Anatomy Digestive System
serous; mucous
A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.
peristalsis
A wavelike motion of muscle contraction along the wall of the alimentary canal that propels digestive material progressively along its length is called
Liver, salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder
Accessory organs digestive system
papillae
As a group, the many small bumps and projections on the surface of the tongue are called
segmentation; peristalsis
As indicated in the picture by the letter "A," ______ is a mixing movement that occurs by alternately contracting and relaxing the smooth muscle in nonadjacent segments of the digestive tract. As indicated by the letter "B," ______ is a wavelike propelling movement that pushes the contents ahead.
Chemical Digestion
Breaking down macromolecules into building blocks, as when amino acids are released from proteins, occurs during
enamel of teeth
Dental caries (i.e., cavities) are degeneration of which structure?
passes through thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, 8-meter-long tube
Describe the alimentary canal.
chemical digestion
Enzymes breaking down nucleic acids into nucleotides in the small intestine is an example of what type of digestion?
Carbohydrates
Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.
inflammation of the gums
Improper brushing and flossing often leads to gingivitis. What is gingivitis?
circular, longitudinal
In the alimentary canal, the muscle fibers of the inner muscular coat (indicated by "A") are ______ and the fibers of the outer muscular coat (indicated by "B") are ______.
circular; longitudinal
In the alimentary canal, the muscle fibers of the inner muscular coat (indicated by "A") are ______ and the fibers of the outer muscular coat (indicated by "B") are ______. Multiple choice question.
Accessory organs -LiverGallbladderAlimentary canal -StomachEsophagusSmall intestine
Indicate which of the following organs are part of the alimentary canal and which are accessory organs of the digestive system.
gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums, which can eventually lead to tooth loss, is called
nasopharynx
It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.
mastication or masticating
Mechanically breaking food down into smaller pieces by the mouth is called --also known as chewing.
ease the process of swallowing
Mucous cells secrete mucus, which functions to ______.
smooth
Peristalsis is a wave of muscle contraction that occurs in the ______ muscle of the esophagus and other parts of the alimentary canal.
primary
Permanent teeth replace milk or ----- teeth
primary
Permanent teeth replace milk or teeth.
mucosa, submucosa, mucosa externa, serosa
Place the layers of the wall of the digestive tract in order, starting with the innermost (deepest) layer at the top.
oropharynx
Posterior to the soft palate, located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity
6 months to 2-4 years
Primary teeth or deciduous teeth normally erupt at what age?
strach, disaccharides
Salivary amylase breaks ______ down into ______.
Amylase and mucus
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary -----which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called-----which lubricates the food during swallowing.
enamel
Sometimes bacterial secretions erode the hard, outer layer of a tooth called the ______.
permanent, deciduous
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.
tongue
The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.
serous
The ______ layer of the alimentary canal wall contains cells that secrete a fluid the moistens and lubricates the tube's outer surface.
mucosa serosa
The alimentary canal consists of four layers that are, beginning with the -----innermost tissues the, submucosa, muscularis externa, and --------
mechanical digestion
The break down of large pieces of food into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition is called
pharynx
The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.
mucus
The component of saliva that binds, lubricates, and aids in swallowing is
amylase
The enzyme that begins starch and glycogen digestion in the mouth is called salivary ______.
serous fluid
The fluid that moistens and lubricates the digestive tract's outer layer to allow organs to slide freely past each other in the abdominal cavity is called the
outer, organs
The function of serous fluid is to lubricate and moisten the ______ layer of the digestive tract so that _____ can slide past each other
enamel
The hard noncellular substance that covers the crown of a tooth is ______.
Mucosa
The innermost layer that lines the alimentary canal is called the
tongue
The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the
parotid
The largest salivary gland, located anterior and inferior to the ear, is the----- gland
submucosa
The layer in the wall of the alimentary canal that is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the ___________.
under the tongue; floor of the mouth
The lingual frenulum is located _____, and attaches the tongue to the _____.
