NURS 220 Ch 20 - 23

Gestational diabetes

Abnormal blood glucose in pregnancy that may need to be treated with insulin or decreased carbohydrate intake

Lipodystrophy

Abnormal fat deposition and fat metabolism related to HIV medications

Atherosclerosis

Accumulation of fatty material on the walls of the arteries

Ketone bodies

Acidic fat related compounds that are produced when glucose can't get into the cell and large amounts of fat acids are released from adipose tissue

Breast cancer

Although many cancer patients lose weight, which type of cancer is often associated with weight gain?

Plaque

An accumulation of fatty deposits, fibrous tissue and smooth muscle cells that form on the artery walls

AGEs

An acronym for the reactive compounds that form when glucose combines with proteins and damages tissues

Radiation can be directed toward the regions affected by the cancer

An advantage of radiation therapy over chemotherapy is that:

LDL

Blood lipid that is most related to development of atherosclerosis and heart disease

Triglycerides

Blood lipid that may increase with high refined carbohydrate or alcohol intake

HDL

Blood lipid that removes cholesterol from circulation, and is therefore considered to be "good cholesterol"

Dawn phenomenon

Hyperglycemia caused by early morning secretion of growth hormone

Lipids

Hyperglycemia caused by early morning secretion of growth hormone

C

Which of the following is true regarding the general use of alcohol is diabetes? A. A serving of alcohol is considered part of the carb allowance B. Alcohol contributes to hyperglycemia and should be avoided completely C. Alcohol can cause hypoglycemia and should therefore be consumed with food if patients use insulin or medications that stimulate insulin secretion D. Patients can use alcohol in unlimited quantities unless they are pregnant

Fluid

Patients with Congestive Heart Failure will need to restrict sodium and in severe cases may also need to restrict this

Limiting intakes of refined carbs

Patients with mild hypertriglyceridemia may improve their triglyceride levels by:

Consuming an appropriate quantity of carbs at each meal or snack

Regarding dietary carbohydrate, a patient with diabetes should be most concerned about:

Sodium

Restriction of this mineral can help reduce hypertension, but is best added to the DASH diet

D

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all of the following except: A. Smoking B. Hypertension C. DM D. Elevated HDL cholesterol

Plant sterols

Something that should be added to the diet for reducing CVD risk. There are food products like margarines that are fortified with them

Marinate

Something we can do to meat before cooking to reduce HCA (a carcinogen) formation

Carcinogens

Substances, like foods, that may initiate cancer by inducing genetic mutations

Potassium

The DASH Diet increases this mineral in the diet by requiring more fruits and vegetables

Sweets

The DASH Diet limits these empty calorie foods to 3-5 servings per week

Calcium

Which of the following nutrients may be unintentionally restricted when a patient restricts phosphorus intake?

Compounds in fruits and veggie

Which of these dietary substances may help to protect against cancer?

C

The metabolic changes that often accompany cancer include all of the following except: A. increased triglyceride breakdown B. increased protein turnover C. increased muscle protein synthesis D. insulin resistance

Diabetes mellitus

The most common cause of chronic kidney disease is:

The approach that best helps the patient control blood glucose levels

The most effective meal-planning strategy for managing diabetes is:

Type 2

The most prevalent type of diabetes that usually occurs in people over 40 that are obese

Conventional

Therapy for type 1 diabetes that involves only one or two daily injections of insulin

Nutrient dense

These types of foods should be eaten first by patients with poor appetite

Hypoglycemia

This can happen when a diabetic skips a meal, takes too much insulin, or drinks alcohol without food

Sugar

This is allowed in the diabetic diet but is minimized because it is empty calories

Boil drinking water for one minute

To prevent cryptosporidiosis, a person with HIV infection may need to:

A fluid intake that produces more than 2 to 2.5 L of urine daily

Treatment for all kidney stones includes:

Autoimmune

Type 1 diabetes usually happens due to ______ destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Trans

Type of fat found in processed foods that increases LDL and decreases HDL

Soluble

Type of fiber that can help reduce LDL

Cancer cachexia

Wasting syndrome associated with cancer characterized by anorexia, wasting and weight loss

Using potassium-exchange resins, which bind potassium in the GI tract

What is a common treatment for hyperkalemia?

Ankle-brachial index

Which clinical test can help to diagnose peripheral artery disease?

Restricting carbs to about 30g at breakfast

Which dietary adjustment may be helpful for women with gestational diabetes?

D

Which food below should be avoided by a patient taking immunosuppressive medications? A. baked potato B. canned tuna fish C. banana D. unpasteurized milk

Statins

Which medications reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver?

