Nutr 1020 chapter 5

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If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider

Changes in texture of the food product Changes in the flavor of the food product

What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?

Impaired wound healing Flaky/itchy skin Growth restriction

What is the latest recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for intake of dietary cholesterol?

Keep dietary cholesterol as low as possible while still meeting your needs for essential nutrients.

Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?

LDL contributes to the development of plaques inside the arteries.

‼️‼️What are some of the positive attributes of dietary fat?

Many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of foods. Fat imparts a creamy texture to foods.

Why do reduced-fat foods contain the same, or similar, amount of calories as their reference foods?

When fat is removed, sugar is usually added to maintain a palatable flavor and texture, usually resulting in similar energy density.

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

butter avocado whole milk salad oils

Cholesterol _____ be made by the body.

can

High-fat foods

can be included in a healthy eating pattern if they are balanced with low-fat foods.

When the ______ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.

carbon-carbon double bonds

The leading cause of death among North American adults is

cardiovascular disease

Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body?

cholesterol

______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.

cholesterol

The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to

decrease saturated fat intake

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

do not readily dissolve in water

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

eggs, chicken, ice cream

A major function of phospholipids (e.g., lecithin) in foods is to act as a(n)

emulsifier

What deficiency would you suspect if a person has flaky and itchy skin, diarrhea, and poor wound healing with infections?

essential fatty acids

A molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogens with an acid group on one end and a methyl group on the other end is called a

fatty acid

Which of the following is a function of the phospholipid molecule?

formation of cell membranes

The presence of fat in foods ______ the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine.

increases

The layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to

insulate the body

Which enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?

lipase

Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ______ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body

lipids

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

lipoprotein lipase

______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

lipoproteins

Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically ______ at room temperature.

liquid

______-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.

low

A ______ is a type of lipid made of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus-containing group.

phospholipid

______ form the structure of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

phospholipids

Which two substances are important for emulsification of fats during digestion?

phospholipids and cholesterol

Preparing meals with plant oils, such as olive oil, rather than animal fats, such as butter, is one way to improve the fat ______ of your diet.

quality

______ occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet light or oxygen.

rancidity

‼️‼️What three organs and/or glands produce lipase to digest triglycerides in the gastrointestinal tract?

salivary glands pancreas stomach

Butter is solid at room temperature. Butter contains mostly ______ fatty acids.

saturated

______ fatty acids contain no carbon-carbon double bonds.

saturated

Which of the following have the biggest impact on blood cholesterol levels?

saturated fat intake trans fat intake

Which of the following has only carbon-carbon single bonds?

saturated fatty acid

Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ______ at room temperature.

solid

Fatty acids are used as the primary energy source by muscles

when the body is at rest. during low-intensity physical activity.

Heart disease is the ______ leading cause of death among North American adults.

#1

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

-transport of fat-soluble vitamins -insulation -energy storage

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for lipids according to the Food and Nutrition Board?

20%-35% of total calories

‼️‼️For individuals who need to lower their blood cholesterol, the AHA recommends limiting saturated fat to no more than _____ of total calories.

5% to 6%

What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?

An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)

Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?

Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources

True or false: High-fat foods cannot be included in a healthy, well-balanced dietary pattern.

False

True or false: Phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells.

False- Phospholipids are an essential part of every body cell.

‼️‼️Which of the following are products of fat digestion in the small intestine?

Fatty acids Monoglycerides

Choose a function of fat tissue.

Protect organs from injury

What is the function of an emulsifier?

Suspends fats in water

Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?

They are energy dense. They are chemically stable.

True or false: About half of the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise (or light activity) comes from fatty acids.

True

True or false: HDL removes cholesterol from the bloodstream and returns it to the liver for excretion.

True

True or false: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature.

True

‼️‼️True or false: Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories.

True

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream

as part of lipoproteins

Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides in the

blood vessels

‼️‼️Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) are lipoproteins synthesized by the liver to transport triglycerides from the liver to other cells throughout the body. As VLDLs circulate through the body, triglycerides from the core of the lipoprotein are broken down so that fatty acids can be taken up by body tissues. The lipoprotein that remains after much of the triglycerides have been depleted from the VLDL is called a

low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

When fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because

more sugar has been added

According to the American Heart Association, individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease (or who already have cardiovascular disease) should limit saturated fat intake to

no more than 5% to 6% of total kilocalories

Which of the following is a leading source of fat in the Mediterranean diet?

olive oil

Fatty fish provide eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are two ______ that are important for brain and heart health.

omega-3 fatty acids

Most Americans need to improve

the quality of the fats they choose to consume.

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone

Choose characteristics of the low-density lipoprotein.

transports cholesterol to the tissues linked to cardiovascular disease risk carries primarily cholesterol

A(n) ______ is made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

triglyceride

In the small intestine, lipase breaks down ______ to produce a mixture of fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides.

triglycerides

Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?

triglycerides

To reduce heart attack risk, the American Heart Association recommends consuming fish

twice per week


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