it can push the gas molecules further and it is inert so it doesn't interfere with the gas compound of interest. once it passes through the box, it will be heated up and go through a long column/tube, the longer the tube the better separation so the tube usually is coiled to be longer. once it passes through the tube, it will reach the detector that will detect how many particles of each compound there is (intensity) and then the detector will take the analysis into a computer screen to show a chromatogram that has several peaks to enable us to identify the molecules/compounds of interest. the column/tube has a liquid phase on its wall/sides that act as the stationary phase. compound with LOW BOILING POINT will be pushed through the column first and thus represent the first peak in the chromatogram AFTER THE SOLVENT/REFERNCE PEAK. the mixture to be separated is presented with heat, thus the ones with a lower boiling point or the ones with higher vapor pressure will be separated first. the compounds that show peaks toward the end means that they have higher boiling points/low vapor pressure so they tend to spend their time with the stationary phase/liquid because they are not vapor/gas yet. what about the two compound that we want to separate have similar boiling points, can we still separate with GC? yes, if not based on BP, then it will be separated based on their size. the smaller molecules will be pushed through the column faster rate and will be the first peak after the reference peak. in the chromatogram, the Y-axis is the intensity that represents how many particles hitting the detector at time, and the x-axis is the time. the first peak is the reference peak which is the solvent that the sample was originally dissolved. the following peak is the first compound that was separated that represents the compound that traveled faster and has a lower boiling point when compared to the compound with the next peak. however, knowing that compound A is smaller and have a lower boiling point is not going to identify the molecule. thus we often run a reference before the mixture, meaning that we have a chromatogram of a known compound and then compare it with the chromatograph of the unknown. also, GC is almost always combined with a mass spec that gives information about the MW (mass=MW) so it will be easier to identify compounds.

if a ray of light strikes the surface of the water in a beaker, the incidence angle is 25, what is the angle of reflection? the angle of refraction? the total internal reflection?

here, n1= air and n2= water. so the medium changes from less dense to a more dense medium. this means that there will be NO total internal reflection because the total internal reflection can only result when a ray of light begins in a higher-index material and reaches a boundary with a lower-index one (e.g. starting in water and moving towards air). this also happens when the angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle. The angle of incidence always equals the angle of reflection so the angle of reflection is 25º as well. As light enters a more dense medium, it will bend towards the normal. With an angle of incidence of 25º, the angle of refraction must be less than 25º.

hydride shift

hydride =H shift if we have a carbocation that is 1˚ or 2˚ that is adjacent to a tertiary hydrogen, it would want to undergo a halide shift so the carbocation can be more stable by being attached to a 3˚ carbon instead of a 2˚. if a 1˚ or 2˚ carbocation is adjacent to a quaternary carbon (central carbon attached to 4 carbons from all sides), then the carbocation will undergo a methyl shift with a methyl group so the carbocation will be tertiary and thus more stable.

how do I know if this is oxidized or reduced if it forms solid

if for example, Al+3 forms solid, that means its oxidation number is going to be 0 so things that form solid are being reduced.

PCR amplification, is it linear or exponential if one primer is added only

if one primer is added that means only one strand will bind to the primer and thus only that strand will be replicated after the first cycle, the primer will also bind to one strand that is complementary to it and it will replicate that one strand. so each cycle will produce one additional replicated strand thus it will be linear. after 30 cycles it will be 30 strands however, in the normal PCR where two primers are added, the amplification process is exponential. in which after 30 cycles there will be 2^n (2^30 copies of strands)

what is the difference between IR spec, UV range, and visible range

if the question is asking about IR spec, then we need to identify the type of bonds such as C=O takes place at 1700 if the question is talking about the colors seen such as red color, then we must correlate that to the VISIBLE spectrum at 700nm. if the question is talking about the UV spectrum, that proceeds the visible range so we cannot pick the colors of red, blue, yellow or violet because the UV is not the same as the visible range but it is before it. thus, with UV range, the compounds have a higher frequency and higher energy but lower wavelength (nm)

what is hemiacetyl group

if the sugar has hemiacetal group that means the C1 has an OH and an OR group. (hemiketal means that C1 wouldn't have H but it would have another R group). the hemiacetal groups can open up into a chain and it can also undergo mutarotation between beta and alpha carbon. those that have hemiacetal groups can be reducing sugars because they have a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group and thus can be reduced. this means that the aldehyde or ketone (the OR) group will be REDUCED to an alcohol all monosaccharides are reducing sugars. even fructose. Because sucrose doesn't have the hemiacetal group, it is known as a non-reducing sugar. Without the hemiacetal group, the ring structure of sucrose can't open up. If you can't remember this, remember that SUCROSE SUCKS mutarotation refers to rotation of a sugar between alpha and beta anomers at the anomeric carbon. This is the same carbon in the ring that contains the hemiacetal group in reducing sugars. Non-reducing sugars cannot mutarotate because they lack that functional group.

would the graph line move to the right or left in the presence of a competitive inhibitor (for the Km value)? what about the Vmax or 1/V for noncompetitive inhibitor, should the graph go up or down?

in competitive inhibitors, we increase the Km value. the x-axis is -1/Km thus to increase the Km value, the graph should be moved to the right fo the Vmax, it will always never increase in the presence of an inhibitor. it either decreases or stays the same. for the graph, the y-axis represents the 1/Vmax. this line will either remain at its spot or it will INCREASE, go up. the y-axis line will never be at a point that is lower than the normal one.

spatial mismatch

in presidential segregation, people who live in lower income areas may have opportunities but are hard to access. the opportunities are actually present in those lower income areas but they are far away in which there is a physical difficulty in obtaining them or gaining access to them (the physical distance= SPATIAL mismatch) The spatial mismatch is the mismatch between where low-income households reside and suitable job opportunities.

what is the main difference between normative conformity and informative conformity

in the informative conformity, the person agrees to the statement because he/she truly believe that the information they received is true. It occurs when an individual conforms his or her behavior to match that of the rest of a group because of the belief that the group is better INFORMED and knows more than the individual himself in the normative conformity in which the individual knows that the others are INCORRECT, but still feels pressure to not dissent/disagree from the rest of the group just so he/she can fit in and be apart of the group. for example, a medical student MS1 is following the rotation of third-year medical students. the doctor asks her what she thinks the diagnosis would be, she would most likely go with the answers that are given by the third year medical students. this is a type of conformity/pressure but it is informative conformity because the student truly believes that because she has only been in medical school a few weeks, the third-year students know more than she does.

cadherin vs integrin

integrin is between Cell and ECM cadherin is between Cell-to-cell interaction. (both are C) (desmoses is an example)

a cell was growth arrested but is able to function metabolically, what phase was it most likely arrested in? anaphase, telophase, prophase, interphase

interphase is the phase where the cell cycle obtains its nutrients and grows (in size of cell). thus, if the cell is in growth arrest meaning that it would not divide, then it would be in interphase. interphase takes place between successive mitosis cycles or between meiosis I and II. the cell in question is able to function metabolically meaning it takes nutrients and is able to grow (interphase) but not able to divide because it is in growth arrest (so it cannot be in mitosis because Mitosis is cell division)

how can you determine which single bond is more polar than the other

it all depends on the atoms' electronegativity in the bond. the more/bigger difference between the electronegativity, the more polar the bond is. O-H is very polar whereas C-C is least polar C-H is more polar than C-C because C is identical to the other C thus the difference is zero

what does high levels of aldosterone do to Na, K, water, and renin levels?

it decreases K levels by increasing its secretion in urine. it increases Na and Water reabsorption high levels of aldosterone will cause a negative feedback on renin secretion

what does gamma decay emits?

it emits a photon by the nucleus

the old Amin acid sequence has a net charge of +2 and the new mutated amino acid sequence has a -2 net charge. what is the overall change in charge?

it goes from +2 to -2 so the difference between them is (+2)-(-2) = 4 and it goes from positive to negative

what does L-DOPA do in treatments of Parkinson's?

it increases the dopamine concentration. Parkinson's is the degeneration/decrease of dopaminergic cells. it can also increase catecholamine concentration such as epinephrine

Minority influence

it is a form of social influence where new ideas most likely spread. When a new idea arises, it is automatically a minority opinion. This idea can then be spread through the influence of the minority on others accepting this view. Minority influence, a form of social influence, takes place when a member of a minority group influences the majority to accept the minority's beliefs or behaviour.

what is squalene a precursor of

it is a precursor of steroid hormones and cholesterol because its structure is a suggestive of it forming four fused rings (steroid)

what is the oxidation number of NH3

it is neutral overall N has a -3 charge and H has a +1

what is the magnification equation ?

it is the ratio of the IMAGE distance/height divided by the OBJECT distance or height

what does a linear relationship mean in a table or graph

it means that the increase in one variable is proportional constant with the increase of the other variable. for example, the increase of Temp by 100 in each trail is associated with the increase of 2 points in resistance in each trial. yes, 100 does not equal 2 but that does not matter. a linear relationship means that the increase is constant and proportional with the variables. just double the temp does not mean we also have to double the R in order for it to be linearly related. no, we are talking about the slope. the same amount of increase (by X) in one variable is linked to another amount of increase (by Y) in the other variable. the increase does not have to be equal for both variables.

when does nondisjunction take place

it only occurs in meiosis and it is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate or the sister chromatids to separate. thus it will take place in the separation process, anaphase I or anaphase II

what is IC50

it stands for the inhibitory concentration (IC50). it is a measure of the effectiveness of a substance in inhibiting a specific biological or biochemical function. It is the minimum plasma concentration of the inhibitor that is needed to inhibit 50% of target enzyme activity in vivo). thus the lower the IC50 is the more inhibition because that means there will be lower inhibitor concentration needed to achieve the goal.

what part of the kidney is the most concentrated when the patient is producing concentrated urine

it will be the medullary portion of the collecting duct

Compare a triadic and dyadic group, which one is more stable? Which one is more intimate?

larger groups are considered to be more stable but less intimate whereas smaller groups are less stable and more intimate. a dyadic group (two people such as the patient and physician relationship) is more intimate but less stable because either party can break the single social tie. the triad (3 persons such as the doctor and patient and interpreter) is more stable because of the additional social tie.