B

Which of the following is characteristic of type 1 diabetes? A. Abdominal obesity increases risk B. The pancreas makes little or no insulin C. It is the predominant form of diabetes D. It often arises during pregnancy

A

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys: A. Activation of Vitamin K B. Maintenance of acid-base balance C. Elimination of metabolic waste products D. Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balances

D

Which of the following is true about type 2 diabetes? A. It is usually an autoimmune disease B. The pancreas makes little or no insulin C. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a common complication D. Chronic complications may develop before it is diagnosed

Helper t cells

HIV can enter and destroy:

Results from bleeding within the brain, which damages brain tissue

Hemorrhagic stroke:

Thrush

Oral infection associated with HIV that may cause pain in the mouth, dysphagia, and reduced food intake

Fish

2 or more meals per week that include this are recommended by the AHA for reducing risk of CHD

Portion

A carbohydrate _______ is equal to 15 grams

Metabolic syndrome

A cluster of disorders including insulin resistance, hypertension, and central obesity that increase risk of developing Cardiovascular Disease

DASH

A comprehensive dietary approach used for hypertension

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia

A condition of extremely high blood glucose in type 2 diabetics associated with dehydration

Insulin pump

A device that delivers short acting insulin continuously and can be programmed to give bolus doses at meal time

Atherogenic

A diet that is high in saturated and trans fat and low in fruits and vegetables; risk factor fro CHD

Carbohydrate counting

A dietary approach for diabetics where portions of starches, fruits, milk, and sweets are eaten in a structured pattern

Diabetes

A disease that is a risk factor for CHD because it promotes inflammation and AGEs which promote atherosclerosis

Ketoacidosis

A high blood glucose complication in type 1 diabetics that causes low blood ph

Estrogen

A hormone that increases risk of breast cancer and is produced in greater amounts by obese individuals

Hypertriglyceridemia

A lipid disorder that may be part of metabolic syndrome and is indicated by elevated VLDL

Anorexia

A major contributor to wasting and weight loss in cancer

Nephropathy

A microvascular complication of diabetes resulting in damage to the kidney's capillaries

Multiple daily injections that supply basal insulin and precise insulin doses at each meal

A patient using intensive insulin therapy is likely to follow a regimen that involves:

Consume protein more liberally

A person with chronic kidney disease who has been following a renal diet for several years beings hemodialysis treatment. An appropriate dietary adjustment would be to:

Glycemic index

A ranking of carbohydrate foods based on their effect on blood glucose levels

Polydipsia

A symptom of diabetes that means increased thirst

Polyphagia

A symptom of diabetes, especially type 1, that means increased hunger

A1C

A test that shows glycemic control over a 3 month period is hemoglobin ____

Intensive

A therapy for type 1 diabetes that usually involves use of an insulin pump and may result in delayed progression of complications

Advanced

A type of carb counting usually used with an insulin pump, where grams are counted rather than portions

Saturated

Dietary fat that has the strongest effect on raising blood cholesterol levels

Saturated fats

Dietary lipids with the strongest LDL cholesterol-raising effects are:

Sodium restriction

Dietary recommendations for patients with nephrotic syndrome include:

Red meat

For most people the DASH Diet will require them to eat less of this and more fish and poultry

B

Hypertensive patients can benefit from all of the following dietary and lifestyle modifications except: A. Including fat-free or low-fat milk products in their diet B. Reducing total fat intake C. Consuming generous amounts of fruits, veggies, legumes, and nuts D. Reducing sodium intake

Frequent dialysis

If a patient with acute kidney injury should require a high protein intake, which additional treatment may be necessary?

Infection or illness

In a person who has previously maintained good glycemic control, hyperglycemia can be precipitated by:

Increased fat in the arms and legs

In patients who develop lipodystrophy, which abnormality is unlikely?

A

In people with HIV infection, mouth sores may be caused by all of the following except: A. cryptosporidiosis B. Kaposi's sarcoma C. herpes simplex virus D. candidiasis

Insulin resistance

In type 2 diabetes some insulin is produced but as body fat increases, tissues are less able to respond. This is called ___

Phytochemicals

Increasing fruits and vegetables decreases cancer risk because they contain these substances that inhibit carcinogen production and act as antioxidants

Fiber

Increasing this nutrient in the diet may help diabetics to feel full and digest food slower, causing less of a spike in blood glucose

Radiation enteritis

Inflammation of the small intestine caused by cancer treatment that can lead to chronic malabsorption

Angina pectoris

Ischemia in the coronary arteries is a frequent cause of:

Measuring glycated hemoglobin

Long-term glycemic control is usually evaluated by:

Antidiabetic drugs

Medications used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes that may increase insulin secretion or sensitivity

Medications used to prevent weight gain

Megestrol acetate and dronabinol are:

Diabetes mellitus

Metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism

Increases HDL cholesterol levels

Moderate alcohol consumption can improve heart disease risk, in part, because it:

Damage to blood vessels and nerves

Most chronic complications associated with diabetes results from:

Calcium oxalate

Most kidney stones are make primarily from:

Macrosomia

Mothers with diabetes may be at risk for having babies with this condition that increases delivery complications

Edema

Nephrotic syndrome frequently results in:

Neuropathy

Nerve damage that can develop in diabetics due to poor blood glucose control

Sodium restriction

Nutrition therapy for a patient with heart failure often includes: