NSCI 225 Exam 2
PE: if a given sound has pressure level of 200,000 what would the volume be in dB SPL?
80 dB SPl
ITD
A binaural cue Sounds on the side of the head reach the far ear slightly later than the closer ear Normal ears can detect a difference of 10ms
ILD/IID
A binaural cue Volume difference in the two ears/difference in sound pressure level reaching the two ears Works best for high frequencies (small waves)
Decibels
A logarithmic unit to measure amplitude or to measure loudness. Tells how the amplitude of a sound compares to the amplitude of some other sounds (reference value) 20 micropascal as the reference amplitude because it is the approximate detection threshold of a 1000-Hz sounds To calculate: dB SPLS: 20log(p/20)
Basilar Membrane
A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.
Emotional aspects of pain
A study showing that taking Tylenol decreases emotional pain,
Auditory Canal
About 3 cm long, resonates sound
this is what the 2-pt threshold is measuring
Acuity
PE: Which is not a cause of conductive hearing loss?
Aging Ruptured ear drum, too much ear wax, a foreign object in ear are causes
Scala Media
Also known as cochlear partition Where the receptor cells for hearing are located/middle tunnel Houses the organ of corti Has basilar membrame
Tympanic Membrane
Also known as the ear drum; separates outer ear from the inner ear
A graph showing dB of hearing loss
Audiogram
ILD and ITD allow us to localize sounds on this plane
Azimuth
this leads to a decrease in 2nd pain when there is a painful stimulus applied to different part of the body
DNIC
Pacinian
Deep within the skin, layered onion-like capsule that surrounds a nerve fiber, very large, also found in connective tissue of organs and easy to pull out rapidly-adapting perception of vibration
Binaural cues
Depends on difference in the signal between the 2 ears Can't get much elevation from both ears
DNIC
Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control Aching pain in one part of your body can be diminished by pain in another part of your body; only with second pain
PE: For which frequencies is IID/ILD most useful?
High frequencies
These are the thermoreceptors activated for REALLY hot stimuli
Hot and cold
Volley Principle
Idea that if you have a high frequency above 100 Hz one nerve can't keep up with
Timing Theory
Inner hair cells cause bursts of firing and the timing of these burst corresponds to the frequency of sound. Works only for low frequencies up to 100 Hz
Spectral Cues
Is the monaural cue Since the information for localization comes from the spectrum of frequencies Evidence- placing small microphone in ears and comparing the intensities of frequencies
Amplitude (property of sound wave)
Is the pressure difference between the atmospheric pressure and the maximum pressure of the wave (how large the sound wave is) Bigger the wave, more amplitude Measured in decibels Is loudness, volume
Waveform (property of sound wave)
Is the shape and uniformity of the wave. Timbre is the perceptual property. Complex waves are made up of a number of different harmonics Can have fundamental frequencies Attack: build-up of sound Decay: decrease in sound at end of tone
Meissner
Less known, close to top of surface of skin, touch receptors are really delicate and tiny rapidly adapting responsible for perception of quick, light touch, flutter or movement across the skin
Middle Ear
Made of of the ossicles Malleus, incus, stapes/stirrups Amplify vibration so it is big enough to transfer liquid
Outer Ear
Made up of the pinnae, auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane
The name of the effect that shows how visual information can affect auditory perception
McGurk
PE: Which of these mechanoreceptors are slowly adapting receptors?
Merkel and ruffini
PE: The _____ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details
Merkel receptor
Administering this drug reduces the placebo effect suggesting that endorphins are involved in the reduction of pain with a placebo
Naxolone
Resonance
Occurs when sound waves are reflected back from the closed end of the canal The resonant frequency for most humans is between 1000 and 4000 HZ
Middler Ear Hearing Loss Causes
Otitis media and cholesteatoma - based on infection Ostosclerosis- stapes if fused to other bones and not able to transmit sound, genetic; can be fixed with a stapedectomy
Duplex Theory of texture Perception
Our perceptions of texture depends on 2 types of cues - spatial and temporal
Scala Vestibuli
Oval window at base of this chamber, uppermost chamber
these are the receptors that allow us to feel vibration
Pacinian
this theory of pitch coding would work for all frequencies
Place theory
"Old ear"/"Old hearing"
Presbyscusis
Tone chroma
Quality of a tone as we move form octave to octave
Slowly-adapting receptors
Ruffini and Merkel disc
the mnemonic that can help you remember the auditory pathway
SONIC MG
Inner Ear
Semicircular canals and cochlea Concerned with balance
the model of the human body that demonstrates that more sensitive body parts take up
Sensory homonculus
Thermorecpetion
Separate thermoreceptors for warm and cold; free nerve ending
PE: Which area of the body would have the highest two-point threshold?
