NURS 342 Chapter 14 part 2

What occurred in Cochabamba (Bolivia) after the government leased the city's water rights to a US based corporation in order to improve services and to satisfy a condition of a world bank loan?

There were massive protests (against the privatization of water). Residents were banned from using other water sources and were even forbidden to collect rainwater without a permit. After months of protest, water became renationalized

Where are about 1/2 of all refugees displaced? What is the long-term goal for refugees?

They are displaced to cities or rural areas where the live alongside residents and other types of migrants and may not have access to special services for refugees Long-term goal is to find durable (lasting) solutions by helping refugees to repatriate if possible or to integrate into their countries of asylum or resettlement

What are international humanitarian laws supposed to do?

They are supposed to provide protection to civilians and armed forces, but these rules are not always enforced for example, rape and sexual violence have become military tactics in many recent conflicts

Where else is experimenting with water privatization?

- Latin America - Asia - Africa and other parts of the world

What are the critical needs immediately after any humanitarian incident (e.g. natural/human generated disaster)

1. water supply, sanitation and hygiene 2. Food security and nutrition 3. Shelter and essential non-food items such as personal care items, clothing, bedding, cooking and eating utensils, fuel, and lighting 4. essential health services for communicable diseases, sexual and reproductive health, injuries, mental health and NCDs

What is a nonderogable right?

A human right that is irrevocable, such as the rights to freedom from slavery and freedom from torture (some rights may be circumstantially suspended under special circumstances when restrictions on some individuals protect community as a whole. For example, the rights of a person with a highly infectious disease may be revoked during an epidemic so that the right of other people to health can be protected

What do you have to do be classified as a refugee by the UN?

A person must have crossed an international border. An internationally displaced person (IDP) who fled his or her home community because of civil war, famine, natural disaster, or another crisis but did not cross into another country, is not afforded the same protection and assistance

Special health concerns are associated with different stages in the cycle of displacement. When does this cycle begin?

Begins at the onset of migration and continues until a lasting solution is implemented

What is an emergency?

It is a larger event that stresses the local resources but can still be managed locally

What is a crisis?

It is a small-scale event that can easily be addressed locally like when a tornado damages several homes in a small town and neighbors

What is a catastrophe?

Overwhelms the local response network and requires extensive outside assistance as was the case following the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 and the Tsunami in southeast asia in 2004

At the beginning of refugee migration what did the UNHCR (the office of the UN high commissioner for refugees) do?

UNHCR and other humanitarian organizations both governmental and private attempt to provide for the basic needs of refugees including shelter, food, water, sanitation and medical care (often provided in "camps" that provide long-term shelter)

What do the growing concerns of water scarcity require?

conservation of precious water resources (including the reduction of water loss during transport), clarification in the laws that govern water markets and water use and a commitment to ensuring adequate water access to vulnerable populations

What does the diversion of water cause for the downstream populations?

has left those downstream with much reduced supply of water, and it can be difficult for them to make a legal case for their right to missing water especially if th3e water crosses a state or national border

What is the definition of a refugee?

is a person who has been forced to involuntarily move because of security concerns like war, civil conflict, political strife, or persecution based on race, tribe, religion, political affiliation or membership in some other group

What is a primary concern during conflicts? Why?

malnutrition because food production tends to decrease as farms are abandoned, and it is more difficult to import affordable food during times of instability. Food supply chains like processing transportation, storage and sales, are often interrupted by conflict

How many IDPs were there estimated to be worldwide in 2011? Where do IDPs take up residence?

more than 26 million (they may have many of the same health needs as refugees but UNHCR may not be able to address their problems because they have remained in their home country) they usually don't live in camps; most move to new rural areas or cities

What is a complex humanitarian emergency?

occurs when civic conflict or war cause mass migration of civilian populations, food insecurity, and long-term public health concerns. Unlike natural disasters, complex humanitarian emergencies may remain in an acute phase for years or even decades

What is a disaster?

occurs when the need for assistance exceeds local capacity

What happens often during complex emergencies?

outbreaks of communicable diseases often occur in large part because of the breakdown of social services including water and sanitation services and PH services. Diarrheal diseases are very common. Other concerns are measles (d/t lack of vaccination), resp infections like pneumonia and TB (associated with inadequate shelter), meningitis and malaria (in endemic areas), hep, and STIs (which may have resulted from gender based violence and may remain undreated d/t lack of access to HC)

What services are often severely inadequate during conflicts?

reproductive health services, including family planning and obstetric care, and psychiatric services

What occurs after attending to urgent and immediate needs?

response efforts typically shift from relief activities toward recovery and reconstruction

In any response, what must be carefully protected?

the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of affected persons. In some circumstances, individual and collective rights must be balanced

What should be done if rights at derogated during or immediately after a critical incident?

the new rules must not be discriminatory and full rights should be restored as soon as possible

What do emergency interventions focus on?

the provision of water, food, sanitation, shelter, fuel, and HC

How many refugees were there worldwide at the end of 2011?

there were ten million

How do many western states deal with water rights?

water rights sold (often many decades ago) to cities, farmers, ranchers, and miners define who owns various supplies of water and rainwater collection in these places is illegal--LA and LV have to purchase water rights from increasingly remote sources because they cannot supply their own