NSCI 225 Exam 2

PE: if a given sound has pressure level of 200,000 what would the volume be in dB SPL?

80 dB SPl

ITD

A binaural cue Sounds on the side of the head reach the far ear slightly later than the closer ear Normal ears can detect a difference of 10ms

ILD/IID

A binaural cue Volume difference in the two ears/difference in sound pressure level reaching the two ears Works best for high frequencies (small waves)

Decibels

A logarithmic unit to measure amplitude or to measure loudness. Tells how the amplitude of a sound compares to the amplitude of some other sounds (reference value) 20 micropascal as the reference amplitude because it is the approximate detection threshold of a 1000-Hz sounds To calculate: dB SPLS: 20log(p/20)

Basilar Membrane

A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.

Emotional aspects of pain

A study showing that taking Tylenol decreases emotional pain,

Auditory Canal

About 3 cm long, resonates sound

this is what the 2-pt threshold is measuring

Acuity

PE: Which is not a cause of conductive hearing loss?

Aging Ruptured ear drum, too much ear wax, a foreign object in ear are causes

Scala Media

Also known as cochlear partition Where the receptor cells for hearing are located/middle tunnel Houses the organ of corti Has basilar membrame

Tympanic Membrane

Also known as the ear drum; separates outer ear from the inner ear

A graph showing dB of hearing loss

Audiogram

ILD and ITD allow us to localize sounds on this plane

Azimuth

this leads to a decrease in 2nd pain when there is a painful stimulus applied to different part of the body

DNIC

Pacinian

Deep within the skin, layered onion-like capsule that surrounds a nerve fiber, very large, also found in connective tissue of organs and easy to pull out rapidly-adapting perception of vibration

Binaural cues

Depends on difference in the signal between the 2 ears Can't get much elevation from both ears

DNIC

Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control Aching pain in one part of your body can be diminished by pain in another part of your body; only with second pain

PE: For which frequencies is IID/ILD most useful?

High frequencies

These are the thermoreceptors activated for REALLY hot stimuli

Hot and cold

Volley Principle

Idea that if you have a high frequency above 100 Hz one nerve can't keep up with

Timing Theory

Inner hair cells cause bursts of firing and the timing of these burst corresponds to the frequency of sound. Works only for low frequencies up to 100 Hz

Spectral Cues

Is the monaural cue Since the information for localization comes from the spectrum of frequencies Evidence- placing small microphone in ears and comparing the intensities of frequencies

Amplitude (property of sound wave)

Is the pressure difference between the atmospheric pressure and the maximum pressure of the wave (how large the sound wave is) Bigger the wave, more amplitude Measured in decibels Is loudness, volume

Waveform (property of sound wave)

Is the shape and uniformity of the wave. Timbre is the perceptual property. Complex waves are made up of a number of different harmonics Can have fundamental frequencies Attack: build-up of sound Decay: decrease in sound at end of tone

Meissner

Less known, close to top of surface of skin, touch receptors are really delicate and tiny rapidly adapting responsible for perception of quick, light touch, flutter or movement across the skin

Middle Ear

Made of of the ossicles Malleus, incus, stapes/stirrups Amplify vibration so it is big enough to transfer liquid

Outer Ear

Made up of the pinnae, auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane

The name of the effect that shows how visual information can affect auditory perception

McGurk

PE: Which of these mechanoreceptors are slowly adapting receptors?

Merkel and ruffini

PE: The _____ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details

Merkel receptor

Administering this drug reduces the placebo effect suggesting that endorphins are involved in the reduction of pain with a placebo

Naxolone

Resonance

Occurs when sound waves are reflected back from the closed end of the canal The resonant frequency for most humans is between 1000 and 4000 HZ

Middler Ear Hearing Loss Causes

Otitis media and cholesteatoma - based on infection Ostosclerosis- stapes if fused to other bones and not able to transmit sound, genetic; can be fixed with a stapedectomy

Duplex Theory of texture Perception

Our perceptions of texture depends on 2 types of cues - spatial and temporal

Scala Vestibuli

Oval window at base of this chamber, uppermost chamber

these are the receptors that allow us to feel vibration

Pacinian

this theory of pitch coding would work for all frequencies

Place theory

"Old ear"/"Old hearing"

Presbyscusis

Tone chroma

Quality of a tone as we move form octave to octave

Slowly-adapting receptors

Ruffini and Merkel disc

the mnemonic that can help you remember the auditory pathway

SONIC MG

Inner Ear

Semicircular canals and cochlea Concerned with balance

the model of the human body that demonstrates that more sensitive body parts take up

Sensory homonculus

Thermorecpetion

Separate thermoreceptors for warm and cold; free nerve ending

PE: Which area of the body would have the highest two-point threshold?

Shoulder

The monaural sound localization cue we covered

Spectral cues

SONIC MG

Superior Olivary Nucleus; Inferior Colliculus; Medial Geniculate Nucleus. The auditory pathway

Pinnae

The "ear", least important part, hard to localize sounds without it

Fundamental frequencies

The lowest frequency produced by a vibrating object Ex) 300 can have a fundamental frequency of 100

Place Coding

The place on the membrane where the maximum peak of the wave depends on the frequency of the wave Is for all frequencies

A consistent ringing in the ears

Tinnitus

Cone of Confusion

To your ears, sounds from opposite sides of the circle have the same volume and time difference Right in front of your head the cone of confusion is at level 0

Also known as the ear drum

Tympanic membrane

Conductive Hearing Loss

Vibrations are not conducted properly to the inner ear- problem with middle and outer ear

This principle allows us to code pitches greater than 100Hz with the timing code (but still only up to 5000 Hz)

Volley Principle

Cochlear implants

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea number of channels/electrodes/frequency locations vary; may be hard to adjust if you lose hearing rather than being born deaf

Motile Response

a response by outer hair cells that magnifies the movements of the basilar membrane, amplifying sounds and sharpening the response to particular frequencies Causes cells to stretch out and tilt back which causes them to push against the tectorial membrane

Pure Tone Audiometry

an audiometer is used to determine the hearing threshold at each frequency. Playing different dB at different frequencies

Electrodes only stimulate a finite number of frequencies, making these a less than ideal solution for deafness

cochlear implants

Paradoxical cold

cold receptors also fire to really hot stimulus

Outer Ear Hearing Loss Causes

damage to the ear drum, bacterial/ear infection which causes liquid to build up/ auditory canal to swell, too much ear wax, insertion of a foreign object --> typically fixed by meds or surgery

The unit usually used for volume

db spl

Merkel disc

disc-shaped receptor near the border of the epidermis and the dermis slowly-adapting respond to pressure

PE: Bobby is asked to use haptic perception to identify a soccer ball. She will most likely use the exploratory procedures of ____ to identify the soccer ball's exact shape?

enclosure and contour following

Definition of sound: perceptual stimulus:

experience we have when we hear

The wave quality related to pitch perception

frequency

Thermal adaption

idea that skin cannot give us information about absolute temperature

Double Pain

idea that there are two sets of nerve fibers transmitting different sets of pain signals first pain (sharp and quick) and second pain (long and aching)

Deafness

inability to hear

Active touch

involves sensory, motor, and cognitive system; exploratory procedures used

PE: Jan is a right-handed violin player- she bows with her right hand and fingers the strings with her left. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is ____

larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician

Exploratory procedures

lateral motion- texture pressure-sturdiness, hardness enclosure- size, general shape contour following- more specific idea of exact shape

Ruffini

less known, deeper in skin and often located in muscle tissue Slowly-adapting respond best to stretching

Second pain

long, aching, duller pain; C-fibers travel about 1 meter/sec and are slower because they are thin and unmyelinated

PE: Low fundamental frequencies are associated with ____ and high fundamental frequencies are associated with ____

low pitches, high pitches

rapidly adapting receptors

meissner and pacinian

these are the receptors used for spatial cues in texture perception

merkel

the outer hair cells elongate when activated- known as the ____ response

motile

Mechanoreception

perceiving the mechanical properties of an object, lie hardness, roughness, size, and shape Types: merkel disc, meissner corpuscles, ruffini cylinders, pacinian corpuscles

Definition of sound: physical stimulus

pressure chances in the air or other medium

sensory neural hearing loss

problem in the inner ears presbycusis, acoustic traumam and tinnitus

First pain

quick, sharp pain, A-delta fibers which travel about 15 meters/sec. Are thick and move fast because they are myelinated

air particles spread out and pressure decreases

rarefaction

Organ of Corti

receptor for hearing located in the cochlea

PE: Which would be a free nerve ending

receptor sensing pain, receptor sensing heat, pressure nociceptor

Sensory homonoculus

representations of what are bodies would like like if proportions matched the brain area devoted to sensory input

Nociceptors

respond to different types of pain- heat, chemical, pressure, cold, polymodal free nerve ending nociceptor responds to noxious stimuli

Cochlea

responsible for hearing/where the receptive hearing cells are Made up of the base, apex and three tunnels- scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scale media

Scala Tympani

round window at base of this chamber, lowermost chamber

Pathway to the brain

skin to ventral posterior nucleus to the somatosensory cortex to S1 and S2

Hair cells

specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane; Inner hair cells (afferent-take the info via the auditory nerve) and outer cells (efferent (getting input)

Where the pain signal is modulated for DNIC and wind-up

spinal cord

the ossicle that hits the oval window

stapes (latin version of name)/ stirrup

Tonotopy

systematic organization of sound frequency within an auditory structure Mapped by pitch; fMRI evidence

PE: The duplex theory of texture perception refers to the importance of

temporal and spatial cues

PE: a complex tone composed of a 440 Hz tone, an 880 Hz tone, and a 1320 Hz tone is presented. Which part of the basilar membrane will respond?

the different areas characteristic of each individual component

Frequency (property of sound wave)

the number of times that a wave repeats itself in a second (inverse of wavelength). Is the pitch; higher the frequency, higher the pitch Is measured in Hz Humans hear between 20 and 20,000 Hz

PE: What causes the pain message to travel through A delta fibers faster?

they are thicker and myelinated

semicircular canals

three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance

The perceptual quality related to waveform, attack, and decay

timbre