Anatomy Digestive System

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serous; mucous

A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.

peristalsis

A wavelike motion of muscle contraction along the wall of the alimentary canal that propels digestive material progressively along its length is called

Liver, salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder

Accessory organs digestive system

papillae

As a group, the many small bumps and projections on the surface of the tongue are called

segmentation; peristalsis

As indicated in the picture by the letter "A," ______ is a mixing movement that occurs by alternately contracting and relaxing the smooth muscle in nonadjacent segments of the digestive tract. As indicated by the letter "B," ______ is a wavelike propelling movement that pushes the contents ahead.

Chemical Digestion

Breaking down macromolecules into building blocks, as when amino acids are released from proteins, occurs during

enamel of teeth

Dental caries (i.e., cavities) are degeneration of which structure?

passes through thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, 8-meter-long tube

Describe the alimentary canal.

chemical digestion

Enzymes breaking down nucleic acids into nucleotides in the small intestine is an example of what type of digestion?

Carbohydrates

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.

inflammation of the gums

Improper brushing and flossing often leads to gingivitis. What is gingivitis?

circular, longitudinal

In the alimentary canal, the muscle fibers of the inner muscular coat (indicated by "A") are ______ and the fibers of the outer muscular coat (indicated by "B") are ______.

circular; longitudinal

In the alimentary canal, the muscle fibers of the inner muscular coat (indicated by "A") are ______ and the fibers of the outer muscular coat (indicated by "B") are ______. Multiple choice question.

Accessory organs -LiverGallbladderAlimentary canal -StomachEsophagusSmall intestine

Indicate which of the following organs are part of the alimentary canal and which are accessory organs of the digestive system.

gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums, which can eventually lead to tooth loss, is called

nasopharynx

It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.

mastication or masticating

Mechanically breaking food down into smaller pieces by the mouth is called --also known as chewing.

ease the process of swallowing

Mucous cells secrete mucus, which functions to ______.

smooth

Peristalsis is a wave of muscle contraction that occurs in the ______ muscle of the esophagus and other parts of the alimentary canal.

primary

Permanent teeth replace milk or ----- teeth

primary

Permanent teeth replace milk or teeth.

mucosa, submucosa, mucosa externa, serosa

Place the layers of the wall of the digestive tract in order, starting with the innermost (deepest) layer at the top.

oropharynx

Posterior to the soft palate, located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity

6 months to 2-4 years

Primary teeth or deciduous teeth normally erupt at what age?

strach, disaccharides

Salivary amylase breaks ______ down into ______.

Amylase and mucus

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary -----which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called-----which lubricates the food during swallowing.

enamel

Sometimes bacterial secretions erode the hard, outer layer of a tooth called the ______.

permanent, deciduous

Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.

tongue

The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.

serous

The ______ layer of the alimentary canal wall contains cells that secrete a fluid the moistens and lubricates the tube's outer surface.

mucosa serosa

The alimentary canal consists of four layers that are, beginning with the -----innermost tissues the, submucosa, muscularis externa, and --------

mechanical digestion

The break down of large pieces of food into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition is called

pharynx

The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.

mucus

The component of saliva that binds, lubricates, and aids in swallowing is

amylase

The enzyme that begins starch and glycogen digestion in the mouth is called salivary ______.

serous fluid

The fluid that moistens and lubricates the digestive tract's outer layer to allow organs to slide freely past each other in the abdominal cavity is called the

outer, organs

The function of serous fluid is to lubricate and moisten the ______ layer of the digestive tract so that _____ can slide past each other

enamel

The hard noncellular substance that covers the crown of a tooth is ______.

Mucosa

The innermost layer that lines the alimentary canal is called the

tongue

The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the

parotid

The largest salivary gland, located anterior and inferior to the ear, is the----- gland

submucosa

The layer in the wall of the alimentary canal that is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the ___________.

under the tongue; floor of the mouth

The lingual frenulum is located _____, and attaches the tongue to the _____.