Shoulder
The monaural sound localization cue we covered
Spectral cues
SONIC MG
Superior Olivary Nucleus; Inferior Colliculus; Medial Geniculate Nucleus. The auditory pathway
Pinnae
The "ear", least important part, hard to localize sounds without it
Fundamental frequencies
The lowest frequency produced by a vibrating object Ex) 300 can have a fundamental frequency of 100
Place Coding
The place on the membrane where the maximum peak of the wave depends on the frequency of the wave Is for all frequencies
A consistent ringing in the ears
Tinnitus
Cone of Confusion
To your ears, sounds from opposite sides of the circle have the same volume and time difference Right in front of your head the cone of confusion is at level 0
Also known as the ear drum
Tympanic membrane
Conductive Hearing Loss
Vibrations are not conducted properly to the inner ear- problem with middle and outer ear
This principle allows us to code pitches greater than 100Hz with the timing code (but still only up to 5000 Hz)
Volley Principle
Cochlear implants
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea number of channels/electrodes/frequency locations vary; may be hard to adjust if you lose hearing rather than being born deaf
Motile Response
a response by outer hair cells that magnifies the movements of the basilar membrane, amplifying sounds and sharpening the response to particular frequencies Causes cells to stretch out and tilt back which causes them to push against the tectorial membrane
Pure Tone Audiometry
an audiometer is used to determine the hearing threshold at each frequency. Playing different dB at different frequencies
Electrodes only stimulate a finite number of frequencies, making these a less than ideal solution for deafness
cochlear implants
Paradoxical cold
cold receptors also fire to really hot stimulus
Outer Ear Hearing Loss Causes
damage to the ear drum, bacterial/ear infection which causes liquid to build up/ auditory canal to swell, too much ear wax, insertion of a foreign object --> typically fixed by meds or surgery
The unit usually used for volume
db spl
Merkel disc
disc-shaped receptor near the border of the epidermis and the dermis slowly-adapting respond to pressure
PE: Bobby is asked to use haptic perception to identify a soccer ball. She will most likely use the exploratory procedures of ____ to identify the soccer ball's exact shape?
enclosure and contour following
Definition of sound: perceptual stimulus:
experience we have when we hear
The wave quality related to pitch perception
frequency
Thermal adaption
idea that skin cannot give us information about absolute temperature
Double Pain
idea that there are two sets of nerve fibers transmitting different sets of pain signals first pain (sharp and quick) and second pain (long and aching)
Deafness
inability to hear
Active touch
involves sensory, motor, and cognitive system; exploratory procedures used
PE: Jan is a right-handed violin player- she bows with her right hand and fingers the strings with her left. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is ____
larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician
Exploratory procedures
lateral motion- texture pressure-sturdiness, hardness enclosure- size, general shape contour following- more specific idea of exact shape
Ruffini
less known, deeper in skin and often located in muscle tissue Slowly-adapting respond best to stretching
Second pain
long, aching, duller pain; C-fibers travel about 1 meter/sec and are slower because they are thin and unmyelinated
PE: Low fundamental frequencies are associated with ____ and high fundamental frequencies are associated with ____
low pitches, high pitches
rapidly adapting receptors
meissner and pacinian
these are the receptors used for spatial cues in texture perception
merkel
the outer hair cells elongate when activated- known as the ____ response
motile
Mechanoreception
perceiving the mechanical properties of an object, lie hardness, roughness, size, and shape Types: merkel disc, meissner corpuscles, ruffini cylinders, pacinian corpuscles
Definition of sound: physical stimulus
pressure chances in the air or other medium
sensory neural hearing loss
problem in the inner ears presbycusis, acoustic traumam and tinnitus
First pain
quick, sharp pain, A-delta fibers which travel about 15 meters/sec. Are thick and move fast because they are myelinated
air particles spread out and pressure decreases
rarefaction
Organ of Corti
receptor for hearing located in the cochlea
PE: Which would be a free nerve ending
receptor sensing pain, receptor sensing heat, pressure nociceptor
Sensory homonoculus
representations of what are bodies would like like if proportions matched the brain area devoted to sensory input
Nociceptors
respond to different types of pain- heat, chemical, pressure, cold, polymodal free nerve ending nociceptor responds to noxious stimuli
Cochlea
responsible for hearing/where the receptive hearing cells are Made up of the base, apex and three tunnels- scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scale media
Scala Tympani
round window at base of this chamber, lowermost chamber
Pathway to the brain
skin to ventral posterior nucleus to the somatosensory cortex to S1 and S2
Hair cells
specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane; Inner hair cells (afferent-take the info via the auditory nerve) and outer cells (efferent (getting input)
Where the pain signal is modulated for DNIC and wind-up
spinal cord
the ossicle that hits the oval window
stapes (latin version of name)/ stirrup
Tonotopy
systematic organization of sound frequency within an auditory structure Mapped by pitch; fMRI evidence
PE: The duplex theory of texture perception refers to the importance of
temporal and spatial cues
PE: a complex tone composed of a 440 Hz tone, an 880 Hz tone, and a 1320 Hz tone is presented. Which part of the basilar membrane will respond?
the different areas characteristic of each individual component
Frequency (property of sound wave)
the number of times that a wave repeats itself in a second (inverse of wavelength). Is the pitch; higher the frequency, higher the pitch Is measured in Hz Humans hear between 20 and 20,000 Hz
PE: What causes the pain message to travel through A delta fibers faster?
they are thicker and myelinated
semicircular canals
three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance
The perceptual quality related to waveform, attack, and decay
timbre