NOS 110 chapter 4
Disk cluster
A group of one or more sectors used to store files.
Journaling
A log of file system activity to enable recovery from system failures
Low level format
A process that marks the location of disk tracks and sectors
MBR (Master Boot Record)
A program that reads the partition table to find the primary partition used to boot the system.
Hardlink
A specialized reference to a clip's source media file that points to the file's unique identifier rather than the file's path or name
what linux command allows you to view folders and files in your home folder
ls -a
what command and option allow you to see the user, group, and other permissions associated with a linux file
ls -l
what linux command allows you to view the main folder structure in your system
ls -l
Tracks are divided into _____
sectors
which of the following is not a major purpose of computer file systems
security
the microsoft usage of allowing several logical volumes to be lined but appearing to the user as a single volume is referred to as ________
spanning
which of the following holds information about the layout of blocks and sectors in the Linux file system
superblock
A hard drive that has been set up to use GPT is limited to all of the following except _________
supporting a single copy of the partition table
where are basic disks mostly used
the FAT systems
what Linux command lets you create a new file or update the existing timestamp on a file
touch
which of the following statements is true about how disk drives are organized
tracks are divided into sectors
True or false an inode contains the name of a file and general information about the file in a linux system
true
True or false the MBR in a BIOS system is usually in the first 512 b of the disk
true
true or false A filename is an example of metadata
true
In what file system(s) would you find inodes
ufs ext3
While using a Linux system you need to eject your USB drive but you should use the _______ prior to ejecting in order to protect the files that need to be saved on it.
unmount
what are unusable spots marked as in the FAT file system
Bad clusters
what redirector in linux will redirect you to your user home directory
~
GPT partition
GUID partition table latest requires UEFI (up to 128 primary partitions)
Apple file systems
HFS APFS Mac OS extended
Basic disks
Hard drive partitioned in the "classic" way with a master boot record (MBR) and partition table. (See also dynamic disks.)
Partioned disks must be
High level formatted
Raw device
In the UNIX/Linux file system, a device that has not been divided into logical blocks. See also block device.
Block device
In the UNIX/Linux file system, a device that is divided or configured into logical blocks.
Linux file system uses
Inodes
A Microsoft-proprietary file system used in almost all desktop and all servers as the primary and bootable partition
NTFS
A Microsoft-proprietary file system used in almost all desktop and all servers as the primary partition since 1994
NTFS
Current windows file system
NTFS
In which file system would you find the master file table
NTFS
What would likely be your partitioned file system on a windows 10 OS
NTFS
You are troubleshooting a friends computer and your diagnostic software reports a problem with the MFT what file system is your friends computer using
NTFS
active partition
On a hard drive, primary partition that contains an operating system.
You have installed a second disk in your windows 10 computer the disk has only a low level format what is the first thing that must occur before you can begin using the disk to store files
Partition the disk
Striped volumes RAID 0
RAID 0 volumes. Data is spread across two drives for increased speed.
what RAID version is striped with parity volumes
RAID 5
a linux file system that can journal and named after its creator
RFS
True or False One major difference between FAT and NTFS is that NTFS creates multiple copies of the MFT
True
True or False in JBOD each disk is independent and cannot be striped nor mirrored
True
The swap partition is advised to be _______ times the size of the system RAM
Twice
Instead of file name extensions such as .txt and .gif MAC OS uses what
Type codes and creator codes
extended partition
Type of nonbootable hard disk partition. May only have one extended partition per disk. Purpose is to divide a large disk into smaller partitions, each with a separate drive letter.
File system associated with first generation DVDs and other larger optical drives
UDF
file system associated with DVDs and other optical drives
UDF
You recently installed a hard disk in a computer with UEFI firmware the MBR-partitioned hard disk already has windows 10 v1903 installed when you power up the computer it wont boot what is a likely reason for this.
