Nutr 1020 chapter 5
If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider
Changes in texture of the food product Changes in the flavor of the food product
What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?
Impaired wound healing Flaky/itchy skin Growth restriction
What is the latest recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for intake of dietary cholesterol?
Keep dietary cholesterol as low as possible while still meeting your needs for essential nutrients.
Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?
LDL contributes to the development of plaques inside the arteries.
‼️‼️What are some of the positive attributes of dietary fat?
Many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of foods. Fat imparts a creamy texture to foods.
Why do reduced-fat foods contain the same, or similar, amount of calories as their reference foods?
When fat is removed, sugar is usually added to maintain a palatable flavor and texture, usually resulting in similar energy density.
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
butter avocado whole milk salad oils
Cholesterol _____ be made by the body.
can
High-fat foods
can be included in a healthy eating pattern if they are balanced with low-fat foods.
When the ______ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.
carbon-carbon double bonds
The leading cause of death among North American adults is
cardiovascular disease
Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body?
cholesterol
______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.
cholesterol
The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to
decrease saturated fat intake
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
do not readily dissolve in water
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
eggs, chicken, ice cream
A major function of phospholipids (e.g., lecithin) in foods is to act as a(n)
emulsifier
What deficiency would you suspect if a person has flaky and itchy skin, diarrhea, and poor wound healing with infections?
essential fatty acids
A molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogens with an acid group on one end and a methyl group on the other end is called a
fatty acid
Which of the following is a function of the phospholipid molecule?
formation of cell membranes
The presence of fat in foods ______ the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine.
increases
The layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to
insulate the body
Which enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?
lipase
Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ______ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body
lipids
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
lipoprotein lipase
______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.
lipoproteins
Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically ______ at room temperature.
liquid
______-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.
low
A ______ is a type of lipid made of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus-containing group.
phospholipid
______ form the structure of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.
phospholipids
Which two substances are important for emulsification of fats during digestion?
phospholipids and cholesterol
Preparing meals with plant oils, such as olive oil, rather than animal fats, such as butter, is one way to improve the fat ______ of your diet.
quality
______ occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet light or oxygen.
rancidity
‼️‼️What three organs and/or glands produce lipase to digest triglycerides in the gastrointestinal tract?
salivary glands pancreas stomach
Butter is solid at room temperature. Butter contains mostly ______ fatty acids.
saturated
______ fatty acids contain no carbon-carbon double bonds.
saturated
Which of the following have the biggest impact on blood cholesterol levels?
saturated fat intake trans fat intake
Which of the following has only carbon-carbon single bonds?
saturated fatty acid
Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ______ at room temperature.
solid
Fatty acids are used as the primary energy source by muscles
when the body is at rest. during low-intensity physical activity.
Heart disease is the ______ leading cause of death among North American adults.
#1
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
-transport of fat-soluble vitamins -insulation -energy storage
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for lipids according to the Food and Nutrition Board?
20%-35% of total calories
‼️‼️For individuals who need to lower their blood cholesterol, the AHA recommends limiting saturated fat to no more than _____ of total calories.
5% to 6%
What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?
An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)
Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?
Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources
True or false: High-fat foods cannot be included in a healthy, well-balanced dietary pattern.
False
True or false: Phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells.
False- Phospholipids are an essential part of every body cell.
‼️‼️Which of the following are products of fat digestion in the small intestine?
Fatty acids Monoglycerides
Choose a function of fat tissue.
Protect organs from injury
What is the function of an emulsifier?
Suspends fats in water
Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?
They are energy dense. They are chemically stable.
True or false: About half of the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise (or light activity) comes from fatty acids.
True
True or false: HDL removes cholesterol from the bloodstream and returns it to the liver for excretion.
True
True or false: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature.
True
‼️‼️True or false: Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories.
True
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream
as part of lipoproteins
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides in the
blood vessels
‼️‼️Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) are lipoproteins synthesized by the liver to transport triglycerides from the liver to other cells throughout the body. As VLDLs circulate through the body, triglycerides from the core of the lipoprotein are broken down so that fatty acids can be taken up by body tissues. The lipoprotein that remains after much of the triglycerides have been depleted from the VLDL is called a
low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
When fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because
more sugar has been added
According to the American Heart Association, individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease (or who already have cardiovascular disease) should limit saturated fat intake to
no more than 5% to 6% of total kilocalories
Which of the following is a leading source of fat in the Mediterranean diet?
olive oil
Fatty fish provide eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are two ______ that are important for brain and heart health.
omega-3 fatty acids
Most Americans need to improve
the quality of the fats they choose to consume.
What are the structural components of a triglyceride?
three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone
Choose characteristics of the low-density lipoprotein.
transports cholesterol to the tissues linked to cardiovascular disease risk carries primarily cholesterol
A(n) ______ is made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
triglyceride
In the small intestine, lipase breaks down ______ to produce a mixture of fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides.
triglycerides
Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?
triglycerides
To reduce heart attack risk, the American Heart Association recommends consuming fish
twice per week
