NURS 220 Ch 20 - 23
Gestational diabetes
Abnormal blood glucose in pregnancy that may need to be treated with insulin or decreased carbohydrate intake
Lipodystrophy
Abnormal fat deposition and fat metabolism related to HIV medications
Atherosclerosis
Accumulation of fatty material on the walls of the arteries
Ketone bodies
Acidic fat related compounds that are produced when glucose can't get into the cell and large amounts of fat acids are released from adipose tissue
Breast cancer
Although many cancer patients lose weight, which type of cancer is often associated with weight gain?
Plaque
An accumulation of fatty deposits, fibrous tissue and smooth muscle cells that form on the artery walls
AGEs
An acronym for the reactive compounds that form when glucose combines with proteins and damages tissues
Radiation can be directed toward the regions affected by the cancer
An advantage of radiation therapy over chemotherapy is that:
LDL
Blood lipid that is most related to development of atherosclerosis and heart disease
Triglycerides
Blood lipid that may increase with high refined carbohydrate or alcohol intake
HDL
Blood lipid that removes cholesterol from circulation, and is therefore considered to be "good cholesterol"
Dawn phenomenon
Hyperglycemia caused by early morning secretion of growth hormone
Lipids
Hyperglycemia caused by early morning secretion of growth hormone
C
Which of the following is true regarding the general use of alcohol is diabetes? A. A serving of alcohol is considered part of the carb allowance B. Alcohol contributes to hyperglycemia and should be avoided completely C. Alcohol can cause hypoglycemia and should therefore be consumed with food if patients use insulin or medications that stimulate insulin secretion D. Patients can use alcohol in unlimited quantities unless they are pregnant
Fluid
Patients with Congestive Heart Failure will need to restrict sodium and in severe cases may also need to restrict this
Limiting intakes of refined carbs
Patients with mild hypertriglyceridemia may improve their triglyceride levels by:
Consuming an appropriate quantity of carbs at each meal or snack
Regarding dietary carbohydrate, a patient with diabetes should be most concerned about:
Sodium
Restriction of this mineral can help reduce hypertension, but is best added to the DASH diet
D
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all of the following except: A. Smoking B. Hypertension C. DM D. Elevated HDL cholesterol
Plant sterols
Something that should be added to the diet for reducing CVD risk. There are food products like margarines that are fortified with them
Marinate
Something we can do to meat before cooking to reduce HCA (a carcinogen) formation
Carcinogens
Substances, like foods, that may initiate cancer by inducing genetic mutations
Potassium
The DASH Diet increases this mineral in the diet by requiring more fruits and vegetables
Sweets
The DASH Diet limits these empty calorie foods to 3-5 servings per week
Calcium
Which of the following nutrients may be unintentionally restricted when a patient restricts phosphorus intake?
Compounds in fruits and veggie
Which of these dietary substances may help to protect against cancer?
C
The metabolic changes that often accompany cancer include all of the following except: A. increased triglyceride breakdown B. increased protein turnover C. increased muscle protein synthesis D. insulin resistance
Diabetes mellitus
The most common cause of chronic kidney disease is:
The approach that best helps the patient control blood glucose levels
The most effective meal-planning strategy for managing diabetes is:
Type 2
The most prevalent type of diabetes that usually occurs in people over 40 that are obese
Conventional
Therapy for type 1 diabetes that involves only one or two daily injections of insulin
Nutrient dense
These types of foods should be eaten first by patients with poor appetite
Hypoglycemia
This can happen when a diabetic skips a meal, takes too much insulin, or drinks alcohol without food
Sugar
This is allowed in the diabetic diet but is minimized because it is empty calories
Boil drinking water for one minute
To prevent cryptosporidiosis, a person with HIV infection may need to:
A fluid intake that produces more than 2 to 2.5 L of urine daily
Treatment for all kidney stones includes:
Autoimmune
Type 1 diabetes usually happens due to ______ destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Trans
Type of fat found in processed foods that increases LDL and decreases HDL
Soluble
Type of fiber that can help reduce LDL
Cancer cachexia
Wasting syndrome associated with cancer characterized by anorexia, wasting and weight loss
Using potassium-exchange resins, which bind potassium in the GI tract
What is a common treatment for hyperkalemia?
Ankle-brachial index
Which clinical test can help to diagnose peripheral artery disease?
Restricting carbs to about 30g at breakfast
Which dietary adjustment may be helpful for women with gestational diabetes?
D
Which food below should be avoided by a patient taking immunosuppressive medications? A. baked potato B. canned tuna fish C. banana D. unpasteurized milk
Statins
Which medications reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver?