manifest vs latent

manifest is the intended, conscious function while latent is the unconscious, and unintended. the newspaper provides news and advertisement. this is the INTENDED function of the newspaper. however, this can also serve latent functions that are UNINTENDED latent functions such as rolling it up to kill a fly is the latent function or if you put it on the table so it won't get messy while eating then this is another latent function. latent has the two letters LA which means no so it goes with UNintended. also in religion, people have a particular belief and religion because they feel comfort and sense of being fulfillment and having a goal in life. this would be the manifest function of the religion. however, it can also have latent functions. for example, people who are not religious but celebrate Christmas and it is their favorite holiday due to gifts receiving. this would be the unintended function of the religion or the latent function. for dreams, the manifest dream/content is the actual event such as being naked in the public. the latent dream which is the unintended unconscious content is much more important to Freud. this would be the desire or the meaning of the manifest dream. in this case the desire of being free from something might be the latent content

what two types of energies do a mechanical energy include

mechanical energy is like vibration. it includes both kinetic energy and potential energy because vibration is associated motion (kinetic) and position (potential)

Meissner's corpuscles

mechanical type of a receptor since it involves touch they are neurons that are responsible for touch, which is the purpose of mechanoreceptors.

what membrane component must be affected if the cell/membrane traffic is halted or disrupted

membrane/cell traffic means the transport of material into and out of the cell. thus, we are talking about channels that are spanning the transmembrane. The cell membrane is composed of several different components, each responsible for different functions. Membrane transport is most likely to be affected if the disruption occurs in components that span the entire membrane. Transmembrane proteins (many of which are glycoproteins) are the main component that passes all the way through the cell membrane and facilitates membrane transport. thus, it is glycoproteins that act as the transmembrane channels. Phospholipids and glycolipids are located on the surface of cell membranes and typically do not extend through the entire bilayer. Glycolipids act to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition. Phospholipids are a structural component of the membrane and are not involved in traffic/transport.

explain the polarity of mobile phase and stationary phase of TLC? what factors affect the Rf value of the moving compound? what is the adsorbent?

mostly, the stationary phase which is the silica plate is polar, thus the polar molecules will have lower Rf value as they travel slower the mobile phase is mostly nonpolar, leaving the nonpolar molecules with higher Rf values. temp, solvent, and adsorbent all affect the speed or the distance traveled by the compound the adsorbent is the stationary phase. which is mostly polar. thus the eluting solvent is the one that takes away all the remaining compounds. the more polar the eluting solvent is the better or higher in strength. The eluting strength depends on how strongly a compound adsorbs onto the adsorbent and, since typical adsorbents are highly polar, eluting strength increases with increasing solvent polarity.

the four quantum number

n = explain the energy level or the shell level of the atom. the higher the n, the further away the electron is from the nucleus, and thus the HIGHER ENERGY of the electron l= angular momentum quantum number (azimuthal quantum)= explains the SHAPE of the atom if 0, meaning the shape is a sphere since 0 indicates S orbital if l=1, indicating a P orbital with a shape of a dumb bell. note, sometimes S and P are called subshells. note that n is the shell number and thus l is the subshell (dividing the n further into orbitals or subshells). magnetic quantum number = ml = orientaion of the orbital around the nucleus. ml= 0 means that there is only one orientation. if ml= -1,0,+1 this means that there are 3 orientation (X,Y,Z) spin quantum number= ms= spin upward (+1/2) and spin downward (-1/2)

what is the index of refraction

n= speed of light / speed of material

what is adiabatic

no heat lose or gain (no heat exchange into or out of the system) this does not mean the temp cannot change, no it can change but we are talking about the heat which is Q (thermal energy) U=Q+W U (internal energy) = Q (thermal energy) + (work done) so for the adiabatic process which is Q=0 U=W so the only way to add energy into the system is by doing work on the gas or allowing the system to do work. we cannot add energy thermally by heat exchange so the system must be isolated.

do human respond differently to a different type of stressors according to Selye's GAS theory

no, Selye states that humans' response to different stressor types are similar in which a social stressor and a physical stressor such as a snake both lead to stress responses that is similar. the human stress response is not specific to the type of stressor

racialization vs racial formation

racialization is when you ascribe racial identities to a group that doesn't agree with that label. In the early US, the government racialized individuals by defining "black" as having a great-grandparent who was black, even if the rest of the person's ancestry was white and the person didn't identify with being black. Predominantly black/white neighborhoods racialize newcomers, and will either welcome them or reject them based on their race. Corporations racialize employees and promote/limit their advancement up the corporate ladder. Racial formation: we construct/form races to justify treating people differently. Eg: slavery, genocide, who to be friends with, etc.

methylated DNA and restriction enzymes

restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific regions but they do not or cannot cut methylated DNA

ribose vs. xylose vs. fructose vs. arabinose

ribose and xylose and rabinose are all 5 carbon compounds fructose is 6 carbon that has a methyl group in C1 and C5

role strain vs conflict strain

role strain is the tension that results from competing demands within the SAME ROLE conflict strain is the tension that results between two DIFFERENT ROLES that the individual holds for example, a medical interpreter who must translate only but see that the doctor's attitude is wrong toward the patient. this is a conflict between different responsibilites within the same occupational role.

scarcity

short or lack Conveying the impression of scarcity of one's opinion = weakening the one's opinion