UEFI systems boot from GPT-partitioned systems
File system that is compatible with all UNIX and most Linux OSs
UFS
unix file system which is compatible to most linux systems
UFS
How can you manually take a snapshot
Use the tmutil snapshot command
The name of the Linux virtual file system that keeps up with kernel and memory usage but is not a physical file system is the _________
VFS
Mirrored volumes RAID 1
Volumes that store an exact copy of data from the first member (disk) to the second member (disk). They require only two disks.
linux local director
\ FORWARD SLASH
what is an example of the network director for a linux system
\\ DOUBLE FORWARD SLASH
Linux network redirector
\\ DOUBLE FORWARD SLASH (WHACK WHACK)
what linux redirector redirects a network function/application to the local tree
\\\ TRIPLE FORWARD SLASH (TRIPLE WHACK)
which of the following is a process that marks the location of tracks and sectors on a disk
a low level format
Symbolic link
a name or file name that points to and lets you access a file using a different name in the same directory or a file using the same or a different name in a different directory
Snapshot
a view of data at a particular moment in time that you can revert do if something goes wrong
what does EFS do
allows users to encrypt a file which causes the file to be inaccessible to everyone except for the user
Mount points
allows you to configure a volume to be accessed from a folder on another existing disk.
an example of a recovery method in file systems would be __________
archivers or back ups
Self healing NTFS
attempts to fix corrupted NTFS file systems without taking them offline
what is the opposite of simple disks
dynamic disks
Users on organizations windows server 2016 server are beginning to take up excessive disk space on the NTFS volumes. you have plenty of disk space now but you're concerned about this situation in the future what can you do
establish disk quotas
Which of the following partitioned file systems cannot journal
exFAT
you were given a removable 64 gb flash drive and you will be using it to transfer files among several window systems and macOS computers you want to format it to erase any existing data what format should you select
exFAT
default file system for installing linux
ext3
The JFS is the only system that allows for journaling
false
True or false the ReFS can be encrypted
false
true or false in a JBOD structure each disk is mirrored and striped
false
true or false sectors are the same as tracks
false
Resilient File System (ReFS) does NOT support
- Booting - Disk Quotas - EFS encryption or compression
how many partitions does GPT support
128
disk mirroring requires _____ disks
2
striping requires ______ disks as a minimum
2
NTFS total volume and file size
2 TB 2 to the power of 64 bytes
FAT 32 partition and file size limits
2 TB max partition size; no local file-level security & limits files to 4 GB
fat 16 total volume size and file size
2-4 gb 4 gb
In a MBR partitioned system how many partitions are possible to be booted from
3 the 4th partition is can extended partition that cannot be booted from
An MBR hard drive system can support a maximum of ______ partitions
4
MBR (Master Boot Record) occupies how much space
512 bytes
fat 64 and exfat partition and file size limits
512 tb 16 EB
Linux device redirector
> GREATER THAN SYMBOL
what windows device director redirects to a device
> GREATER THAN SYMBOL
Shadow copies
A feature of the Windows file system that allows users to access previous versions of files in shared folders and restore files that have been deleted or corrupted.
Universal Disk Format
A file system for optical media used by all DVD discs and some CD-R and CD-RW discs allows for larger file storage
CD-ROM File System (CDFS)
A file system introduced with Windows 95 and Windows NT to organize files and folders on a CD-ROM disk.
Resilient File System (ReFS)
A file system that offers excellent fault tolerance and compatibility with virtualization and data redundancy in a RAID system.
In linux a partitioned HDD with a file system is a _________ type, communication device
BLOCK
Partioning allows for
Multiple file systems
windows local director
/ BACKSLASH
windows network redirector
// DOUBLE BACK SLASH
what windows director redirects/impersonates a network function but sends it back to the local logical volume
/// TRIPLE BACK SLASH
the majority of system files for a Linux machine are usually found in what folders
/bin /sbin
Linux File System Structure
/bin - User Binaries /boot - Bootup related files /dev - Interface for system devices /etc - System Config Files /home - Base directory for user files /lib - Critical software libraries /opt - Third party software /proc - System and running processes /root - Home for root /sbin - Sys Admin binaries /tmp - Temporary Files /usr - Less critical files /var - Variable system files
you assistant has documentation that shows how to modify a device file in Linux but the documentation does not mention which folder to find the file in which folder do you suggest
/dev
you have created a 2 TB volume and you are going to format it with NTFS you are in a hurry and you don't want the formatting process to do a detailed check of the disk what option can you use with the format command
/q
Each formatted partition is
A volume
Apple computers use which primary partitioning file system in its catalina OS X 15.7 systems
APFS
What file system uses containers and space sharing
APFS
you overhear a colleague discussing file systems and she mentions containers and space sharing what file system is she discussing
APFS
NTFS features
Ability to use very large disks and files, files and folder permissions, file compression, encrypting file system, disk quotas, volume mount points, shadow copies, journaling, hot fix, and self healing NTFS
Space sharing
An Apple feature in which volumes share the available space in a container and are dynamically sized according to the amount of actual space required by the files stored on them
Disk quotas
An option on NTFS volumes that enables administrators to limit how much disk space a user can occupy with his or her files.
