NUR 121, CHAPTER 2, PREPU
Which statement best explains the importance of theoretic frameworks? Theoretic frameworks guide physiologic nursing care. Theoretic frameworks guide psychosocial nursing care. Theoretic frameworks advance nursing knowledge and practice. Theoretic frameworks advance the ethical aspects of practice.
Theoretic frameworks advance nursing knowledge and practice. Explanation: Theoretic frameworks are important to the advancement of nursing knowledge and professional practice
A conceptual framework is defined as: an explanation of nursing and nursing practice. a set of phenomena and related abstractions. a foundation for nursing skills and care. a set of concepts and propositions.
a set of concepts and propositions. Explanation: A conceptual framework or model is defined as a set of concepts and the propositions that integrate them into a meaningful configuration.
There are four common concepts in nursing theory. While all concepts are important, the focus of nursing is always on which of the following? Person Environment Health Nursing
Person Explanation: All of these concepts are important in nursing theory; however, the focus of nursing is on the person (client).
What type of research study would a hospital conduct to explore clients' and families' perceptions of receiving care? Quantitative Qualitative Ordinal Non-scientific
Qualitative Explanation: Quantitative researchers tend to use deductive reasoning, logic, and measurable attributes of human experience, whereas qualitative researchers tend to use dynamic, individual aspects of the human experience in a holistic approach. Ordinal and interval refers to types of variables. Qualitative research is considered to be scientific even though it is not experimental.
Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment? Florence Nightingale Sister Callista Roy Dorothea Orem Lydia Hall
Florence Nightingale Explanation: Florence Nightingale conceptualized the nurse's role as manipulating the environment to facilitate and encourage the reparative process. This would be accomplished by attending to ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise.
The nursing student studying research exhibits an understanding when informing the instructor that which of the following is the bridge between theory and practice? Theory development Evidence-based research Client-focused care Case management
Evidence-based research Explanation: Evidence-based research is translational research that forms the bridge between theory and practice.
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as: adults. reducing salt intake. no change in salt intake. lower blood pressure.
adults. Explanation: Using the PICO format, "P" refers to the population, which in this case is adults. "I" refers to the intervention, which is reducing salt intake. "C" refers to comparison, which is no change in salt intake. "O" refers to the outcome, which would be lower blood pressure.
One of the primary focuses of nursing research is to: quantify outcomes related to clients. determine outcomes for clients. generate knowledge to guide practice. prevent further disease and death.
generate knowledge to guide practice. Explanation: One of the major reasons for conducting research is to expand a profession's knowledge base.
A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICO format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention? overweight clients chromium supplements no supplements weight loss
chromium supplements Explanation: In this question, the intervention (I) would be the use of chromium supplements. The population (P) would be overweight clients. The comparison (C) would be no supplements. The outcome (O) would be weight loss.
Which of these is not a criterion for critically evaluating websites when doing a literature review? Authority Currency Objectivity Coverage Accessibility
Accessibility Explanation: Authority, currency, objectivity, and coverage are just a few of the criteria used to determine if website content is valid, accurate, and reliable.
When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process? Evaluating practice change Searching the literature Appraising evidence Formulating a clinical question
Evaluating practice change Explanation: The fifth and final step in the process of implementing evidence-based practice is to evaluate and critically appraise the change in practice. Formulating a clinical question and searching and appraising the literature precede this step.
A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which of the following will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to? preventing skin breakdown clients who have experienced a stroke turning clients more frequently the currently-used turning schedule
preventing skin breakdown Explanation: Within the PICO question framework, the "O" denotes the outcome of interest. In this case, the desired outcome is the prevention of skin breakdown. Stroke clients are the "P," or population of interest, while turning clients more frequently is the "I," or intervention. The current turning schedule is the "C," referring to the comparison of interest.
As a researcher begins to form plans for a research project the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection data and the analyses for the purpose of creating a new theory would select which of the following methods of research? Quantitative research Qualitative research Basic research Applied research
Basic research Explanation: Basic research is utilized to generate or refine theory. Applied research is utilized for its application in clinical practice. Qualitative research utilizes words or narrative for data rather than numbers. Quantitative research utilizes numerical values and statistical analysis of data.
A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what? Traditional knowledge Authoritative knowledge Scientific knowledge Philosophical knowledge
Traditional knowledge Explanation: Traditional knowledge is known as knowledge that is passed down from one generation to the next. A grandmother passing information is an example of traditional knowledge. Authoritative knowledge is information that is gleaned from an expert based on their perceived experience. Scientific knowledge is derived through the scientific method. Philosophy is the study of wisdom and one perceptions of life.