What type of control does siRNA exert on G6P expression? A. Transcriptional control B. Promotion C. Repression D. Post-transcriptional control

siRNA is only able to bind to other RNA strands, not to DNA or protein. Therefore, it must interfere with gene expression after transcription has already occurred, but before translation. Specifically, it prevents the translation of mRNA corresponding to the target protein. thus it acts as a post-transcriptional control A, B, C: These controls occur before transcription. In contrast, siRNA prevents mRNA from being translated Promotion specifically refers to what happens when transcription factors bind to promoting regions upstream of a segment of DNA (pay attention, DNA) to upregulate its transcription. Similarly, repression refers to regulation that happens pre-transcription. Those terms shouldn't be used to describe upregulation/downregulation of any steps in a pathway -- sometimes people aren't 100% careful about terminological consistency. also, from a strategy point of view: if you can recognize that B and C (promotion and repression) are examples of the larger category of A (transcriptional control), that should automatically push you towards D, because if you pick either B or C, A also has to be true, and you can't have two correct answers.

what does snowball selection means

snowball selection bias means that new participants are selected in the study by using the contact information of the existing participants. this weakens the results' generalizability.

the parents are poor and their child became the president of a private school. is this an example of social reproduction

social reproduction is REPRODUCING the INEQUALITIES in the society. it states that the inequalities through social institutions such as education and economy are PRESERVED. this means that both the parents and the child have the same level of inequalities. the level is being reproduced. also, social inequalities do not only talk about being poor, it can also state the same thing with the rich families. rich people will reproduce their rich qualities into their children. both parents and children will be rich due to their social and cultural capital. this example states intergenerational mobility

learning-performance distinction

states that learning a behavior and performing a behavior are two different things. for the Bobo doll, kids who observed the kicking of the doll were also performing the behavior and kicking the doll once they were placed in a room with a doll. however, there were also some kids who did not participate in the kicking of the doll even though they observed the doll being kicked. does hat mean they did not earn the behavior as they were observing? no, they did learn the behavior but they did not perform it. so learning the behavior and performing it are two different things. when the groups were bribed with rewards and asked to perform the behavior of kicking the doll, they were able to perform the behavior. this is the problem when it comes with watching violent videos games, some parents say well my kids watch aggressive games but he is okay while others say he is aggressive because of the videos he is watching.

true or false the function of the BBB includes: 1.Protection of the brain from carbon dioxide poisoning 2. Allowing of more glucose to enter the brain than any other tissue

the BBB allows lipid-soluble molecules to pass through, while hydrophilic molecules cannot 1. false, as the BBB allows small and non-polar molecules to pass. CO is small and non-polar so it will be freely passing across the BBB. 2.true, GLUT1 is a special transporter found in the BBB that has the HIGHEST affinity to glucose than the entire body. the brain depends on glucose as it uses about 60% of glucose

can antibodies, starch, amino acids, or urea cross the BBB

the BBB allows lipid-soluble molecules to pass through, while hydrophilic molecules cannot urea is not allowed into the BBB as it is a waste product. starch is a polysaccarides that are too big to cross the barrier. the monosacchrides aka glucose and fructose can enter the BBB. antibodies are too large to enter the BBB Amino acids are necessary for the production of proteins, which are essential for the function of any cell. thus they are allowed to pass the BBB

actor-observer bias

the actor interpret his behavior to situational factors (I'm not feeling well today) while observers interpret the actor's behaviors to dispositional factors (socially awkward)

mutations that cause one amino acid to convert into proline would most likely effect?

the alpha helical structure of the secondary shape of the protein. because proline disrupts the alpha helical shape

An individual with Wernicke's aphasia would likely have difficulty with what part of communication? A. Producing sound B. Constructing words C. Forming sentences D. Expressing meaning

the answer is D. People with Wernicke's aphasia have difficulty connecting meaning to language (that is why most of their speech is hard to understand because they cannot assign meaning to what they are saying or they cannot express meanings. they can form sentences fine with good grammar but the meaning part is impaired.

the appearance of these groups will show a peak in which range of the spectrum C=C? C=O or a carboxyl group -OH or alcohol group

the appearance of alcohol groups will show a peak in the range of 3000-3200cm the appearance of a carboxyl group c=O will show a peak in the 1700-1750cm the appearance of carbon to carbon DOUBLE bond will show a peak in the range of 1580-1640cm.

which is more elastic artery walls or capillary walls? which one has a bigger total surface area artery or capillary

the artery walls have more smooth muscle and are thus more elastic the capillary has a bigger total

what is efficiency equation with work?

the efficiency of any type of work would be the output work/ input energy we want high efficiency so to do so, we would want high output and low input.

how can you separate enantiomers

the enantiomers of the racemic mixtures are converted into diastereomers through a reaction with an enantiomerically pure, chiral auxiliary. Due to their different physical and chemical properties, these diastereomers can be separated by common separation techniques.

which part of the periodic table are good conductors and bad conductors of heat/electricity

the metals are usually good conductors while non-metals are weak conductors.

which one of those do enzymes do to alter the reaction rate? 1. stabilize transition state 2. alter PH 3. alter the primary structure of the substrate 4. colocalize substrates 5. alter the substrate shape

the enzymes do not participate in the reaction, they only facilitate it. thus, they do not change the primary structure of the substrate (the cleavage for example by protease enzymes are the end products, not the enzymes function no that is the reaction itself the enzyme is just making it easier. the enzyme does not actually change the primary sequence) enzymes lower the activation energy by stabilizing the transition state and the can also colocalize substrates meaning they can bring two substrates together in order for the reaction to take place. enzymes can also alter the substrate SHAPE in order for it to be more feasible to proceed and it can finally alter the PH, how? the enzymes/proteases grab protons from water to drive the reaction forward, so altering ph is possible. some encourage the substrate to either lose or accept H so they can be better electrophile or nucleophile. note: enzymes are CATALYSTS

what are the benefits of including error bars in a graph of multiple columns?

the error bars in each column provide a sense of how significant the differences are between the various/other bars present on the other columns so, if the error bars of column A and column B overlap (have same or similar values of the Y-axis) that suggests that the differences between these two columns are less likely to be significant. if the error bars of column A and column C do not overlap, that means the data points of these two columns are significantly different, such as the picture attached

how does the flow rate relate to surface area and pressure

the flow rate will increase in a smaller surface area and lower pressure. note: the volume per time ratio must remain the same as it goes from one region of the pipe to another region of the pipe even if it is more constricted.

baby boomer

the generation of people who were born between 1946 and 1964 this is after the world war II that lead to an increase in the population of 65 years old and older. because birth rates were very high

what is the relationship between volume and pressure in lungs?

the have an inverse relationship due to this equation W=PV, where W is the work being done by the muscle to either inhale air or exhale. thus, under minimum lung volume (such that the residual volume) there will be expected to have a maximum intrapleural pressure.

compare the graph of hemoglobin and myoglobin

the hemoglobin is a tetramer meaning it has 4 polypeptide chains, thus it has the effect of a cooperative. (sigmoidal shape). myoglobin is a monomer, meaning it has one polypeptide chain (behaves like the regular proteins). it picks up oxygen very easy even at low O2 concentration but (unlike hgb) does not let go of O2 until the tissue REALLY desperately need it. the myoglboin affinity to oxygen is much higher than the affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen right shift= lower affinity to Oxygen (higher P50) = favor T state (release O2) Left shift= higher affinity to oxygen (lower P50) = favor R state (bound to oxygen)

how is the ultrasound frequency compared to the human ear frequency

the human ear can hear frequencies within the range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (or 20 KHz). ULTRAsound is any frequency ABOVE the human frequency thus anything above 20KHz

ego vs id vs superego which is conscious and unconsoius

the id is completely in the unconscious part. the ego and superego' part of in the unconscious and part of it is in the conscious. the ego plans for the long term gratification while the id wants immediate gratification. superego is the moral oversight and represents the values of society

the difference between the inner cell mass, trophoblast, and blastocoel? which develops into the placenta

the inner cell mass ICM is what gives rise to the fetus/embryo the blastocoel is the fluid filled cavity that follows morulation the trophoblast is what covers/the linings of the cell. the trophoblasts are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta.

a graph with P in Y-axis and V in X-axis have an area of what?

the interior area would represent WORK as W=PV

what is the iron cage

the iron cage theory is developed by Max Weber and it states that an individual feel sbeing trapped due to the institutions and beaurocracy policies that fail to give them equality, it will thus lead to disenchantment/disappointmenet within the society

depth of processing

the level of attention applied when encoding words

what does the mature mRNA includes if we have the following codon regions, intron regions, 5'-UTR, promoter, polyA-tail,3'-UTR, enhancer

the mature mRNA will splice out all introns while keeping all codons. the 5' and 3' UTR are essential in the mature mRNA because they are very important in the TRANSLATION process. they, however, will not be translated into the final product. the promotor is needed for transcription in order for the RNA polymerase to bind and transcribe (remember that primer is for replication)..thus the promoter is not needed in the mature mRNA because transcription has already occurred. same goes for the enhancers since they enhance the level of transcription. thus what is needed in the mature mRNA are: 5'-cap (equals to 1 base pair), 5'-UTR, codons, 3'-UTR, polyA tail.

how can we measure the levels of the sympathetic nervous system in a person

the measure can be done by measuring the electrical conductivity of the person's skin as this is a physiological indication of increased arousal the skin momentarily becomes a better conductor of electricity when either external or internal stimuli occur that are physiologically arousing. elevated heart rate and skin conductance are associated with sympathatic nervous system

where do microtubules originate from

the microtubules originate at the centrosome of the cell (note: the centrosomes are made up of two centrioles that are made up of microtubules and held perpendicular to each other )

what is the rule of aromaticity

the number of pi electrons must start at 2 and then add 4 so it would be 2,6,10,14,18...etc if there are lone pairs, it can be counted as 2 as well

what is the pka of COOH group and the phosphoric acid. what would the charge be at PH7

the pka of COOH functional group is 2 so it will be DEPROTONATED when placed in a PH bigger than 2 the phosphoric acid is a phosphate bound to 3 -OH groups. the first -OH has a pKa of 2 (just like the COOH) and the second -OH's pKa is at 7 and the final -OH group has a pKa of 12 at PH=7, the COOH will have a -1 charge. the phosphoric acid, the first OH will be deprotonated because it has a pKa of 2 and the second OH also will be deprotonated because of its PKa at 7. thus it will have a -2 charge

what happens to the range of melting point of a compound that has a mp=200C when found pure..what happens to its melting point if significant impurities are present

the presence of impurities means that the interactions of the compound will weaken thus the melting point will be LOWER. now for the range (important), the presence of impurities means that the range of mp will be BROAD whereas the mp range for the pure compound is NARROW. thus for the impurities compound, it can have a melting point of 100-195C (lower mp and broad) instead of 100-120C (too narrow)

what is one important thing to keep in mind while designing primers

the primers have to contain high GC content and have to have GC at both ends, 5' and 3' these primers will be able to last at the annealing temps in PCR

compare the personality theories of psychosexual, humanistic, behaviorist, trait thoery

the psychosexual theory is deterministic meaning that Freud said that our behaviors are determined by our unconscious desires. his theory focuses on individuals who have mental conflicts (ego, superego, and id) and not all people. if one person got fixiated in the phalic stage, he will be messy for the rest of his life time. humanistic focus on conscious and says people are inherently good and are self-motivated to improve and want to always improve to reach self-actualization. one of the major theorists in here is Abraham Maslow who said that we must first fulfill the biological needs, then safety, and then love, and then self-esteem and lastly self-actualization (who focus their energy on higher purpose and larger causes and less about the basic aspects of life. another major theorist in this humanistic theory is Rogers who said that in order for people to reach self-actualization, they need to be in a growth-promoting climate. in order for them to be in that climate, they need to be genuine (open and revealing about themselves) and acceptance (receive positivity by others unconditionally)- when these are met, the individual will develop self-concept that allows us to live up to the true real self vs. that ideal self that is bounded to conditions that people barely can live up to. also, humanistic says that humans have free will and desires to reach self-actualization. behaviorist says that humans do not have free will and their behaviors are influenced by their interaction with the environment around them. this is where operant and classical conditioning comes in place. behaviors are shaped based on the surrounding and the environment. this theory also states that the interactions are based on observable and measurable behaviors rather than mental and emotional behaviors. (metnal thoery is more with psychoanalytic/freud). one of hte major thoerist is Skinner with his operant conditioning that uses rewards to increase or decrease the behavior. another one is Pavlo's experiemtn with classical conditioning. htey both beleived that the invironemtn shapes the behavior because each person have a differetn approach to different stimulus and the behaviors/response differ when encountering new situtions. thus, the personality develops over an entire life span it is continoisuly evolving and changing. trait theory is different from the rest in which it describes the traits of an individual instead of explaining the traits. it also states that each individual has a pattern of behaviors based on their STABLE traits that cause them to be CONSISTENT in their behaviors.

q arm vs p arm of a chromosome

the q arm is the long arm of the chromosome the P arm is the short arm of the chromosome (P is Penelope Kardashian so she is the small/short one) if the short arms are lost for translocation reasons, all the genes on a short arm are available on the short arms of OTHER acrocentric chromosomes, thus, a translocation carrier who has his short arm missing on one chromosome (ex 21) but has another chromosome (ex 14) with its short arm, then he will have no health problems due to his or her chromosome rearrangement

the dependancy ratio

the ratio of people who economically depends on other (too young or too old to work) / productive people who are economically productive (18-65 years old

what does retrograde transport mean

the regular transport would mean protein translation in the ER, and then post translation modification and processing and packaging for proper localization occur in the Golgi apparatus. the retrograde transport is the reverse. so it will start at the Golgi apparatus and end at the ER

if you are given examples of single bonds and their enthalpy energy values. you are asked to pick which one of the single bonds are the shortest

the shortest single bond means it requires the most energy to break because the longer bonds are weaker than shorter ones. thus, the bond with the highest enthalpy energy will be the short

describe the DNA double helix interaction

the single strand DNA is connected via the phosphate and sugar bonds and this is the (sugar phosphate backbone and it forms the EXTERIOR portion of the double helix) for the double helix, it is the bonding between the nitrogenous bases that is why Guanine binds to cytosine. (base-pair and it forms the INTERIOR portion of the double helix) purines bond to pyrimidines

130/80 which is diastole and systole

the top number is the systole and the bottom is diastole. the systole is always a bigger number because it is a higher pressure since it is the contraction of the ventricle. the diastole is the relaxed one so it is when the ventricle is filling that is why the number is lower because there is not much of pressure. the sound being heard by the stethoscope is between the systole and the diastole. the first sound heard is the systole and the last one or when the sound is gone/fainted then it is the diastole.

a bond is formed by an oxidation reaction of two amino acids what would they be

the two cysteine amino acids have the side chain of -SH..they can form disulfide bond by OXIDATION reaction and the bond can be broken by REDUCTION reaction. this disulfide bond is a covalent INTERmolecular type

explain the inactive gate of sodium voltage-gated channel during absolute refractory period and relative refractory period

the voltage-gated sodium channel has 3 states 1. close 2. open 3. inactive (open at rest) at rest, the Na voltage channel is closed. the inactive channel is open (in this case, the channel overall is said to be de-inactivated. this is because, if the inactive gate is close, then the overall channel is inactivated for sure and it will not be stimulated at all. but if the inactive gate is open but the voltage-gated channel is close, then the channel overall is said to be de-inactivated since it can theoretically still be activated but needs much higher potential since it is hyperpolarized) upon the threshold/repolarization, the voltage-gated channel opens so Na can rush into the cell and after 0.5-1ms the inactive channel closes (during depolarization and the absolute refractory period) since the inactive channel is close, the cell cannot be activated anymore even if the Na voltage-gated channel is open. thus, the overall channel is said to be inactivated. during depolarization, the Na voltage-gated channel closes and the K channels open. as the Na channels close, the inactive gate starts to open, returning to its original state. during hyperpolarization and the relative refractory period, the inactive channel is open and the voltage-gate Na channel is considered to be open. however, the overall Na channel is considered to be de-inactivated because it theoretically can be activated/stimulated if there is enough/strong stimulus since we are in the hyperpolarization state. the inactive channels will reset to being open (inactivated) when the cell returns to its resting state. overall, the Na voltage-gated channel (activation gate) is the opposite in state with teh inactivation gate. for example, during the relative refractory period, the Na voltage-gated channels are closed (the activation channels are closed) but the inactive gate is open. thus the channel is de-inactivated becuase it theoratically can be stimulated.

researcher's agar plate becomes partially contaminated with an unknown contaminant. When growing a culture of gram-negative bacteria on the plate, only the area with the contaminant is clear the next morning. The contaminant is most likely: A. a phage in the lytic phase. B. a nutrient broth lacking an essential nutrient for the bacteria. C. a phage in the lysogenic phase. D. distilled water.

there is only one spot (where the contamination was) that did not grow in the next morning. B- lack of nutrients, I cannot assume this to be true because the agar plate has the nutrients necessary and the other bacteria were present next morning, it was only the ones contaminated that didn't make it. thus, I cannot make this conclusion the contamination has to be a phage, but is it lytic or lysogenic? if it is lytic then it will cause the cells to die/shrink and disappear which is what the question states. if it is lysogenic then it would mean the bacteria will reproduce and have more growth. this is not the case as they disappear next morning. thus the answer is A Distilled water would likely just diffuse across the plate and is unlikely to be so toxic as to prevent all growth.

a 5g catalyst is added to a mixture and a 10g of the same catalyst is added to the same mixture, which reaction would have a faster rate

they both will have the same rate to proceed because MASS does NOT affect a reaction since the catalyst is NOT participating in the reaction, it is only facilitating the reaction. the only two changes that catalyst can increase or decrease the rate of the reaction are: 1. the activation energy, if the catalyst decrease it then it will increase the overall rate of the reaction 2. the surface area of the catalyst, think of the catalyst as an enzyme, the more active sites the enzyme has then the better the reaction to proceed. well, if we grind a solid catalyst into a powder that means we are converting it into larger smaller pieces and increasing its surface area so more of it will increase the amount of the catalyst that is exposed to the reactants and thus it will increase the reaction rate.

what is the relationship between resistivity and temp

they have a linear relationship, thus increasing the temp by a factor of 2 will increase the R by factor of 2 and decrease I by 2

what are heat shock proteins

they're chaperones that help in protein folding and prevent nonproper folding

thioketone vs thioether vs thiol

thioketone is just like a ketone C=O but has a thio in it (sulfur instead of oxygen) R(C=S)R' thioether is just like an ether but has Sulfur instead of Oxygen R-S-R thiol is just like alcohol but have a sulfur instead of an oxygen R-SH

true of false, two achiral reactants form chiral product why?

this can be due to the enzyme being chiral

H2 with Pd, what does it do?

this is a very strong reducing agent that can reduce a ketone to a methyl (R=O to R-CH3) and alkynes to alkane (from triple bonds to a methyl group) and (R-NO2 to R-NH2)

informational influence

this is another work for social proof in which people tend to look at information around them as PROOF and reality and evidence so they act on that basis without looking into evidence themselves.

Kohlberg stages

this is talking about moral development there are three stages 1. pre-conventional for pre-adolescent people 2. conventional - for adolescent 3. post-conventional for post-adolescent

depolarization

this term includes the flow of NA ions INTO the cell as well as the AP (meaning the contraction such as ventricular contraction).