B
Which of the following is characteristic of type 1 diabetes? A. Abdominal obesity increases risk B. The pancreas makes little or no insulin C. It is the predominant form of diabetes D. It often arises during pregnancy
A
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys: A. Activation of Vitamin K B. Maintenance of acid-base balance C. Elimination of metabolic waste products D. Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balances
D
Which of the following is true about type 2 diabetes? A. It is usually an autoimmune disease B. The pancreas makes little or no insulin C. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a common complication D. Chronic complications may develop before it is diagnosed
Helper t cells
HIV can enter and destroy:
Results from bleeding within the brain, which damages brain tissue
Hemorrhagic stroke:
Thrush
Oral infection associated with HIV that may cause pain in the mouth, dysphagia, and reduced food intake
Fish
2 or more meals per week that include this are recommended by the AHA for reducing risk of CHD
Portion
A carbohydrate _______ is equal to 15 grams
Metabolic syndrome
A cluster of disorders including insulin resistance, hypertension, and central obesity that increase risk of developing Cardiovascular Disease
DASH
A comprehensive dietary approach used for hypertension
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia
A condition of extremely high blood glucose in type 2 diabetics associated with dehydration
Insulin pump
A device that delivers short acting insulin continuously and can be programmed to give bolus doses at meal time
Atherogenic
A diet that is high in saturated and trans fat and low in fruits and vegetables; risk factor fro CHD
Carbohydrate counting
A dietary approach for diabetics where portions of starches, fruits, milk, and sweets are eaten in a structured pattern
Diabetes
A disease that is a risk factor for CHD because it promotes inflammation and AGEs which promote atherosclerosis
Ketoacidosis
A high blood glucose complication in type 1 diabetics that causes low blood ph
Estrogen
A hormone that increases risk of breast cancer and is produced in greater amounts by obese individuals
Hypertriglyceridemia
A lipid disorder that may be part of metabolic syndrome and is indicated by elevated VLDL
Anorexia
A major contributor to wasting and weight loss in cancer
Nephropathy
A microvascular complication of diabetes resulting in damage to the kidney's capillaries
Multiple daily injections that supply basal insulin and precise insulin doses at each meal
A patient using intensive insulin therapy is likely to follow a regimen that involves:
Consume protein more liberally
A person with chronic kidney disease who has been following a renal diet for several years beings hemodialysis treatment. An appropriate dietary adjustment would be to:
Glycemic index
A ranking of carbohydrate foods based on their effect on blood glucose levels
Polydipsia
A symptom of diabetes that means increased thirst
Polyphagia
A symptom of diabetes, especially type 1, that means increased hunger
A1C
A test that shows glycemic control over a 3 month period is hemoglobin ____
Intensive
A therapy for type 1 diabetes that usually involves use of an insulin pump and may result in delayed progression of complications
Advanced
A type of carb counting usually used with an insulin pump, where grams are counted rather than portions
Saturated
Dietary fat that has the strongest effect on raising blood cholesterol levels
Saturated fats
Dietary lipids with the strongest LDL cholesterol-raising effects are:
Sodium restriction
Dietary recommendations for patients with nephrotic syndrome include:
Red meat
For most people the DASH Diet will require them to eat less of this and more fish and poultry
B
Hypertensive patients can benefit from all of the following dietary and lifestyle modifications except: A. Including fat-free or low-fat milk products in their diet B. Reducing total fat intake C. Consuming generous amounts of fruits, veggies, legumes, and nuts D. Reducing sodium intake
Frequent dialysis
If a patient with acute kidney injury should require a high protein intake, which additional treatment may be necessary?
Infection or illness
In a person who has previously maintained good glycemic control, hyperglycemia can be precipitated by:
Increased fat in the arms and legs
In patients who develop lipodystrophy, which abnormality is unlikely?
A
In people with HIV infection, mouth sores may be caused by all of the following except: A. cryptosporidiosis B. Kaposi's sarcoma C. herpes simplex virus D. candidiasis
Insulin resistance
In type 2 diabetes some insulin is produced but as body fat increases, tissues are less able to respond. This is called ___
Phytochemicals
Increasing fruits and vegetables decreases cancer risk because they contain these substances that inhibit carcinogen production and act as antioxidants
Fiber
Increasing this nutrient in the diet may help diabetics to feel full and digest food slower, causing less of a spike in blood glucose
Radiation enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestine caused by cancer treatment that can lead to chronic malabsorption
Angina pectoris
Ischemia in the coronary arteries is a frequent cause of:
Measuring glycated hemoglobin
Long-term glycemic control is usually evaluated by:
Antidiabetic drugs
Medications used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes that may increase insulin secretion or sensitivity
Medications used to prevent weight gain
Megestrol acetate and dronabinol are:
Diabetes mellitus
Metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
Increases HDL cholesterol levels
Moderate alcohol consumption can improve heart disease risk, in part, because it:
Damage to blood vessels and nerves
Most chronic complications associated with diabetes results from:
Calcium oxalate
Most kidney stones are make primarily from:
Macrosomia
Mothers with diabetes may be at risk for having babies with this condition that increases delivery complications
Edema
Nephrotic syndrome frequently results in:
Neuropathy
Nerve damage that can develop in diabetics due to poor blood glucose control
Sodium restriction
Nutrition therapy for a patient with heart failure often includes: