NRES 103 Exam Final

In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with A. data B. theories C. computer simulations D. univariate statistics

A. data

Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because A. they could reproduce more rapidly B. they were easier to manage than coho C. they could be planted after 6 months D. they were better tasting

C. they could be planted after 6 months

The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because A. mussels can't walk B. they would have starved in the ocean C. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth D. they would have fallen prey to many oceanic mussel-devouring fish

C. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth

The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union A. was once the world's third largest lake B. was once the world's second largest lake C. was once the world's fourth largest lake D. was a mistake of nature

C. was once the world's fourth largest lake

The last ice age occurred during the A. Holocene B. Oligocene C. Pliocene D. Pleistocene

D. Pleistocene

Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because A. the residents were mostly poor and African American B. the residents were not viewed as credible C. the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously D. all the above

D. all the above

The Pacific Northwest is vulnerable to mussel invasion because A. hundreds of thousands of boats use the lakes and reservoirs there every year B. it's impossible to guard every boat ramp C. no state or water body has been able to stop the mussel from invading D. all the above

D. all the above

The concept of a food chain is A. an oversimplification B. an invention of the French C. unique to lakes D. an accurate model

A. an oversimplification

The effects of lead poisoning A. can last for decades B. are difficult to detect C. are especially pronounced in children D. can occur even though the water is clear

A. can last for decades D. are especially pronounced in children

Problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks include A. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species B. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there C. tardigrades can survive this and they pose a great threat to the Lakes D. all the above

A. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species B. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there

Phosphorus A. is required by every living organism B. does not exist naturally in the environment C. was present in Lake Erie before settlement D. all the above

A. is required by every living organism B. does not exist naturally in the environment

As described in Silent Invaders, zebra mussels have an inhalant siphon and an exhalant siphone. What is removed in between? A. large algae B. all algae C. all plankton D. zooplankton

A. large algae

The alewife is a [note: there may be more than one answer] A. native of North America, and a B. non-native of North America, and a C. native of the Great Lakes D. non-native of the Great Lakes.

A. native of North America and a D. non-native of the Great Lakes

A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was A. the 9-month shipping season B. that the locks and channels were too small C. international freighters were unwilling to pay the high fees to use it D. all the above.

A. the 9-month shipping season B. that the locks and channels were too small

The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was A. the Illinois and Michigan Canal B. the Chicago Canal C. the Welland Canal D. the Sanitary and Ship Canal

A. the Illinois and Michigan Canal

According to the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, A. tourists from all over the world sail through the Seaway on luxury cruise ships B. President Eisenhower was known for his fluency in French C. the Seaway was one of the top 10 public works of the 20th century D. all cargo is tracked as it makes its way through the system

A. tourists from all over the world sail through the Seaway on luxury cruise ships C. the Seaway was one of the top 10 public works of the 20th century D. all cargo is tracked as it makes its way through the system

Of the 10 largest lakes in the world by surface area, how many Great Lakes are included? A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 2

B. 4

What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain? A. toxic multiplication B. bioaccumulation C. zoogenesis D. magnification

B. bioaccumulation

Collectively, western states in the U.S. have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels? A. $100 million B. hundreds of millions of dollars C. $50 million D. $1 million

B. hundreds of millions of dollars

One example of a hugely expensive project that's been implemented to transfer water across a continent is A. the Aral Sea B. in China C. in the western Great Plains D. in California

B. in China

Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly A. eating their larvae B. inhibiting their ability to open their shells C. taking up all available substrate D. all the above

B. inhibiting their ability to open their shells

DNA barcoding A. uses the same technology as scanning in supermarkets B. is meant to identify species C. is another term for DNA fingerprinting D. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast

B. is meant to identify species D. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast

Invasive species are harmful because A. they are introduced B. of where they are C. of who they are D. of their evil nature

B. of where they are

Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because A. they are often used for bait B. offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents C. their eggs can survive in the guts of predatory fish D. they are such a popular item in the aquaria trade

B. offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents

Tanner's overarching objective as Michigan's Chief of Fisheries was to A. help commercial fishermen to recover B. provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing C. improve habitat for native species D. reduce or eliminate invasive species

B. provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing

Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found A. they could only harvest crops for a year or two before the soils were played out B. the soils were incredibly rich C. the soils were of poor quality D. they had the most productive land in the country

B. the soils were incredibly rich D. they had the most productive land in the country

The massive die-off in 1967 involved an estimated 20 billion alewives and was caused by A. disease B. their own physiology C. toxic chemicals D. starvation

B. their own physiology

When General John Peabody took charge of the situation for USACE, he A. closed the locks until he was sure the barriers worked B. turned on the barriers C. kept the voltage to ¼ of capacity D. all the above

B. turned on the barriers C. kept the voltage to 1/4 of capacity

The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels A. $55 million B. $100 million C. $600 million D. $200 million

C. $600 million

How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes? A. 15% B. 10% C. 20% D. 25%

C. 20%

Which lake has the highest seichal fluctuation A. Ontario B. Michigan C. Erie D. Superior

C. Erie

The Sanitary and Ship Canal was A. an early, successful water grab from the Great Lakes B. another example of people trying to engineer nature to suit their needs C. all the above D. essentially a back door to the Great Lakes

C. all the above

Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be A. not very attractive B. habitat specialists C. habitat generalists D. voracious predators

C. habitat generalists

The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that A. very small species B. are subject to heavy commercial harvest C. have a low reproductive rate D. tend to forage in near-shore waters

C. have a low reproductive rate

Of the five Great Lakes, Lake Erie A. has the most beaches B. is the deepest C. is the most productive D. has the most fish

C. is the most productive D. has the most fish

The round goby is a highly successful invasive species because A. of its large size B. it has no native predators in North America C. it is very aggressive D. it is difficult to catch

C. it is very aggressive

By far, the best predictor(s) of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are A. lead pipes B. proximity to heavy industry C. race D. degree of education

C. race

At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to A. the Ohio River Basin B. the bayous of Louisiana C. the Atlantic Ocean D. the salt marshes of the Gulf of Mexico

C. the Atlantic Ocean

Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because A. they developed molars that could crush the shells B. they were able to suck the meat out from between the shells C. their stomach muscles began to enlarge D. all the above

C. their stomach muscles began to enlarge

A unique feature of the Great Lakes in summer is the tendency to A. create rip tides B. become more saline C. warm from the shore out D. have red tides

C. warm from the shore out

For a given set of 100 species introductions, how many on average will become invasive? A. 15 B. 3 C. 5 D. 1

D. 1

How long can humans last without water? A. <24 hours B. 2 days C. 7-9 days D. 3-4 day

D. 3-4 days

Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port? A. 50% B. 30% C. 73% D. 99%

D. 99%

In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but A. it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply B. such systems aren't required until 2021 C. it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species D. all of the above

D. all of the above

For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense A. it must be favorable to an organism's survival B. it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce C. it must be heritable D. all the above

D. all the above

Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines A. have increased flows in the river B. have made the river more turbid C. have increased nutrient inputs to the river D. all the above

D. all the above

The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal A. was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time B. helped to sanitize Chicago's water C. reversed the flow of the Chicago River D. all the above

D. all the above

Zooplankton are in turn eaten by A. mollusks B. crustaceans C. bait-size fish D. all the above

D. all the above

According to the film, the battle to control lampreys A. is unwinnable B. has just begun C. had largely been won by 1980 D. is never-ending

D. is never-ending

There were two water features that had to be addressed to achieve connectivity for shipping across all five Lakes. One was Niagra Falls. The other was A. Cumberland Falls B. the Detroit River C. The Niagra River D. the Falls of St. Mary

D. the Falls of St. Mary

The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was A. to establish trading posts B. to establish new colonies there C. to defeat the Spanish D. to find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay

D. to find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay

Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon A. were actually just bigger coho salmon B. could talk C. were not much fun for anglers to catch D. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers

D. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers

T/F: Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters.

False

T/F: The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening.

False

T/F: In the U.S., the coastline of the Great Lakes is longer than the Atlantic coastline, the coast on the Gulf of Mexico, or the Pacific coast (not counting Alaska and Hawaii).

True

The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act A. because doing so would reduce administrative costs B. because President Nixon threatened to veto the Act if they did not C. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so D. because they thought it was relatively harmless

A. because doing so would reduce administrative costs C. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so D. because they thought it was relatively harmless

Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after A. being ingested by invasive mussels B. gobies ate toxic mussels C. birds consumed toxic gobies D. the Eurasian ruffe consumed spiny water fleas

A. being ingested by invasive mussels B. gobies ate toxic mussels C. birds consumed toxic gobies

Cladaphora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and became a nuisance in the 1960s due to A. excess phosphorus inputs B. too much oxygen C. excess nitrogen inputs D. adverse impacts of human activities

A. excess phosphorus inputs D. adverse impacts of human activities

Dead zones in the Great Lakes are created by A. excessive nutrient inputs B. invasive mussels C. run-away algal growth D. decomposition of algal cells

A. excessive nutrient inputs C. run-away algal growth D. decomposition of algal cells

The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby A. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas B. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter C. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair D. can all be found in deep waters

A. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas B. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter C. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair

For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is A. moderate to high B. low C. moderate D. low to moderate

A. moderate to high

Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because A. they had no teeth B. they were too small C. they were exceedingly slow D. all the above

A. they had no teeth

It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. Clair, the species was found at extremely high densities in southern Lake Michigan, surprising because A. this movement would have been against the Lake's currents B. it meant traversing the dam on St. Mary's River C. the species is immobile as a veliger D. all the above