Container
Block of reserved space on a drive that contains one of more volumes
On a Windows-based system, which of the following are contained in the Master Boot Record? (Choose all that apply.) a. boot signature b. boot program c. boot block d. partition table with up to 4 entries
Bootstrap code partition table with up to 4 entries boot signature
the root of a windows OS disk would appear as _____________
C:\
While you are using some files on a workstation running Linux you determine that a few of the files seem to be corrupted what should you do
Close all files and applications and run fsck
APFS Supports
Compatibility across devices, encryption, and snapshot
Spanned volumes
Consists of disk space from multiple disks
GPT uses what to ensure no unauthorized changes are made
Cyclic Redundancy Check
in windows 10 how would you specify a file named payroll.xls located in a folder named accounting on a drive assigned the letter d
D:\accounting\payroll.xls
What is a partition table called in Linux
Disk label
Dynamic disks
Disks that store information about all volumes on all disks and allow them to repair other disks
Partioning
Dividing a hard drive into logical drives/volumes that your OS treats as separate physical drives
Default linux file system
EXT
Default file system for installing linux
EXT3
Microsoft implementation of the file system found on larger flash drives
ExFAT
Native Linux file system
Extended file system EFS
File systems supported by Linux
Extended file system, high performance file system hps, msdos, international standard operating system, proc file system, network file system NFS, swap file system, UNIX file system, umsdos, vfat, NTFS, global file system, and XFS
File system that used a single file table and was the most common on floppy diskettes
FAT
file system that used a single table and was most common on floppy diskettes
FAT
Windows OS supports
FAT16 extended FAT16, FAT 32, EXFAT,NTFS, and ReFS
True or False FAT systems can have dynamic disks
False
Block allocation divides the disk into
Logical blocks called clusters
What versions of Mac OS can MAC OS extended work on
MAC OS 10.12 and before
resource fork
MAC OS file that contains fixed info
Data fork
MAC OS file which constrains frequently changing info
When was APFS introduced
MACOS 10.13 high sierra
what file system is used on a hard disk computer running Mac OS X 10.10 Yosemite
Mac OS extended
What does Linux use instead of drive letters
Mount points
microsoft file system that cannot be encrypted nor compressed but can self heal
ReFS
you are installing a file sharing application on a windows server 2016 server in which volumes are managed by storage spaces and fault tolerance is a major consideration which file system should you use?
ReFS
In a folder hierarchy, the top level is referred to as which of the following?
Root
Inode 0 is the
Root of the folder structure
The file system that is found in most UNIX and linux systems that allows spillover from the physical RAM is called the _________ file system
SWAP
Boot block
Simple code that knows the location and length of the remainder of the bootstrap program. Usually placed at the first sector of a disk
what process does JBOD use with its data
Spanning
Super block
Stores the file system type, size and key parameters for each partition
File metadata
System information associated with each file (name, type, location, size, etc.), stored on disk.
On a windows 10 computer you have installed a new 500gb hard disk using the diskpart command-line tool you begin creating 100 gb primary partitions for storing various types of files when you attempt to create a fifth partition you find that you cant. why?
The disk is a basic disk with MBR partitioning
how did you partition hard disks in the early versions of windows
by using the fdisk command
what command can move the prompt to another folder within the file structure
cd
what linux command allows you to move back to your home folder
cd or cd ~
If you want to make access to files easier for your users currently files are stored on several NTFS volumes such as the C:, D:, and E: drives you want users to be ale to access all files by specifying only the C: drive so they don't have to remember which drive letter to use for example if the accounting files are stored on the D: drive users should be able to access them using C:/accounting what can you do
create volume mount points
You need to create a new folder in a Linux system and you choose to do so from a terminal window which of the following commands enables you to create a folder
mkdir
In Linux, you make a new volume accessible in the file system by using the ________ command.
mount
is there a limit to the number of mount points in linux and unix
no there is no limit
you are about to make any changes to your macOS files and folder you are concerned that you might make a mistake and you want to be able to roll back your changes if something goes wrong what should you do
open a terminal window and run tmutil snapshot