NUTR 2332 FINAL REVIEW

Added sugars are not included on the new food label. should be limited to less than 10% of total calories per day starting at age 2. must include all sugars and artificial sweeteners that are added during food processing or cooking on the Added Sugars declaration of Nutrition Facts labels. are no longer limited in the Dietary Guidelines.

should be limited to less than 10% of total calories per day starting at age 2.

The process of aging is most likely the result of slow cell death. acute death of an organ. rapid cell multiplication. complete death of the immune system.

slow cell death.

The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption is the stomach. large intestine. liver. small intestine.

small intestine

The major source of ______ in the typical American dietary pattern is processed foods. sodium potassium calcium phosphorus

sodium

The process of nerve impulse transmission starts with the flow of ______ ions into the nerve cell. chloride phosphate potassium sodium

sodium

The two main extracellular ions are potassium and sodium. chloride and potassium. sodium and chloride. phosphate and potassium.

sodium and chloride.

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to conserve chloride. potassium. sodium. phosphate.

sodium.

Most American adults exceed current recommendations for intake of calcium. potassium. sodium. water.

sodium.

The ringlike muscles that prevent the backflow of partially digested food within the gastrointestinal tract are called passages. gates. sphincters. channels.

sphincters.

The function of the gallbladder is to store digestive enzymes. produce bicarbonate. store bile. produce mucus.

store bile.

To avoid Salmonella contamination, store chicken below 40°F. thaw chicken at room temperature. refrigerate or freeze leftovers within 6 hours of cooking. cook chicken to at least 140°F.

store chicken below 40°F.

The major function of adipose tissue is to store bile. maintain blood glucose. store energy. synthesize cholesterol.

store energy.

The main function of glucose is to supply energy. work with enzymes to carry out chemical reactions. repair tissue. serve as raw material to build tissue.

supply energy

Sucrose is also known as dextrose. fruit sugar. milk sugar. table sugar.

table sugar.

In order to make healthful and logical nutrition decisions, beware of reputable publication sources. evidence from a variety of scientific studies. testimonials about personal experience. registered dietitian nutritionists.

testimonials about personal experience.

The vitamin that poses the greatest risk for toxicity is vitamin K. vitamin D. vitamin E. vitamin A.

vitamin A.

Declining production of stomach acid and intrinsic factor increases the risk for deficiency of ______ among older adults. iron calcium vitamin B-12 vitamin B-6

vitamin B-12

Newborns are routinely given an injection of ______ shortly after birth to prevent life-threatening hemorrhage. vitamin E vitamin K vitamin A vitamin D

vitamin K

Blood phosphorus levels are primarily regulated by the liver. thyroid hormone. the kidneys. the intestine.

the kidneys

A teratogen is a compound that may increase the ability to produce milk. the risk for birth defects. the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. the rate of conception.

the risk for birth defects.

The vitamin required specifically in carbohydrate metabolism is folate. riboflavin. thiamin. niacin.

thiamin.

The RDAs for nutrients are set by the FDA for food labeling purposes. to cover the needs of 97% to 98% of the population. based on a person's height and weight. based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health.

to cover the needs of 97% to 98% of the population.

Lycopene is found in grapes. whole grain products. carrots. tomatoes.

tomatoes.

The best way to determine if an athlete is consuming adequate calories is to evaluate the color of urine. track changes in weight over time. compare dietary intake to calculated energy needs. measure serum triglycerides.

track changes in weight over time.

A good suggestion for eating in a heart-healthy way would be to avoid foods high in monounsaturated fat, such as olive oil. avoid all treats. take vitamin E supplements. trim fat off meat before and after cooking it.

trim fat off meat before and after cooking it.

Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome are type 1 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke. type 1 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cancer. type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke. type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cancer.

type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke.

A mineral that has antioxidant functions and has been suggested to reduce cancer risk is iron. sodium. selenium. sulfur.

selenium.

A warning sign or symptom of alcohol poisoning is insomnia. skin that is hot to the touch. semiconsciousness or unconsciousness. rapid breathing.

semiconsciousness or unconsciousness.