trait theory

this theory talks about how a person develops his/her personality (like the behaviorist theory, biological theory, humanistic theory, psychoanalytic theory, situational theory) trait theory is different from the rest in which it describes the traits of an individual instead of explaining the traits. it also states that each individual has a pattern of behaviors based on their STABLE traits that cause them to be CONSISTENT in their behaviors. one of the major theorists is Allport that said there are 45oo theories shared by individuals. he did not say that individuals have the same traits, no they all differ amongst them. he then divided those traits into 3 categories: cardinal, central, and secondary. - Traits = habitual patterns of behavior, thoughts, emotions; stable over time "cardinal" traits are the characteristics that direct most of a person's activities. they are dominant and shape a person's behavior; their ruling passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame etc. not all individual have the same cardinal traits. maybe one person's cardinal trait is selflessness and the other is noncaring. these cardinal traits also influence the central and secondary traits. "central" traits such as honesty or sociability or shyness are characteristics found in some degree in a person - less dominate and finally "secondary" traits are those seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know) love to eat meat or art, they are preferences or attitudes. the most important thing is that not all individual have the same traits, they mix and match and that is why each individual is unique. Eysenck: P-E-N model: we ALL have Three main traits and they encompass all of the sub-traits but the degrees that we express sub-traits differs in each person --(it is different from Allport because Allport said each person have their own unique subset of traits while Eysenck says we all have the subsets but each expresses them differently). the three major traits of his theory are: neuroticism (emotional stability/ anxious and worry), extroversion (degree of sociability and outgoing), psychoticism ( a personality trait tha tis involved in risk taking behaviors and might engage in anti-social beahviors) Cattle: we ALL (EVERYONE OF US) have 16 essential personality traits that they represent the basic dimensions of personality. he said we all have to have those, the basics. Big five trait theory- found in all people in al populations (OCEAN) - openness: are you independent or conforming, practical or imaginative? -conscientiousness: are you careful or careless, organized or disorganized -extroversion: talkative or quiet, fun-loving or sober -agreeableness: are you kind or cold, appreciative or unfriendly -neuroticism: are you stable or tense, calm or anxious, secure or insecure. factor analysis: a statistical method that determines the major categories of traits. this was used by all theorist except for Allport.

muscle memory? what part of the brain is responsible for it?

this type of memory is used when there is a memory that has been saved through repetition. muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition. muscle memory is in the cerebellum

which is heavier thymine or uracil

thymine is heavier as it has an extra methyl group (just like how it sounds, thymine and methyl)

how can we stabilize a carbocation

to make a carbocation more stable, we would rearrange the carbocation (+) location on the carbon to be placed on a MORE SUBSTITUTED carbon. so we would have a halide shift (halide=H) in which if there is a halide (H) that is bound to a higher substituted carbon (bound to 3˚ carbon), then the carbocation that might be bound to a 2˚ carbon would be shifted with the halide because the stability acts as the driving force. a carbocation on 3˚ carbon is more stable than the carbocation at 2˚ carbon. if HCL is reacted with an ethylene, the acid HCL will give off its H. so the double bond of the ethylene will act as the nucleophile and attracts the H from the HCL. where can we add the H and where would the carbocation be at? we want to add H at the least substituted carbon while putting the carbocation on the most substituted carbon. we can also do a halide shift in which if there are adjacent H atoms bound to more substituted carbon, then we would switch the locations of them with the carbocation so the carbocation can be more stable. then the Cl- will be attached to the + charged carbon.

attenuate

to weaken

monosomy 21 vs trisomy 21

trisomy 21 is having 3 copies of the chromosomes 21 (III) - this results in down syndrome monosomy 21 means there are NO chromosome 21 in the genome. (note: monosomy does not mean having one chromosome only, no it means there is none of the 21 chromosome)

what are the viable trisomy offspring?

trisomy 21, 18, 13 we know trisomoy 21, so what are hte other two numbers that can equal to 21? 18 +3 =21 so we also have trisomoy 18 and trisomoy 13

true or false, pressure builds on the inside by raising the liquid level

true the pressure and volume have inverse relationship. as the volume increase, the pressure decrease in this example, we are increasing the liquid level, meaning that the liquid level is taking up more space. thus we are decreasing the volume and thus increasing the pressure

what are the results of meiosis I

two haploid daughter cells

Assuming that ECP (electrical cationic protein) was named for its electrical charge at physiological pH, which of the following must be true? A. The primary structure of ECP contains more acidic residues than uncharged residues. B. The primary structure of ECP contains more basic residues than uncharged residues. C. The primary structure of ECP contains more acidic residues than basic residues. D. The primary structure of ECP contains more basic residues than acidic residues.

we can assume that ECP must be cationic at physiological pH (7.4). At this pH, a typical protein will have a -1 charge on its deprotonated carboxylic acid terminal and a +1 charge on its protonated amino terminal, for a total of 0 net charge. If ECP is cationic, then, its positive charge must be due to its side chains. Only basic amino acids have the potential to become positively charged; in contrast, acidic amino acids have the ability to become negatively charged. In fact, virtually any acidic residue should have a -1 charge at a pH of 7.4, so for ECP to have a positive net charge, it must have more basic residues than acidic ones. Uncharged residues have side chains that do not become either positive or negative. The number of these residues, then, has no impact on the overall charge of the protein. thus the answer is D

what type of image is formed when the focal length is negative

when the focal length is negative, the image formed will be virtual and reduced in size when situated at a distance larger than th

reflex arc

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electric field charge movement

when we are talking about electric field charges, we MUST assume a positive charge. thus, the movement will be away from +ve and toward -ve. the neuron axon is negatively charged in the intracellular and the extracellular space has a zero net charge due to all other things being present. thus the electric lines will move away from the extracellular toward/INTO the intracellular of the axon

cognitive process

your interpretation of the situation as your reappraisal.

explain the zero order seen in the Michaelis-Menten graph

zero order can be seen at the plateau where the Vmax is reached. zero order happens when a change in one axis does not affect the change of the other axis. thus the change of the [s] concentration does not change the Vmax level