Digestion
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______.
laryngopharynx
The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus.
Mixing and propelling
The motor functions of the alimentary canal are -----movements that combine food with digestive fluids and ----movements that move materials along the digestive tract.
Blank 1: segmentation Blank 2: peristalsis
The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two basic types: mixing movements also known as and propelling movements also known as
innermost
The muscular layer of the alimentary canal has two layers; the circular layer is ______.
Tongue
The muscular structure responsible for mixing food with saliva and moving the food toward the pharynx (throat) for swallowing is the
mastication, speech, and sensory perception
The oral cavity functions in ______.
serosa
The outer covering of the wall of the alimentary canal is also known as the
Mechanical Digestion
The physical breakdown of food into smaller particles (by processes such as chewing and segmentation) is known as
laryngopharynx
The portion of the pharynx that begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus behind the larynx is the
Digestion
The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, into forms that cell membranes can absorb is called
hard palate; soft palate
The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______.
palate
The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the
oropharynx
The segment of the digestive tract indicated in the picture by an arrow is the ______.
Cheeks
The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are the
lips
The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the
submucosa
The thick layer of connective tissue between the mucosa and the muscularis externa in the wall of the digestive tract is the ______.
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
The three pairs of major salivary glands are the ______ glands.
Blank 1: pharynx Blank 2: esophagus
The two passageways that convey food from the mouth to the stomach, assisting in swallowing but not digestion, are the and the .
segmentation
The type of movement in the small intestine that is alternately contracting and relaxing of muscles, and that results in mixing of the contents, is called
10; 6 months old
There are _____ primary teeth that start breaking through the gums at ______.
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
What are components of the alimentary canal?
Ingestion Digestion Absorption Mastication Defecation and propulsion
What are the basic functions of the digestive system? Select all that apply.
mix food with saliva during chewing move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing
What are the functions of the tongue?
rounded masses of lymphatic tissue
What are the lingual tonsils?
bumps on the surface of the tongue that provide friction and contain taste buds
What are the papillae of the tongue?
sublingual gland submandibular gland parotid gland
What are the three major salivary glands?
mixing and propelling
What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?
chewed food mixed with saliva
What is a bolus?
rhythmic contraction of the tube that allows for mixing of the contents
What is a definition of segmentation?
alimentary canal
What is the 8-meter-long tube that passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities of the body?
Mucosa
What is the innermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract called?
lingual frenulum
What is the name of the median fold that attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Dentin
What makes up the bulk of the tooth and surrounds the tooth's central cavity? It is not normally visible when brushing one's teeth.
the part of the tooth below the gumline
What part of the tooth is the root?
the portion of the tooth that extends above the gumline
What portion of the tooth is the crown?
caries
When bacteria digest sugars and produce acids, they can create cavities within tooth enamel called dental
root canal
Where can blood vessels and nerves be found within a tooth?
posterior to the oral cavity
Where is the pharynx located?
aids in swallowing dissolves molecules so they can be tasted cleanses mouth and teeth
Which are functions of saliva? Select all that apply.
mastication
Which digestive process occurs in the oral cavity?
Constrictor muscles relax to open the esophagus. Soft palate raises, preventing food from entering the nasal cavity. The epiglottis covers the larynx.
Which events take place during the swallowing reflex?
gall bladder
Which is NOT included in the alimentary canal?
smooth
Which muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?
mouth
Which part of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?
lingual tonsil
Which structure in the mouth is a rounded mass of lymphatic tissue?
pharynx esophagus
Which two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?
longitudinal
Within the muscular layer of the alimentary canal, the ______ layer is the outermost layer.
liver gallbladder
accessory organs
stomach esophagus small intestine
alimentary canal
laryngopharynx
before food enters the esophagus, it passes through the lowermost portion of the pharynx, called the ______.
digestion
breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts
propulsion
movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
absorption
movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system
mastication
process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area
crown
the part of a tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the