A. this movement would have been against the Lake's currents

The early immigrants who encountered the Great Black Swamp and decided to settle in the region A. were in awe B. decided to drain it C. wanted to preserve its unique qualities D. lived in harmony with the Native Americans there

A. were in awe B. decided to drain it

The diet of the round goby includes A. young of larger fish B. zooplankton C. eggs of other fish D. young zebra and quagga mussels

A. young of larger fish B. zooplankton C. eggs of other fish D. young zebra and quagga mussels

Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle A. 50 million tons B. 80 million tons C. 60 million tons D. 100 million tons

B. 80 million tons

What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes? A. Michigan B. Erie C. Ontario D. Huron

B. Erie

Cities tended to be constructed A. to look like the European cities immigrants came from B. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths C. where timber resources were D. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl

B. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths D. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl

The Paleo Indians are thought to have played a role in A. building effigy mounds. B. driving the mastodon to extinction C. developing a more sophisticated form of agriculture D. developing the birchbark canoe

B. driving the mastodon to extinction

The St. Lawrence divide A. separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin B. runs through southern Canada C. is generally more of a hill than a mountain D. runs through the western part of Chicago

B. runs through southern Canada C. is generally more of a hill than a mountain D. runs through the western part of Chicago

One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that A. they were both a public resource B. they both seemed limitless C. they were mostly eliminated in a couple of decades D. all the above

B. they both seemed limitless

Applegate discovered the first lampricide by A. using the scientific method B. trial and error C. testing different formulas on lamprey larvae in streams D. dosing his lab assistants

B. trial and error

A key difference between exploitation of the environment by Europeans and Native Americans was that the latter A. invented Earth Day B. were relatively few in number C. lived in harmony with nature D. tried to use resources sustainably

B. were relatively few in number

Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by A. aquifers B. evaporation C. outflow D. precipitation

C. outflow

The problem of water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because A. the ships on the Lakes were so large and generated so much garbage B. other states outside the region would ship their garbage and contaminants to the Lakes for disposal C. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water D. it all sank to the bottom and was thus out of sight

C. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water

Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed A. it couldn't be built B. that the Canadians should not be trusted C. that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard D. the U.S. would have to pay more than Canada.

C. that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard

In the film Silent Invaders - Lamprey, a key target for controlling lampreys was A. the Detroit River B. Lake Huron C. the St. Mary's River D. the Welland Canal

C. the St. Mary's River

In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes region because A. they can attach themselves to water craft B. they can attach to rocks and other substrates C. they are used as bait to catch larger fish D. they 'hitchhike' on other fish

C. they are used as bait to catch larger fish

The sea lamprey is anadromous, meaning that they A. suck the blood of other fish B. are extremely difficult for other fish to see C. have no appendages D. spawn in freshwater but live in the ocean as adults

D. spawn in freshwater but live in the ocean as adults

What feature makes Lake Ontario somewhat separate from the other lakes in terms of connectivity? A. the rapids of the St. Mary s River B. Lake St. Clair C. the shallow depth of the Detroit River D. the height of Niagra Falls

D. the height of Niagra Falls

All energy is derived from A. plants and animals B. hydroelectric power C. the soil D. the sun

D. the sun

Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because A. the zebra mussel is able to attach to boat hulls B. there were so many arriving from the Midwest C. they were taken up in the ballast of large boats on the lake D. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

D. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves A. freshwater sales B. tourism C. timber harvesting D. transportation

D. transportation

Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is A. easy if you know a lot about them B. easy in systems that have suffered a lot of environmental impacts C. an exact science D. very difficult to do

D. very difficult to do

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint A. decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River B. decided to build its own water pipeline C. tried to entice the Ford Motor Company to open a plant D. initiated the state's first lottery

A. decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River B. decided to build its own water pipeline

All but one of the connections between the Great Lakes and freshwaters beyond the Great Lakes basin dried up by A. 25,000 years ago B. 10,000 years ago C. 2500 years ago D. 21,000 years ago

C. 2500 years ago

A goal in constructing the Erie Canal was A. to help organize the territories west of the original 13 colonies B. make New York City a port of global significance C. connect the eastern seaboard to the interior of the continent D. all the above

D. all the above

One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that A. they spawn up to three times per summer B. they are voracious egg eaters C. they drive other fish from their spawning beds D. all the above

D. all the above

The Welland Canal was constructed to A. circumvent Niagra Falls B. enable Canada to compete with the Erie Canal C. enable ships rather than barges to reach the Great Lakes D. all the above

D. all the above

The lamprey was so successful in the Great Lakes because A. it produces so many eggs B. there were no natural predators there C. they were able to colonize the upper lakes so rapidly D. all the above

D. all the above

When relatively large predators are absent in an ecosystem, populations of prey species A. become quite stable B. decline C. migrate D. explode

D. explode