The director of nurses (DON) in a long-term care facility has noticed an increased number of urinary tract infections (UTIs) on the east wing of the facility, and would like the infection control nurse to investigate this problem. What is the best problem statement for this study? "Is there a relationship between the personnel caring for specific clients and whether or not these clients developed UTIs?" "Is there an increase in the number of UTIs on the east wing of the facility?" "Does the east wing have a greater number of UTIs than the west wing of the facility?" "What is the client census on the east wing as opposed to the other wings of the facility?"
"Is there a relationship between the personnel caring for specific clients and whether or not these clients developed UTIs?" Explanation: The problem statement in a research study identifies the direction that a research project will take. The statement should be clear and unambiguous, express a relationship between two or more variables, identify the population to be studied, and encourage empiric testing
The director of nurses (DON) in a long-term care facility has noticed an increased number of urinary tract infections (UTIs) on the east wing of the facility, and would like the infection control nurse to investigate this problem. What is the best problem statement for this study? "Is there a relationship between the personnel caring for specific clients and whether or not these clients developed UTIs?" "Is there an increase in the number of UTIs on the east wing of the facility?" "Does the east wing have a greater number of UTIs than the west wing of the facility?" "What is the client census on the east wing as opposed to the other wings of the facility?
"Is there a relationship between the personnel caring for specific clients and whether or not these clients developed UTIs?" Explanation: The problem statement in a research study identifies the direction that a research project will take. The statement should be clear and unambiguous, express a relationship between two or more variables, identify the population to be studied, and encourage empiric testing.
A nursing student is reading a research article from a nursing journal. The student is aware that the opening paragraph summarizing the article and the research findings is a good place to start. What part of the article is the nursing student reading? Abstract Review of the literature Results Conclusions
Abstract Explanation: The abstract is located at the beginning of the article, and it summarizes the entire article and usually provides the purpose of the study, a description of the subjects, data collection and data analysis, and a summary of important findings. The review of literature discusses relevant studies that have been conducted in the area of this study, and it is included in the introduction. The results are the findings of the study and are often presented both in words and charts, tables, or graphs. The conclusions are the discussions of the results and suggestions for further study.
The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes how humans adjust to life with other living things and with the environment. One student correctly identifies this as which theory? Nursing theory Systems theory Adaptation theory Developmental theory
Adaptation theory Explanation: The adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment. The systems theory describes how parts interact together. The nursing theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. The developmental theory describes the maturation of humans through stages.
A nurse researcher ensures that a research subject's privacy is protected by which method? Select all that apply. Anonymity Confidentiality Beneficence Justice Autonomy
Anonymity Confidentiality Explanation: Clients involved in research must be assured that their privacy is being protected. Privacy is protected in two general ways. Anonymity is the protection of the subject so that not even the researcher can link the subject to the information provided. Confidentiality ensures that the subjects' identities will not be linked with the information they provide and will not be publicly divulged.The ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice serve as guides in maintaining the rights of research participants when the specific goals of research projects are determined
A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem Self Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client? Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietician. Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client. Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping. Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the client.
Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietician. Explanation: According to Dorothea Orem's theory, arranging an evaluation appointment with a dietician the nurse is facilitating self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects. The nurse is providing a service that assists the client and spouse to progressively maximize their self-care potential. People learn behaviors that they perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. The other options are providing care for the client, not facilitating self-care.
The American Nurses Association's Commission on Nursing Education developed guidelines for the investigative function of nurses at different educational levels. Which of the following is a guideline for a nurse with an associate degree? Assist in collection of data within an established, structured format Reads, interprets, and evaluates research for applicability to nursing practice Identifies nursing problems that need to be investigated and participates in implementation of scientific studies Analyzes and reformulates nursing practice problems so that scientific knowledge and scientific method can be used to find solutions
Assist in collection of data within an established, structured format Explanation: The nurse with an associate degree will assist in collection of data within an established, structured format. The nurse with a bachelor's degree will read, interprets, and evaluate research for applicability to nursing practice. They will identify nursing problems that need to be investigated and participates in implementation of scientific studies. The nurse with a master's degree in nursing will analyzes and reformulates nursing practice problems so that scientific knowledge and scientific method can be used to find solutions.
A nurse is completing a family assessment on a routine home health visit. There is a mother, father, and three children ages 2, 4, and 6 years of age. She watches the children individually as they play and interact with one another. She compares each child with the norms established for the age groups and determines and they are all within normal limits for their ages. The nurse would be utilizing which of the following theories as the basis for this part of the family assessment? General Systems Theory Adaptation Theory Developmental Theory Maslow's Theory
Developmental Theory Explanation: Developmental theory is based on growth and maturation of humans. In this situation the nurse is assessing what the child is doing with regard to norms for the specific age child. Adaptation theory is based on an understanding of humans and their interaction with the environment. Systems theory is described as studying relationships between a whole and identifying how parts interact and behave. Maslow's theory is based on a pyramid of human needs related to the most primitive needs, moving toward higher level needs, such as self-actualization
Which is not a focus of nursing research? Drug metabolism by Cytochrome P450 Health appraisal Prevention of trauma Promotion of recovery
Drug metabolism by Cytochrome P450 Explanation: Cytochrome P450 are required for metabolism of medications. Nursing research is defined as a systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care such as health appraisal, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, and coordination of health care (Gortner, 1975).
A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psycho-social development. These assessments are based on the work of: Erikson Maslow Watson Rogers
Erikson Explanation: Erik Erikson based his theory of psychosocial development on the process of socialization, emphasizing how individuals learn to interact with the world. Erikson recognized the role of social, biologic, and environmental factors in development, and defined specific tasks or conflicts that people accomplish or overcome during what he defined as the eight stages of life, based on chronological age. Abraham Maslow developed his theory of human needs in terms of physical and psycho-social needs considered essential to human life, rather than by chronologic age as Erikson did. Maslow defined five levels of need in a hierarchy, with different needs existing simultaneously. Jean Watson is a nursing theorist who is known for her focus on caring. The central theme of her work is that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. Caring is universal and is practiced through interpersonal relationships. Martha Rogers is a nursing theorist who is known for her theory focus of the individual client being central to the discipline of nursing. Nursing interventions are directed toward repatterning human environment fields or assisting in mobilizing inner resources.
What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and practice? Theoretic writing Evidence-based research Client-focused care Case management
Evidence-based research Explanation: Evidence-based research is translational research that forms the bridge between theory and practice.
In nursing class the instructor asks the students about the nursing research process. The student identifies the first nurse to collect data on clients as which of the following? Florence Nightingale Hildegard Peplau Virginia Henderson Faye Abdullah Ida Jean Orlando
Florence Nightingale Explanation: Florence Nightingale was the first nurse to collect data. She monitored and recorded care and responses in victims of the Crimean War.
A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory? Adaptation theory Developmental theory General systems theory Psychosocial theory
General systems theory Explanation: General systems theory is an example of an interdisciplinary base for a nursing theory. This theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems." It emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave. Another example of an interdisciplinary base for nursing theory is the adaptation theory. Adaptation theory defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. A third interdisciplinary base for nursing theory is the developmental theory. Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death.
Lewin's change theory has been incorporated into which of the following nursing theories? Hildegard Peplau's theory Faye Abdellah's theory Jean Watson's theory Sister Callista Roy's theory
Hildegard Peplau's theory Explanation: Peplau's use of the nursing process applies aspects of change theory as client needs are assessed and necessary alterations in specific patterns of behavior are determined.
A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact funding? National Institutes of Health National Institute of Nursing Research Institute of Medicine ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research
National Institute of Nursing Research Explanation: The nurse would most likely contact the National Institute of Nursing Research, which was established under the National Institutes of Health in response to a 1983 study by the Institute of Medicine. The institute's purpose was to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training in client care, health promotion, and disease prevention, as well as the mitigation of effects of acute and chronic disabilities. The NINR has continued to fund and support nursing research and is instrumental in the support and dissemination of seminal work in nursing. The ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research was responsible for establishing priorities for nursing research.
What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered? Nurses now spend time looking up the best way to give nursing care. Nurses now have to take part in research. Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client care.
Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. Explanation: The facilitation of EBP involves identifying and evaluating current literature and research, as well as incorporating the findings into client care as a means of ensuring quality care. The other answers are incorrect; they were used even before EBP became a major force in the delivery of nursing care.
Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge? Nursing research involves clients in their care while hospitalized. Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Nursing research draws conclusions about the quality of client care. Nursing research explains ongoing medical studies to clients, and asks for participation.
Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Explanation: Nursing research expands knowledge to learn improved ways to promote and maintain health. The other answers are incorrect because they are not the primary purpose of nursing research.
The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. One student correctly identifies this theory as what? Nursing theory Systems theory Adaptation theory Developmental theory
Nursing theory Explanation: Nursing theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. Systems theory describes how parts interact together. Adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment. Developmental theory describes maturation of humans through stages.
The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic? Quantitative research Methodologic survey Delphi study Qualitative research
Qualitative research Explanation: Attitudes on spirituality and health care require the nurse to interview clients or informants to obtain qualitative research. Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective, narrative materials using procedures in which there tends to be minimal researcher-imposed control.
The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. In order to complete a systematic review of the literature the nurse must do which of the following? Ask a question about a clinical practice. Provide a statical analysis for studies. Recommend best practices for client care. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice.
Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. Explanation: A systematic review suggests that the nurse has reviewed multiple studies regarding a particular nursing practice question or topic. Asking the question about a clinical practice would come in the first step. A recommendation for best practice comes after synthesizing all of the data collected by the systemic review. Meta-analysis is concerned with doing a statistical analysis across studies.
How are the first stages of the nursing process and nursing research linked? They will answer a posed question. Each begins with goal development. The nurse assesses problems initially. There is a period of evaluation.
The nurse assesses problems initially. Explanation: The first step for the practicing nurse is to assess a problem; for the researcher, the first step is to recognize the general problem area.
Which statement best explains the importance of theoretic frameworks? Theoretic frameworks guide physiologic nursing care. Theoretic frameworks guide psychosocial nursing care. Theoretic frameworks advance nursing knowledge and practice. Theoretic frameworks advance the ethical aspects of practice.
Theoretic frameworks advance nursing knowledge and practice. Explanation: Theoretic frameworks are important to the advancement of nursing knowledge and professional practice.
The researcher must critically appraise evidence following literature review. In order to effectively appraise the information the researcher should ask questions regarding the information collected. Which questions should the researcher utilize for this evaluation? (Select all that apply.) "How many studies were utilized?" "What were the results of the study?" "Are the results valid and reliable?" 'Will the results of the study improve client care?" "Where were the studies conducted?"
What were the results of the study?" "Are the results valid and reliable?" 'Will the results of the study improve client care?" Explanation: While the number of studies found and where the studies were conducted could be important within the study, they are not the basis for a critical appraisal of the evidence. The critical appraisal will include the results of studies, the reliability and validity of those studies, and the importance of the studies to client care.
A nurse is reading a journal article about nursing research and evidence-based practice. Part of the article addresses the areas identified by the American Nurses Association as relevant to quality outcomes for client care. Which area would the nurse most likely find identified when reading the article? Select all that apply. client safety nursing efficiency population health workforce mix medication protocols
client safety nursing efficiency population health workforce mix Explanation: Evidence areas identified by ANA as relevant to quality include client safety, improvements in nursing efficiency, population health, and workforce mix to meet the needs of the population. Medication protocols are not addressed by the ANA.
When the nurse researcher informs the participant that his identity will not be linked with the information that is collected, the researcher is ensuring the participant's: anonymity. protection from harm. ability to withdraw. confidentiality.
confidentiality. Explanation: Confidentiality ensures that the subjects' identities will not be linked with the information they provide and will not be publicly divulged.
A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in preparation for conducting a research study. The question is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared to other frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the statement reflects the "O"? clients with intravenous catheters replacing administration set every 72 hours replacing administration set at other intervals decrease infection
decrease infection Explanation: The "O" of PICO indicates the outcome, which in this instance is "decrease infection." The "P" refers to patients with intravenous catheter; "I" refers to replacing administration set every 72 hours; "C" refers to replacing it at other frequencies.
A nurse admitting a client to the home health service is gathering information for the client's database. Within the database, the nurse gathers information on the client's health history, past surgeries, diet, exercise, psychosocial status, family and support persons, and spirituality. This information will assist in the development of the client's plan of care. This is considered a: psychosocial database. physical database. holistic database. limited database.
holistic database. Explanation: Nurses deal with the whole person, examining the physical, psychological, interpersonal, and spiritual aspects of each client's life. The whole-person concept emphasizes a holistic approach to professional nursing.
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: use of outcome studies to guide decisions. evaluation by experts to direct specialty areas. care based on pathophysiologic factors. cost efficiency of treatment models.
use of outcome studies to guide decisions. Explanation: Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and the use of outcome studies to guide decisions.