In the typical American diet, most dietary protein comes from plant sources. animal sources.

animal sources

Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the liver and kidneys. pancreas. bones. skin.

liver and kidneys.

Glucose can be stored as glycogen in the blood and lymph. liver and muscles. heart and kidneys. liver and kidneys.

liver and muscles.

How many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins? 5 9 20 29

20

Joe loses 4 pounds of fluid by sweating during a vigorous basketball game. How many cups of fluid are needed to replenish this loss? 10 cups 5 cups 2 cups 20 cups

10 cups

The Dietary Guidelines advise adults to consume less than _____ milligrams of sodium per day. 5000 1500 2300 3500

2300

The hormone that stimulates milk synthesis is estrogen. prolactin. oxytocin. progesterone.

prolactin.

Older women may be at risk for phosphorous deficiency if they stay inside most of the day. they include too much dairy products in their dietary patterns live alone, have a nutrient-poor dietary pattern, and take calcium supplements. take hormone replacement therapy.

.live alone, have a nutrient-poor dietary pattern, and take calcium supplements.

The Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for nearly all adults is ______ g/kg/day. 0.5 0.8 1.6 2.0

0.8

During the second and third trimesters, a pregnant woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain approximately ______ pound(s) per week. 1 2 3 4

1

Which of the following has the most starch? 4 ounces of meat 1 medium orange 1 cup of kidney beans 8 fluid ounces of milk

1 cup of kidney beans

Which of the following portions of food has the most sodium? 1 slice of cheese pizza topped with fresh tomato and basil 1 slice of cheese pizza All of these foods have the same amount of sodium. 1 slice of cheese pizza topped with pepperoni and sausage

1 slice of cheese pizza topped with pepperoni and sausage

The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily calorie needs? 5% 10% 15% 20%

10%

Underweight is defined as a body mass index below _______ kg/m2. 19.5 21.5 20 18.5

18.5

Which of the following individuals is engaging in binge drinking? A man who drinks a six-pack of 12-fl oz bottles of beer at a cookout. A man who drinks four shots of whiskey at a bachelor party. A woman who drinks two 12-fl oz cans of beer while eating steamed crabs. A woman who drinks three 5-fl oz glasses of wine at a cocktail party.

A man who drinks a six-pack of 12-fl oz bottles of beer at a cookout.

Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated? Basic Acidic Neutral

Acidic

Listeriosis is of particular concern for pregnant women because pregnant women are more likely than other population groups to get listeriosis. Listeria bacteria can cross the placenta and infect the fetus. listeriosis can cause fetal death. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Pellagra is characterized by diarrhea. dementia. dermatitis. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Recommendations from the American Cancer Society (ACS) encourage Americans to eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes. limit consumption of salty foods and highly processed foods with salt. avoid sugary drinks. All of these are ACS recommendations.

All of these are ACS recommendations.

Advantages of breastfeeding include fewer ear infections for the infant. reduced risk of celiac disease for the infant. reduced risk of diarrheal diseases for the infant. All of these are advantages of breastfeeding.

All of these are advantages of breastfeeding.

Manganese is important for energy metabolism. antioxidant enzyme function. bone health. All of these are functions of manganese.

All of these are functions of manganese

Which of the following can prevent or reduce the occurrence of constipation during pregnancy? Crink about 10 cups of fluids per day. Choose plenty of fruits and vegetables. Engage in daily physical activity. All of these are good strategies to prevent or reduce constipation.

All of these are good strategies to prevent or reduce constipation.

When should you seek medical attention for digestive problems? When over-the-counter medications cannot control the symptoms If there is evidence of blood in the stool or vomit If the problem results in unintended weight loss All of these are reasons to seek medical treatment.

All of these are reasons to seek medical treatment.

An adequate intake of dietary fiber may help to prevent diverticulosis. constipation. hemorrhoids. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Choose the statement that is true about sports drinks. All of these choices are correct. Their flavor encourages athletes to drink They replenish electrolytes They replenish fluids

All of these choices are correct.

