NFS CH.12

Which is NOT a factor in determining the rates of iron absorption? a Blood glucose levels b Levels of iron stores c Presence of vitamin C in foods d Form of iron ingested

Blood glucose levels

What contributes to the loss of iron?

Blood loss

Which of the following statements is true regarding copper absorption? a Zinc promotes the absorption of copper. b About 80% of copper is absorbed. c Vitamin C enhances copper absorption. d By inhibiting zinc absorption, phytates may enhance the copper absorption.

By inhibiting zinc absorption, phytates may enhance the copper absorption.

Which of the following is a copper-containing plasma protein that converts iron to a form that can be transported and stored?

Ceruloplasmin

How does chromium affect blood glucose levels?

Chromium decreases blood glucose.

Identify the most accurate statement regarding copper. a Copper deficiency usually causes iron-deficiency anemia. b Copper deficiency may result in zinc deficiency. c High copper intake can cause osteoporosis. d Copper excess may cause changes in hair color.

Copper deficiency usually causes iron-deficiency anemia.

Substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or with the function of the thyroid gland are called:

goitrogens

The trace minerals are difficult to study in humans because:

some of them are required in such small amounts that environmental contamination can obscure experimental results.

______________ is an inherited condition that causes individuals to absorb and accumulate too much iron.

Hemochromatosis

Of the following, ______________ is (are) the best source of zinc. a apples b refined grains c chocolate d red meat

red meat

Molybdenum is required for all of the following EXCEPT: a the metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids. b the production of uric acid. c the synthesis of collagen. d the metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds in RNA and DNA.

the synthesis of collagen.

Which is the most sensitive indicator of iron stores in the body?

Ferritin

Which of the following groups is at risk for zinc deficiency in the United States? a Children aged 1-3 years b Adults older than 71 years of age c Adolescent boys d All of the above

All of the above

Which statement regarding antioxidant supplements is FALSE? a Some antioxidant supplements can actually enhance oxidation. b The optimum dose of each antioxidant is unknown. c Supplements cannot replace the benefits of eating antioxidant-rich foods. d Antioxidant enzyme supplements have been shown to boost defenses.

Antioxidant enzyme supplements have been shown to boost defenses.

Which of the following is the POOREST source of iodine? a Apricots b Milk c Shrimp d Iodized salt

Apricots

Why might copper deficiency lead to anemia?

Copper-containing proteins are required for iron transport.

Which statement about fluoride is FALSE? a Fluoride is poorly absorbed, with only ~20% transported across the intestine. b Calcium containing foods decrease fluoride absorption. c Fluoridated water typically contains 0.7-1.2 ppm fluoride. d Fluoride has the greatest effect on caries prevention before age 13.

Fluoride is poorly absorbed, with only ~20% transported across the intestine.

______________ is not a component of an antioxidant enzyme.

Iodine

What affect does iodine deficiency have on the thyroid gland?

Iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine.

What is the function of iodine?

Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones.

Lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?

Iron

What is the function of iron in the body?

It is essential for delivering oxygen to cells.

Which statement about manganese toxicity is FALSE? a Toxic levels can occur in mineworkers exposed to manganese dust. b Manganese toxicity damages the nervous system. c Manganese toxicity is not the result of eating manganese-containing foods. d Manganese toxicity is a common cause of birth defects.

Manganese toxicity is a common cause of birth defects.

How do high intakes of zinc affect copper absorption?

Metallothionein binds copper, preventing it from being released into the blood.

Which of the following statements about Keshan disease is FALSE? a A virus appears to be involved. b It causes an enlarged heart and poor heart function. c Middle aged men are most at risk. d Keshan disease occurred in areas of China where soil selenium is very low.

Middle aged men are most at risk.

______________ is needed to activate enzymes and in the production of uric acid.

Molybdenum

What is known about molybdenum? a Molybdenum plays an important role in regulating blood pressure. b Molybdenum deficiency has been frequently reported in the scientific journals. c A Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) has not yet been established for molybdenum. d Molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced.

Molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced.

Which is the true statement about iron loss? a When red blood cells die, the iron in the cells is excreted. b Most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss. c There is significant loss of iron through the urinary tract. d Iron from red blood cells binds to calcium and is excreted through the large intestine.

Most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss.

Which statement about overt chronic chromium deficiency is correct? a It may in part explain the obesity epidemic in the US. b It is common in the U.S. since so many processed foods are consumed. c Overt chronic chromium deficiency may occur in malnourished children. d Chromium deficiency results in high blood pressure and increased risk of stroke.

Overt chronic chromium deficiency may occur in malnourished children.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement? a Cooking in iron skillets can provide dietary iron. b Vitamin C enhances iron absorption. c Phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron. d Calcium supplements decrease iron absorption.

Phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron.

Which of the following is an excellent source of selenium? a Salmon b Kiwi c Potato d Drinking water

Salmon

Which is NOT a plentiful source of zinc? a Beef b Refried beans c Saltine crackers d Yogurt

Saltine crackers

Which mineral protects against oxidative damage and also helps synthesize thyroid hormone?

Selenium

______________ is a component of the antioxidant enzyme gluthathione peroxidase.

Selenium

Which of the following is NOT a good source of heme iron? a Beef b Chicken c Salmon d Spinach

Spinach

Which statement about chromium supplementation is the most accurate? a Supplementation may improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes. b Chromium supplementation increases lean body mass. c It leads to weight loss. d It may improve athletic performance.

Supplementation may improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Which of the following would NOT enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements? a Consuming the supplement with a meal containing beef b Taking it with a calcium supplement c Taking the supplement with a meal containing fish d Consuming it with orange juice

Taking it with a calcium supplement

Which of the following statements is TRUE about FLUORIDE? a Aluminum cookware increases fluoride content of food. b Teflon increases fluoridee content of food. c Toothpaste does not contribute significantly to fluoride in the body. d Tea is a significant source of fluorine in the body.

Teflon increases fluoridee content of food.

Which of the following is a true statement about iron requirements? a The RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men. b For adolescents 14 to 18 years-of-age, the RDA is the same for males and females. c Iron requirements increase after menopause. d Babies should not be fed iron-containing formulas, because of the risk of toxicity.

The RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men.

What is true about trace elements? a Boron may be involved in vitamin C metabolism. b The arsenic that occurs in foods is nontoxic. c Nickel plays a role in calcium deposition in the bones. d Silicon promotes muscle contraction and relaxation.

The arsenic that occurs in foods is nontoxic.

What role does selenium have in cancer development?

The incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group.

Why is bioavailability a concern with trace elements?

The interactions among minerals affect their utilization.

How do manganese, copper, and zinc influence antioxidant function?

They are required for the activity of a form of superoxide dismutase.

How are selenium and vitamin E related?

They help protect cells from oxidative damage.

Which statement is FALSE regarding the function of zinc in the body? a Zinc is a cofactor for many enzymes. b Zinc is needed for development of sex organs. c Zinc is needed for growth and tissue repair. d Zinc is needed for synthesis of vitamin E.

Zinc is needed for synthesis of vitamin E.

What is the role of zinc in gene expression?

Zinc stimulates the production of metallothionein by binding to a regulatory factor.

Which statement about zinc toxicity is FALSE? a It can lower HDL cholesterol. b It may occur from food and beverage contamination by galvanized containers. c Zinc toxicity interferes with the function of iron in superoxide dismutase. d It can decrease immune function.

Zinc toxicity interferes with the function of iron in superoxide dismutase.

Iodine deficiency often causes an enlarged thyroid gland resulting in:

a goiter.

Iron stores that are higher than normal but not at a toxic level may be associated with:

an increased risk of cancer and heart disease.

The symptoms of zinc deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT: a hair loss. b impaired reproduction. c anemia. d reduced immune function.

anemia

All of the following are adequate sources of nonheme iron EXCEPT: a apples. b enriched white rice. c garbanzo beans. d spinach.

apples

The primary role of iodine in the body is:

as a component of thyroid hormones.

A low selenium diet has been most highly associated with:

cancer.

One form of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which has antioxidant properties, contains the trace element ______________.

copper

Zinc transport proteins export zinc to the:

lumen when zinc intake is high.

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause ______________ in the offspring.

cretinism

Fluoride has shown to be most effective in preventing:

dental caries.

Most of the fluoride in the U.S. comes from:

drinking water and toothpaste.

Iron is a component of the protein, ______________ that binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream.

hemoglobin

Iodine deficiency during childhood and adolescence has been known to cause:

impaired mental function.

High intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis of ______________ in the mucosal cells.

metallothionein

Excess fluoride consumption may cause:

mottled teeth.

The following are physiologic roles of copper EXCEPT: a connective tissue synthesis. b maintenance of heart muscle. c normal sexual development. d functioning of the central nervous system.

normal sexual development.

The best dietary sources of manganese are:

nuts and whole grains.

The richest source(s) of copper in the diet is (are):

organ meats such as liver and kidney.

Zinc deficiency in Iranian and Egyptian men occurred because:

phytates in the diet bound zinc, decreasing its bioavailability.

A compulsion to eat non-food items such as laundry starch, clay or ice is called:

pica

The POOREST source of fluoride among the following is: a toothpaste. b foods cooked with Teflon. c tea. d pork.

pork

Copper deficiency is most likely to occur in:

pre-term infants.

Manganese homeostasis is maintained through:

regulation of absorption and excretion in the bile.

Proteins containing selenium as a component of their amino acids are called:

selenoproteins.

Marginal chromium deficiency has been linked to:

type 2 diabetes.

Of the following, the best source of chromium is:

whole grains.

In most people, taking selenium supplements to increase intake over the RDA:

will not provide any additional benefits.

Chromium is thought to work by interacting with:

with the insulin receptor.

When the intake of ______________ is high, copper absorption into the blood is inhibited.

zinc