Digestion

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______.

laryngopharynx

The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus.

Mixing and propelling

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are -----movements that combine food with digestive fluids and ----movements that move materials along the digestive tract.

Blank 1: segmentation Blank 2: peristalsis

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two basic types: mixing movements also known as and propelling movements also known as

innermost

The muscular layer of the alimentary canal has two layers; the circular layer is ______.

Tongue

The muscular structure responsible for mixing food with saliva and moving the food toward the pharynx (throat) for swallowing is the

mastication, speech, and sensory perception

The oral cavity functions in ______.

serosa

The outer covering of the wall of the alimentary canal is also known as the

Mechanical Digestion

The physical breakdown of food into smaller particles (by processes such as chewing and segmentation) is known as

laryngopharynx

The portion of the pharynx that begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus behind the larynx is the

Digestion

The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, into forms that cell membranes can absorb is called

hard palate; soft palate

The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______.

palate

The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the

oropharynx

The segment of the digestive tract indicated in the picture by an arrow is the ______.

Cheeks

The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are the

lips

The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the

submucosa

The thick layer of connective tissue between the mucosa and the muscularis externa in the wall of the digestive tract is the ______.

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

The three pairs of major salivary glands are the ______ glands.

Blank 1: pharynx Blank 2: esophagus

The two passageways that convey food from the mouth to the stomach, assisting in swallowing but not digestion, are the and the .

segmentation

The type of movement in the small intestine that is alternately contracting and relaxing of muscles, and that results in mixing of the contents, is called

10; 6 months old

There are _____ primary teeth that start breaking through the gums at ______.

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

What are components of the alimentary canal?

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Mastication Defecation and propulsion

What are the basic functions of the digestive system? Select all that apply.

mix food with saliva during chewing move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing

What are the functions of the tongue?

rounded masses of lymphatic tissue

What are the lingual tonsils?

bumps on the surface of the tongue that provide friction and contain taste buds

What are the papillae of the tongue?

sublingual gland submandibular gland parotid gland

What are the three major salivary glands?

mixing and propelling

What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?

chewed food mixed with saliva

What is a bolus?

rhythmic contraction of the tube that allows for mixing of the contents

What is a definition of segmentation?

alimentary canal

What is the 8-meter-long tube that passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities of the body?

Mucosa

What is the innermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract called?

lingual frenulum

What is the name of the median fold that attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

Dentin

What makes up the bulk of the tooth and surrounds the tooth's central cavity? It is not normally visible when brushing one's teeth.

the part of the tooth below the gumline

What part of the tooth is the root?

the portion of the tooth that extends above the gumline

What portion of the tooth is the crown?

caries

When bacteria digest sugars and produce acids, they can create cavities within tooth enamel called dental

root canal

Where can blood vessels and nerves be found within a tooth?

posterior to the oral cavity

Where is the pharynx located?

aids in swallowing dissolves molecules so they can be tasted cleanses mouth and teeth

Which are functions of saliva? Select all that apply.

mastication

Which digestive process occurs in the oral cavity?

Constrictor muscles relax to open the esophagus. Soft palate raises, preventing food from entering the nasal cavity. The epiglottis covers the larynx.

Which events take place during the swallowing reflex?

gall bladder

Which is NOT included in the alimentary canal?

smooth

Which muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth

Which part of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

lingual tonsil

Which structure in the mouth is a rounded mass of lymphatic tissue?

pharynx esophagus

Which two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?

longitudinal

Within the muscular layer of the alimentary canal, the ______ layer is the outermost layer.

liver gallbladder

accessory organs

stomach esophagus small intestine

alimentary canal

laryngopharynx

before food enters the esophagus, it passes through the lowermost portion of the pharynx, called the ______.

digestion

breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts

propulsion

movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other

absorption

movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system

mastication

process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area

crown

the part of a tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the


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