Excessive use of vitamin E supplements could lead to uncontrolled bleeding. nausea. diarrhea. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation? Strict vegan diet Allergy to milk protein Kidney disease All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following statements is true about folate and pregnancy? Folate deficiency in pregnancy is associated with birth defects such as spina bifida. The RDA for folate for pregnant women increases by 50 percent over the RDA for nonpregnant women. Fortified breakfast cereal is a nutrient-dense source of folate for pregnant women. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Who should be concerned about dehydration? An athlete participating in a triathlon An elderly man A child who is ill with diarrhea All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct.

Obesity during pregnancy is associated with high blood pressure. diabetes. surgical complications. All of these choices.

All of these choices.

Which of the following conditions leads to the breakdown of plastic water bottles? Being left in a hot car Being used to hold lemonade Being cleaned in the dishwasher All of these conditions break down plastic.

All of these conditions break down plastic.

hich of the following population groups should avoid or strictly limit caffeine intake? Individuals with peptic ulcers Young children Individuals with anxiety disorders All of these population groups should avoid or limit caffeine inake.

All of these population groups should avoid or limit caffeine inake.

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? Alpha-linolenic acid Docosahexaenoic acid Oleic acid Arachidonic acid

Alpha-linolenic acid

Which of the following accurately describes the term hypothesis? An explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon A test made to examine the validity of an educated guess A study of how disease rates vary among different population groups

An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon

Which of the following increases basal metabolism? An increase in lean body mass A low calorie intake A decrease in body temperature A high fiber intake

An increase in lean body mass

Which of the following consumer, environmental, and industry trends have increased the risk of contracting foodborne illness? Decreased use of antibiotics in animal feeds Reduction in foods prepared in kitchens outside the home An increase in the number of older adults in the population Lower consumption of raw or undercooked animal products

An increase in the number of older adults in the population

Colton is a 17-year-old gymnast who is training for a national competition. He severely restricts his food intake to maintain a lean physique, has an extreme fear of weight gain, and his current BMI is 19.2 kg/m2. Which of the following best describes Colton's pattern of disordered eating? Bulimia nervosa of low frequency Bulimia nervosa of limited duration Atypical anorexia nervosa Purging disorder of unknown etiology

Atypical anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is a natural substance found in raw egg whites that can inhibit the absorption of biotin? Saponins Avidin Dioxin Oxalic acid

Avidin

What substance is produced by the liver to emulsify fats in the small intestine? Bicarbonate Lipase Bile Hydrochloric acid

Bile

By law, which of the following food items must display a Nutrition Facts label? Box of granola bars Fresh spinach Fresh catfish fillet Navel oranges

Box of granola bars

Margaret, an older woman, needs to limit her calorie intake without sacrificing needed nutrients. Keeping MyPlate in mind, which of the following could she do? Carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in calories Eliminate carbohydrates Eliminate dairy foods Count calories and not worry about the food groups

Carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in calories

______, which causes abdominal pain and diarrhea, multiplies rapidly in prepared foods (e.g., beef, poultry, and gravy) left at room temperature for extended periods of time. Salmonella Clostridium botulinum Escherichia coli Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens

Which of the following would be included in a basic plan for health promotion and disease prevention? Getting 4 to 6 hours of sleep a night Smoking e-cigarettes Consuming 3 to 5 ounces of alcohol daily Consuming a plant-focused dietary pattern

Consuming a plant-focused dietary pattern

In North America, the major dietary source of vitamin ______ is fortified dairy products. B-6 C K D

D

Vitamin ______ can be produced in the skin in response to ultraviolet light. C E A D

D

Which of the following is not part of the DETERMINE acronym? Multiple medications Depression Eating poorly Economic hardship

Depression

Jeff, a world-class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional assessment is this? Jeff, a world-class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional Dietary Assessment Menu planning Biochemical evaluation Clinical examination

Dietary Assessment

The acronym "DRI" stands for Daily Required Intake. Dietary Reference Intake. Daily Reference Intake. Dietary Required Intake.

Dietary Reference Intake.

Which of the following are substances in plant foods that cannot be digested in the stomach or small intestine? Dietary fiber Simple sugars Starch Disaccharides

Dietary fiber

_____ are additives that have knowingly, or intentionally, been incorporated into food products by manufacturers. Biologic Indirect Direct GRAS

Direct

______ are protein-based substances that enhance digestion by making chemical reactions more likely to happen. Emulsifiers Neurotransmitters Hormones Enzymes

Enzymes

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow? Tongue Tonsils Esophagus Epiglottis

Epiglottis

Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use? Epinephrine Glycogen Insulin Progesterone

Epinephrine

Which of the following is likely to cause chromium toxicity? Exposure to industrial waste Daily consumption of egg yolks Daily consumption of Brazil nuts All of these lead to chromium toxicity.

Exposure to industrial waste

Which of the following is a goal of treatment for a person with anorexia nervosa? Restore BMI to 25 or higher Adhere to a regimented dietary plan Maintain a high level of physical activity Gain enough weight to raise the metabolic rate to normal

Gain enough weight to raise the metabolic rate to normal

Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state? Estrogen Testosterone Glucagon Insulin

Glucagon

What is the brain's preferred fuel source? Oxygen Lipid Glucose Protein

Glucose

Which of the following combinations of monosaccharides is true? Glucose and galactose form lactose. Glucose and fructose form lactose. Glucose and galactose form maltose. Glucose and glucose form sucrose.

Glucose and galactose form lactose.

Which of the following is true about fatty acid usage for energy? Energy is released from fatty acids anaerobically. Energy is released from fatty acids in a process called lipogenesis. Gram for gram, fatty acids provide more than twice as much energy as glucose. Fatty acids are useful for intense exercise.

Gram for gram, fatty acids provide more than twice as much energy as glucose.

What sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine? Anal Pyloric Ileocecal Esophageal

Illeocal

Which organ system defends the body against pathogens? Immune system Respiratory system Nervous system Skeletal system

Immune System

Which of the following is true about protein? It is important primarily for increasing bone density. It is unique in that it is the only dietary component that contains selenium. It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids. It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 fatty acids.

It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.

The _____ Diet is a dietary intervention that shows promising results for protecting the brain against cognitive decline. Paleo Scholars MIND gluten-free

MIND

Which of the following is incorrect concerning carbohydrate absorption? Monosaccharides can enter the villi. Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver. Disaccharides are digested to monosaccharides by enzymes that are attached to intestinal cells. End products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the portal vein to the liver.

Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.

Which of the following naturally occurring substances limits the absorption of calcium and iron? Solanine Oxalic acid Safrole Avidin

Oxalic acid

What enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine? Pancreatic proteases Pancreatic amylase Salivary amylase Bicarbonate

Pancreatic amylase

Higher intake of which of the following minerals is associated with lowered blood pressure? Cadmium Sodium Chloride Potassium

Potassium

Which section of MyPlate is the least significant source of carbohydrate? Grains Dairy Protein Fruits

Protein

Which of the following is not a key component of a basic nutritional assessment? Clinical evaluation Biochemical tests Psychoanalysis Anthropometrics

Psychoanalysis

The most rigorous type of controlled experiment is a Cohort study Case-control study Meta-analysis Randomized controlled trial

Randomized controlled trial

Which meal contains foods from all food groups represented in MyPlate? Refried beans, onions, tomatoes, and low-fat cheese wrapped in a tortilla; orange; and water Chef's salad containing ham, lettuce, an egg, cream-based salad dressing, and croutons; bagel; apple; and soft drink Pasta, marinara (tomato) sauce with clams, house salad with vegetables, Italian bread with butter, and wine Steak, baked potato with margarine, broccoli, salad with oil and vinegar dressing, and milk

Refried beans, onions, tomatoes, and low-fat cheese wrapped in a tortilla; orange; and water

