NM Chapter Questions (full textbook)

What problems did tourism cause in New Mexico, especially for Native Americans?

-Businessmen charged unfair prices/provided inferior goods or services to tourists. -Special event participants (Natives) felt they were unfairly compensated and had subpar living quarters. -Tourists did not always respect native cultures, customs, or values. They sometimes criticized Indian cultural practices such as dancing.

How could New Deal programs be criticized and by whom?

-Charges of corruption in the WPA hurt the New Deal in NM -Workers were accused of not being as productive as they might have been working for private business enterprises. -Hispanics complained about discrimination in programs like the WPA and the CCC. -Bosque Farms and the Navajo Sheep Reduction were both failures

Describe at least five major contributions that NM made to the US victory in WWII.

-National Labs: Los Alamos was where the Manhattan Project took place -Navajo code talkers: Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their own language as a code for sending vital messages. Difficult to decipher. Were sometimes confused with Japanese by American soldiers, so they had to be guarded by Anglo marines to avoid confusion. -Almost 50,000 New Mexicans enlisted or were drafted to serve their country in World War 2, and served on all fronts in every capacity. -New Mexicans sold twice as many victory bonds as their state's quota, and named a new bomber Spirit of Bataan in memory. -Families rationed, some were so poor there was no difference, others hoarded goods from the black market. -Businesses expanded and profited as never before, farmers grew more crops, especially cotton. Ranchers increased the total size of their herds to 1.4 million cattle by 1944. -Crude oil produced $32 million by 1942, coal-mining companies set new production records. -Helped contribute to air bases (which caused many housing shortages in towns across NM)

Describe Cold War dangers involving: military accidents, uranium mining, McCarthyism

-Nuclear accidents were possible: one plane crashed into the Manzano Mountains and started a fire. Another plane accidentally dropped a hydrogen bomb from 700 feet, created a crater 25 feet wide and 12 feet deep. Three accidental explosions occurred at the Atlas missile sites near Walker Air Force Base in 1963 and 1964. -New Mexicans in White Sands and McGregor missile ranges were forced to leave their homes and ranches in exchange for minimal compensation by the Department of Defense. -After nuclear bomb tests developed in New Mexico and tested in Nevada/Pacific islands did great damage to the surrounding environment and exposed unknowing soldiers to radiation.-Project Gnome and Project Gasbuggy (Project Plowshare) led to the US detonating an atomic bomb (equal to the strength oto the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined) was detonated underground near Farmington. They did not work -Missiles missed. -Miners were regularly exposed to steady doses of radioactive materials throughout their workdays, including the uranium they handled, the air they breathed, and the water they drank. -As a result, they got many serious illnesses, especially cancer. -Freedom of speech: as with McCarthyism in the late 1940s and 1950s

What made automobile travel so difficult in the early years of the 20th century?

-They scared livestock and humans with strange appearance and loud noise -Dirt roads were so rough that a driver expected many flat tires, and had to push their vehicles out of sand or mud. -Gas stations were rare -Road signs and maps were scarce, causing people to get lost for hours at a time.

What attracted tourists to New Mexico?

-Tourists came by train and car and enjoyed NM's mild climate, clean air, low costs, and beautiful scenery. -Many were drawn to natural wonders like Carlsbad Caverns (1923), White Sands (1933), and the Gila Wilderness, the state's first national forest (1924). Natural spas in Hot Springs, Jemez, and Ojo Caliente were also favorite destinations. -Were also attracted by the state's native cultures at Choco Canyon and Frijoles Canyon (Bandelier). Also visited Indian reservations and bought traditional arts and crafts from Indians who displayed their work. -Tourists also came to dude ranches and on tours in the Southwestern Indian Detours.

How to did New Mexican's attempt to prevent catching the Spanish flu in 1918? Were they successful?

-Wear surgical masks to avoid spreading the disease -Banning public areas because it was a "crowding" disease -Banned people from coming by train in fear of them carrying the disease

Describe important rural and urban changes that took place in the period from 1945 to 1965.

-With new or enlarged science labs, air force bases, missile ranges, oil and gas fields, and mining operations, new jobs became available at all levels of employment. -Urban growth occurred throughout the state, especially in ABQ. This brought modern conveniences such as telephones. -Highly skilled workers such as scientists, air force personnel, and mining engineers came to NM. As a result, cities and large towns grew as never before (Grants, Roswell, Farmington, and Albuquerque). Albuquerque's population grew 171% from 1950 to 1960. -Urban growth occurred because of oil boom and sudden increase in population. -Urbanization brought modern conveniences for New Mexicans, such as telephones and modern roads. I-25, I-40, and Albuquerque's Big-I interchange was built by the mid 1960s.-Shopping centers, schools, medical centers, and the International Sunport was built.

Describe the impact of the Great Depression and the New Deal on New Mexico.

-lowered demand for land -railroad business declined, and many workers were laid off -Dust Bowl families left their farms in search of employment and a way to survive An already poor state, NM was especially hard hit.-Land became less valuable -The mining, coal, and gas industries were especially hard hit as many lost jobs and producing oil became expensive. -Railroad business also declined, and many workers were laid off. -Unemployment rates were high, 25% of the state's skilled workers were jobless in 1933. -Unemployment was especially high for women, the young, and Mexican immigrants. -Young people often dropped out of school for lack of funds and to help support their families. -With few taxes, state and local governments were forced to reduce public services. -Many Mexicans were hired because of easy exploitation and cheap labor, but during the Great Depression there was less of a need for cheap labor when unemployed Americans were willing to take low-paying jobs. Millions of Mexican immigrants were deported. Others returned voluntarily. -Seasonal work for New Mexicans was greatly reduced, as employers were either not hiring or New Mexicans did not want to risk the possibility of confusion and deportation to Mexico. This deprived the residents of many rural settlements of a major source of annual income. Some resorted to the production of illegal liquor. -Transient labor tried coming to New Mexico, but there was no work for them, either. They would arrive daily by freight trains, many victims of the Dust Bowl. -Families and communities banded together to help one another out

What male-dominated professions did women enter in at least small numbers by the 1920s? Give four examples of these professions and the women who entered them.

1. Archaeology: Marjorie Ferguson and Bertha Dutton worked even though others discriminated against them. 2. Pilot: Katherine Stinson-Otero was a famous female pilot who broke many records, and came to NM after contracting TB.

List 5 main reasons why it took NM so long to become a state.

1. Ignorance about the territory and unfair suspicion about its citizens (largely Indian and Hispanic population) 2. Territorial politics- corruption over government and economy (Santa Fe Ring) 3. National politics- other issues had higher priority's for the country. 4. Native American wars were costly and long, gave the territory a bad image- dominated by "primitive" population 5. Territory image as the "Wild West-" lawless, irresponsible, and violent. Perpetuated by Killy the Bid and other outlaws

What groups of the New Mexicans served in the military during WWI?

200th Coast Artillery (AA) and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team

How were Native Americans finally able to win their right to vote in New Mexico?

After Miguel Trujillo returned to NM, he used the GI Bill to complete his education at UNM. As a good American citizen, he went to the Valencia county courthouse to vote but was turned away. Upset from this injustice, he enlisted legal assistance and the court eventually ruled that no American citizen could be denied the right to vote because they did not pay a certain tax, and Native Americans won their right to vote in 1948.

Why was The Teapot Dome scandal such a tragedy for Albert B. Fall? For New Mexico?

Albert B. Fall committed a felony which destroyed his career and reputation. This was a tragedy for New Mexico because one of New Mexico's best citizens was proved to be dishonest and corrupt.

Why did Pancho Villa raid Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916

Although it is still unknown, there are some possibilities including: -Villa wanted revenge on America from assisting his enemies during a key battle which he lost. -Revenge on a local merchant for a bad arms deal. -Germany asked Villa to raid Columbus to get America fighting in Mexico to make the US less of a threat in Europe

How did anthropologist and historians help preserve New Mexico's cultures?

Anthropologists fought to preserve the cultures of New Mexico with the Antiquities Act of 1906 and established the School of American Archaeology/Santa Fe Laboratory of Anthropology. Historians helped preserve the past by creating the Museum of New Mexico, in the rooms of the old Palace of the Governors, and by collecting valuable primary sources for a New Mexico history archives, called The Leading Facts of New Mexican History. Historian Ralph Emerson Twitchell rescued NM's archives from a fire that destroyed the new territorial capitol building in 1892.

List the new groups of people who arrived in New Mexico in increasing numbers during the 1920s. Now list the groups of people who often left New Mexico in increasing numbers in this decade. What was the overall impact of these movements?

Arriving: Tourists, lungers, and artists. Leaving: Rangers, homesteaders, and farmers

How did artists and authors help preserve and encourage in New Mexico's cultures?

Artists and authors in Santa Fe worked to preserve Native American and Hispanic culture by creating new organizations like the Indian Arts Fund, the Spanish Colonial Arts Society, and the Old Santa Fe Association. Also encouraged Indian and Hispanic artists. Indian Market and Spanish Market brought many to admire the cultures.

Which of the following groups can be said to have helped other groups in the 1920s? Which groups did they help? How? Why?: Artists, Lungers, Authors, Businessmen, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Tourists.

Artists helped Native Americans and Hispanics by fighting for preserving their culture. Businessmen could have helped tourists by not ripping them off and not leaving them with a bad experience.

What caused a new labor shortage in NM during WWII?

As in WW1, labor was the main problem in producing great quantities of crop sand other essential war goods. Many New Mexicans volunteered, but was not enough. This is why the Bracero Program was created/

Why did the majority of New Mexicans favor the repeal of Prohibition by 1933?

Because it could not be properly enforced and that it caused crime and created a lack of respect for law and order in general. Many officials and judges drank discreetly too. Uninspected liquor was sometimes lethal, and the number of DWI cases increased each year. There was also an increase in the drinking of alcohol by younger children.

Why was the state constitution of 1910 considered a "safe and sane" document?

Because it did not include any "radical" political ideas, such as women's suffrage, prohibition, and the election of state judges.

Why was NM chosen as the site of two major and several smaller POW camps?

Because of its distance from the sea and vast isolation, New Mexico was an ideal location.

Why did Mabel Dodge Luhan invite artists and authors to her home in Taos?

Because she was a patron of the arts and wanted people to capture life in Taos, as well as to help preserve Native American culture and have others appreciate it as she did.

What racism did Blacks experience in New Mexico in the 1920s?

Black children were segregated from schools, and were discriminated against when looking for housing, jobs, and education.

How did black student's feel the sting of racism?

Black students were segregated and did not have the same opportunities that other students had in school. In the 1920s, Black New Mexicans experienced increased discrimination. Black students were not protected from segregation in school, and faced the Jim Crow laws in the 1920s. They were taught in rooms separated from the others. Racism was fueled by the KKK, posing as a highly patriotic and strictly moral organization. However an anti-Klan bill was enacted in 1923, and many New Mexicans denounced the KKK.2

What did New Mexican sacrifice on the home front to help win the war?

Bought liberty bonds, grew victory gardens, and sent soldiers to fight.

Why did New Mexico invite lungers to chase the cure in the Southwest?

Business on Central Avenue and elsewhere profited handsomely from the lungers' trade. Doctors, nurses, tray boys, and other staff members earned their livings in the sanatoriums. Drugstores, clothing stores, stationery stores, bookstores, banks, insurance companies, construction companies, real estate companies, taxis, and mortuaries all benefited directly or indirectly.

Describe the impact of the Great Depression on New Mexico businesses and workers, including men, women, the young, Mexican migrants, and Dust Bowl families.

Businesses: many had to close down because spending and investing dropped Workers: many people went unemployed because of cuts, especially Mexican migrant workers and women. Dust Bowl families: many left their farms in search of work in ABQ, but there was no work for them here either.

How were Blacks finally able to end segregation in New Mexico's public schools?

By passing laws for integration and the exceptional performance of black athletes, Black students were able to improve race relations inthe 1950s.

Which two leaders in particular brought many New Deal programs to New Mexico. How were they able to bring these valuable programs to the state?

Clyde Tingley, elected governor in 1935, was known for being a relatable and warm man. Wrote to FDR and traveled to DC 23 times to secure New Deal funding for the state. Senator Dennis Chavez also worked hard.

How did New Mexicans help each other survive even the worst days of the Great Depression?

Communities and families had activities like sing-alongs, picnics, games, sporting events, and dances.

What attracted artists to New Mexico to form art colonies in Taos and Santa Fe?

Diverse cultures, mild weather, and many cloudless days.

What attracted lungers to New Mexico?

Doctors told lungers that the best cure for TB was clean, fresh air. Mild temperatures and bright sunshine also brightened patients' dispositions. By the 1920s, the state had many doctors and medical facilities that specialized in the treatment of TB, including Frank Mera, LeRoy Peters, and A.G. Shortle, and Carl Gellenthein.

How did New Deal programs like the WPA benefit New Mexico's workers, communities, community members, local economies, and the state's economy?

Employed people in many ways, from manual labor to the fine arts. WPA, CCC, and Federal Art Project were some of these programs. The latter also helped conserve New Mexican culture

What other forms of discrimination did Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans often face?

Employment/education opportunities were not as available to Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans.

How well were the people of NM represented at the state constitutional convention of 1910?

Even though there were a hundred delegates representing every county at the constitutional convention, they were all Hispanic or Anglo males, meaning that women, Native Americans, Blacks, and other minorities were not directly represented.

Why did Francis Marion Boyer found Blackdom? Was the town a success? Why or why not?

Francis founded Blackdom to escape prejudice and work their own farms to live in peace in a separate community. It was not a success because drought forced residents to move on, and was abandoned by 1929.

How were German and Italian POWs treated in these camps? Why was this treatment so important to the fate of American POWs held in Europe?

German and Italian POWs were treated relatively well compared to the American POWs in the Philippines. The US abided to the Geneva Conventions in hopes that the Japanese in charge of the Americans would.

What made Ernie Pyle's newspaper column so popular among soldiers and civilians during WWII?

His columns often featured interesting people who he met in the war. They were also popular because reading his columns reminded those at home of their loved ones and was like a letter.

What racism did Hispanics experience in New Mexico in the 1920s?

Hispanics were treated differently than whites, such as schoolchildren being punished more, discouraged from joining clubs, and treated unfairly overall.

What did homesteaders need to do to prove up? Were most homesteaders successful? Why or why not?

Homesteaders on the eastern plains had to live on the land and work it for five years. Many were unsuccessful because of little wood, crops were difficult to grow with little rain, frequent dust storms, insect invasions, and little water. They were also very isolated.

What theory, or theories, of creation do you think should be taught to students in public schools? Biblical? Darwinism? Native American? Others

I think that all major options should be taught to allow students to believe what they wish.

What aspects would you have been less proud of if you had lived in these first years of statehood? Why?

I would have been less proud of the racism and discrimination that minorities faced.

How did the new oil and gas industry help New Mexico? What problems might it have caused?

In 1928, outside Hobbs. Midwest State No 1 and its surrounding oil field became so successful that Hobbs greatly grew as a community. It was one of the fastest-growing towns in America, and by 1938, oil and gas revenues represented 82% of all state government income. This greatly hurt the coal-mining industry, and mining communities in Colfax, McKinley, and Santa Fe deteriorated as the demand of coal lessened after WW1.

Why did many New Mexicans originally favor Prohibition?

In theory, it would eliminate unemployment, poverty, abuse. Alcohol was held responsible for many evils, including loss of health, values, family, friends, jobs, and more.

Explain how the Indian wars hurt NM's chances of becoming a state.

Indian wars were costly and long, and perpetuated the territory's image as a place dominated by a largely violent, "primitive" population.

Explain how the end of the Indian wars helped NM's chances of becoming a state.

Indian wars were less of an obstacle to statehood by the beginning of the 20th century following Geronimo's surrender in 1886 and death in 1909. His confinement in Oklahoma and newspaper photos of his gradual aging reminded the public that this once-great warrior was no longer a threat to anyone in the Southwest.

How successful was the Punitive Expedition during its campaign in Mexico of 1916 to 1917?

It failed to capture Villa, which was its goal, but did help the US develop and practice using modern weapons such as airplanes and cars for transport.

Why was it so difficult to enforce Prohibition in New Mexico?

It was unpopular and some did not care what the government said. It was also easy to hide distilleries, and NM is vast and isolated.

Describe the cost of WWII in lives, property, and freedoms.

Lives: 2,263 of the 49.549 who served had died. 40% perished in the Bataan Death March, in Japanese POW camps, and aboard enemy hell ships. Those who returned suffered from injuries or psychological trauma for years. Money: the war cost the US $288 billion dollars. NM helped them finance this by buying enormous amounts of war bonds, and gave time and money to organizations such as the BRO and International Red Cross. Freedoms: People identified with the enemy often suffered unfair discrimination.

Why was Los Alamos chosen as a major site for the development of the atomic bomb?

Los Alamos was isolated in the mountains, and there was only one road leading in or out, ideal for top-security.

Why did many New Mexicans join the national guard in the 1930s and early 1940s? Where was the 200th Coast Artillery (AA) sent in mid- 1941?

Many New Mexicans joined because they were loyal American patriots, eager to serve their state and nation. Most also joined to earn $15 a month in extra income for themselves and their families.

How successful were lungers in chasing the cure in New Mexico?

Many recovered, but a good many suffered relapses or died of the disease. By 1929, TB was the number one cause of death in NM, 13% of all deaths in state. There is no proof that the Southwest's sunshine and clean air cured these patients, but it could not have harmed them, and many received good care from sans and specialists. Many returned home to their states after being cured.

How did the New Deal benefit New Mexico's youth?

NYA provided aid and part time jobs to many high school and college students.New Deal projects in NM respected Southwest cultures and values, often after years of cultural criticism and neglect.Many young people benefited and were able to continue their education and learn traditional skills, thanks to the NYA and the CCC.

Explain how national political issues like slavery hurt NM's chances of becoming a state.

National issues that had little to do with New Mexico took priority over statehood at key moments, often delaying New Mexico's goal of statehood for years at a time.

Explain how national issues became less of an obstacle to NM's chances of becoming a state.

National politics did not interfere with New Mexico's chances for statehood in the first decade of the twentieth century.

How did Native Americans feel the sting of racism at the Panama-California Exposition?

Native American culture was criticized, and their dancing was called "pagan" and uncivilized.

How did Native Americans deal with threats to their land in the Bursum Bill?

Native American leaders such as Tony Lujan organized the All-Pueblo Council and passed out flyers to visitors about the cause.

What made Navajo Code so different and so hard to decipher? Why was being a Navajo Code talker so dangerous?

Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their own language as a code for sending vital messages. Difficult to decipher because it 1. Was spoken in Navajo, which was difficult to transcribe and translate, and 2. Used names of everyday objects on the reservation for military terms. This combination made the code unbreakable, and was not declassified until 1968. Were sometimes confused with Japanese by American soldiers, so they had to be guarded by Anglo marines to avoid confusion

Why were New Mexicans so eager to fight in WWI?

New Mexicans were eager to fight in WWI because recent statehood boosted patriotism and made citizens want to prove their loyalty to the US.

Was NM promoted accurately and well in early movies by Mary PIckford, D.W. Griffith, Romaine Fielding, and Tom Mix?

New Mexico was not portrayed accurately in early movies, and did not represent Native American cultures well.

Explain how the coming of the railroad helped NM become a state.

New Mexico's image as a foreign distant region of the US began to change with the coming of the railroad to territory in 1880. -The Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe railroad tied New Mexico to the rest of the country with faster vastly improved transportation and communication travelers from outside of the territory began to learn more about New Mexico and its value as a potential state. -Americanos moved to New Mexico by train, often imposing Anglo culture, values, religion, and language on the territory. These changes gradually impressed those who had previously thought New Mexico was too different from the rest of the nation to ever become a state.

Explain how NM was eventually seen as less "foreign" and how this change in perception helped the territory become a state.

New Mexico's image as a foreign distant region of the US began to change with the coming of the railroad to territory in 1880. -The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroad tied New Mexico to the rest of the country with faster vastly improved transportation and communication. -Americanos moved to New Mexico by train, often imposing Anglo culture, values, religion, and language on the territory. -New Mexico proved its loyalty to the country in the Spanish-American War of 1898. Governor Miguel A. Otero gave speeches about how New Mexicans were proud Americans and that their loyalty should not be questioned.

Describe the destruction the atomic bomb caused at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Obliterated the entire cities- combined, 214,000 Japanese lives were lost at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thousands of survivors were so badly injured that they died days later, and many more suffered for years before dying from complications caused by radiation.

What life lessons can be learned from the experiences of lungers like Clinton P. Anderson and Katherine Otero-Stinson

Peace of mind is very powerful.

Who benefited most directly from the new state constitution of 1910? Who did not benefit as directly?

People of Spanish/Hispanic descent would never be denied admission to public schools or segregated and benefited directly, but Black children and other minorities still faced discrimination.

Explain how political corruption and the Santa Fe Ring hurt NM's chances of becoming a state.

Political corruption and the Santa Fe Ring caused leaders in other parts of the country to criticize New Mexico and did everything in their power to prevent NM from reaching statehood.

Who had to approve NM's state constitution before it could be used?

President William Howard Taft.

How did the New Deal art and literature benefit New Mexico?

Public art projects were created across the state. Hundreds of wood carvings, sculptures, etchings, murals, paintings, pots, and other pieces of art were created and used to decorate public buildings constructed by other New Deal programs. The writers' project brought the New Mexico: A Guide to the Colorful State, which was a publication of an extensive state guide. This was researched and written by New Mexico authors, and encouraged tourists to explore NM, and spend money to help revive local economies and the state's economy as a whole.

How did modern radios and movies help New Mexicans survive the Depression?

Radio became popular for families and farmers, and KOB, the state's first commercial radio station, broadcasted often.

Why was rationing necessary during WWII? What were some of the main items that had to be rationed? How successful was the program? Why?

Rationing was done when the US faced severe shortages of certain materials needed for the war effort. Some rationed items include gasoline, rubber, silk, shoes, meat, sugar, coffee, cheese, and canned goods. Most Americans willingly accepted rationing, and for some in New Mexico it did not make a difference because they were poor anyways. Unfortunately, others resorted to hoarding the items on the black market.

What did the New Mexican sacrifice by serving in the military during WWI?

Sacrificed many soldiers, money, and effort to supporting the war.

Describe the hardships of life at Los Alamos during the war. What were some of the joys of life at Los Alamos?

Some difficulties of life at Los Alamos: -apartment buildings were very ugly and looked like barracks -most homes only had showers and not baths -water was scarce and fire was a constant danger -the wind was so bad that "great icy blasts parched the earth and swirled dust into the houses" Joys in Los Alamos: -families hiked, explored, rode horses, skied, ice skated, and enjoyed the scenery -befriended Pueblo Indians and attended public dances to learn more about Native American art and culture -staged amateur plays, relieving tension by poking fun at security rules and other wartime hardships -hosted parties with dancing, as many were talented in music and science -visited with some of the most brilliant, creative men+women of the 20th century

What did some scientists urge President Truman to do after they had witnessed the atomic bomb experiment at Trinity Site? What did the president finally decide to do with the atomic bomb? Why?

Some scientists petitioned to not drop the bomb, and suggested that the US might invite the Japanese to witness another detonation of the weapon, hoping that such a demonstration would convince the enemy to surrender rather than see the bomb used against Japan and its civilian population. However Truman weighed this advice but made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on real targets. This was because if the US did not act quickly and end the war, about a million more American lives and an even larger loss of Japanese civilian and military lives would ensue.

How did the Indians of Taos Pueblo react to threats to Blue Lake?

Taos Pueblo Indians united to maintain Blue Lake because it was essential to their religion and culture.

Describe Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and explain why it gave so many Americans New Hope

The New Deal was a program that attempted to end the Depression with reforms to correct the causes of the crisis, recovery to help end the crisis, and relief for those who still suffered through the crisis. Created hundreds of new government programs in attempt to create jobs and help workers. This was why FDR won with such a large margin- people were optimistic about this new plan.

What parts of the economy suffered the most losses in the 1920s? Why? What do workers in these sectors of the economy often do to survive?

The coal-mining industry suffered the most, as large coal mines such as Dawson had great losses or even shut down entirely, which led to poverty and unemployment in mining communities. Famers and ranchers also suffered as cattlemen had overstocked their ranges because of how much money they brought home (during WW2). This combined with drought led to a

Explain how NM's political corruption was largely overcome, allowing NM to become a state.

The issue of political corruption in New Mexico was largely overcome after 1900 with the decline of the once-dominant Santa Fe Ring because: -Most leaders had been exposed, had retired, or had passed on.

What aspects of NM would you have been proud of if you had lived in the first years of statehood? Why?

The patriotic spirit and diverse culture.

How did New Mexicans react to the achievement of statehood?

They celebrated with a statehood celebration parade in Albuquerque, 1912.

Describe conditions that American POWs faced on Bataan Death March, in POW camps, and on Japanese hell ships.

They had little to eat, poor sanitation, and overall very harsh treatment. 50% of the New Mexicans on the death march died.

What happened to the 200th Coast Artillery, and all American forces in the Philippines from December 1941 to April 1942? Why did they finally have to surrender?

They had to march 65 miles in the Bataan death march in the Philippines. They had to surrender because the US could not assist the soldiers in the Philippines because much of the American fleet that might have carried reinforcements and supplies to the Pacific had been destroyed at Pearl harbor, just as the Japanese had planned in their larger military strategy.

What made Bill Mauldin's cartoons, "Willie and Joe" so popular among soldiers and civilians during WWII?

They were instant favorites to average soldiers, which helped cheer them up.

Why were hundreds of Japanese males forced to spend much of the war in internment camps in Santa Fe and Lordsburg? Was it fair to imprison them? Why?

They were suspected of being spies, and so they were placed in internment camps. This was not fair to imprison them with zero reason for suspicion, and it was a hasty move to simply assume that all Japanese-Americans were threats.

How were those identified with the enemy treated in New Mexico? Why is this ironic and sad?

Those identified with the enemy were discriminated against. Those who didn't volunteer in the military had their doors painted yellow, people who didn't buy liberty bonds were tarred and feathered, Germans were not trusted, and the teaching of German was discontinued at UNM. This is ironic because a war for freedom caused the freedom of some at home to be lost.

How did World War II change many of the veterans who returned home to New Mexico after 1945? How did the GI Bill help veterans adjust to civilian life?

Thousands returned to New Mexico eager tor estart their lives after years far from home. The GI Bill of Rights offered many benefits to returning veterans, including government loans to help start small businesses or purchase first homes. The government also agreed to pay the veterans' full tuition at technical schools and colleges across the US.

How did state leaders overcome problems of communication during WWI?

To overcome communication problems, the government: -Assigned Four-Minute Men to give 4-minutes speeches about supporting the war -Schools put on plays and did speeches about it -Posters and signs were put up everythwere

How do we remember and honor our WWII veterans today? Have we done enough?

Today there are memorials in memory of those who served, especially in the Bataan Death March.

Which of the following groups can be said to have exploited (taken advantage of) other groups in the 1920s? Which groups did they exploit? How? Why?: Artists, Authors, Businessmen, and Tourists

Tourists may have exploited authors or artists by disturbing them. Businessmen took advantage of tourists by ripping them off and selling them lower quality goods.

How did New Mexico benefit from tourism?

Towns created events such as the Cowboy Reunion, Santa Fe Fiesta, and more. This benefited them economically and boosted popularity of the town.

How did the Taos Society of Artists succeed, and what was its impact on New Mexico?

Used group exhibits to show their paintings together, which traveled by railroad to enthusiastic buyers as far east as Boston and as far west as San Francisco.

Explain how a decline of lawlessness helped NM's chances of becoming a state.

Violence and lawlessness subsided by the early 20th century with improvements to the territory's legal system. Many outlaws were captured and punished, often in NM's first penitentiary in Santa Fe, which opened in 1885. Respect for the law increased, as reflected in a sharp decline in the numbers of lynchings, from 69 in the 1880s to 8 in the 1890s, and a significant rise in legal executions.

How did Jack Johnson feel the sting of racism in NM?

Was described as "grinning like an ape" by a newspaper.

How did George McJunkin feel the sting of racism?

Was discriminated against because people did not believe that what he found had archeological importance.

How successful were the Navajo Code Talkers?

Was unbreakable, and could send/receive message very quickly. Sent over 800 messages within the first 48 hours.

Explain how crime and lawlessness hurt NM's chances of becoming a state.

When Easterners read about New Mexico in newspapers, magazines, and novels, they usually read of notorious outlaws like Billy the Kid- hardly responsible, law-abiding citizens of a potential state.

What obstacles did women have to overcome in order to win the right to vote in New Mexico? How did they overcome these obstacles and finally win the right to vote?

Women had to overcome the obstacles of traditional beliefs about women, such as how their main priority should be to raise children who can the be good politicians, and that if women entered politics that their good nature would be ruined. They did this with constant but compelling convincing of state representatives.

Was the Bracero Program a success of failure? Why?

brought over 169,000 Mexican workers to labor as braceros, providing important assistance in NM, CA, and TX. However 40% of these workers came illegally, and did not have fair wages, good housing, adequate food, and racial discrimination.

Explain how the so-called Revolt of 1847 hurt NM's chances of becoming a state.

the Revolt of 1847 was used as proof that New Mexicans could not be trusted as loyal American citizens, and this perception lingered throughout New Mexico's prolonged fight for statehood.