Which of the following is categorized as an indigestible dietary fiber that is sequestered in plant walls? Pectin Psyllium Resistant starch Cellulose

Resistant starch

Which of the following forms of physical activity should be avoided by women during pregnancy? Riding a stationary bike Brisk walking Water aerobics SCUBA diving

SCUBA diving

Which of the following bacteria can make a person ill by foodborne infection (as opposed to foodborne intoxication)? Salmonella species Clostridium botulinum Bacillus cereus Staphylococcus aureus

Salmonella species

Which type of anemia results from an error in the DNA code? Macrocytic anemia Microcytic anemia Sickle cell anemia Iron-deficiency anemia

Sickle cell anemia

Which of the following bacteria can produce a foodborne intoxication (as opposed to foodborne infection)? Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus aureus Campylobacter jejuni Salmonella species

Staphylococcus aureus

A common cause of foodborne illness that results from sneezing or coughing over food is Clostridium perfringens. Campylobacter jejuni. Staphylococcus aureus. Yersinia enterocolitica

Staphylococcus aureus.

Covering cuts or sores on hands and avoiding sneezing when handling food are important strategies to prevent foodborne illness from Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium botulinum. Salmonella. Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus.

Of the following groups, which have the the lowest risk of becoming ill from foodborne illness? Individuals with cancer Teens The elderly Young children

Teens

Which of the following is a medical contraindication for breastfeeding? The mother has gestational diabetes mellitus. The infant is born preterm. The infant has galactosemia. The infant was born by Caesarean section.

The infant has galactosemia.

If a person does not eat enough carbohydrates to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen? Fatty acids will be converted to glucose. The liver will convert amino acids to glucose. The liver will produce more glycogen. The pancreas will produce more insulin.

The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.

Which of the following foods has the lowest water content? Sirloin steak Lettuce Whole grain bread Tomato

Whole grain bread

The term Daily Value on a food label refers to a generic standard set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutrient standard. AIs. RDAs. minimum requirements.

a generic standard set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutrient standard.

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by binding sodium ions. acting as buffers. synthesizing hydrochloric acid. releasing nitrogen.

acting as buffers

Denaturation refers to removal of the amino group from an amino acid. joining of two amino acids to form a dipeptide. alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein. digestion of a polypeptide chain into individual amino acids.

alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

Low energy availability among females of reproductive age may lead to hormonal imbalances that affect menstrual function. The absence of menstrual periods in a female of reproductive age is called amenorrhea. premenstrual syndrome. oligomenorrhea. menarche.

amenorrhea.

Oxalic acid, a component of fiber, can inhibit the absorption of vitamin A. thiamin. protein. calcium

calcium

Oxalic acid binds _____, thus limiting their absorption. calcium and iron folate and zinc iron and biotin vitamin D and calcium

calcium and iron

An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of alpha-tocopherol. clotting factors. retinol. visual pigments.

clotting factors.

To reduce their risk for many chronic diseases, Americans should limit their intakes of carbonated water. phytochemicals. saturated fats. whole grains

saturated fats

Glucose is also known as xylitol. sucrolose. sorbitol. dextrose.

dextrose.

When it comes to choosing fruit, the Dietary Guidelines recommend choosing only whole, fresh fruits. including plenty of fruit drinks for your fruit servings. avoiding fruit if you want to lose weight. eating a variety of fruit—fresh, canned, dried, 100%, or frozen.

eating a variety of fruit—fresh, canned, dried, 100%, or frozen.

During pregnancy, symptoms such as high blood pressure, excess protein in the urine, edema, changes in blood clotting, and seizures are associated with a condition called eclampsia. preeclampsia. secondary hypertension. essential hypertension.

eclampsia.

Fertility can be impaired by too much body fat. too little body fat. either too little or too much body fat.

either too little or too much body fat.

Food manufacturers prefer to use ______ as a sweetener because it is easy to transport, has good shelf-stability, is low cost, and improves food properties. table sugar sucralose (Splenda®) high-fructose corn syrup honey

high-fructose corn syrup

Milk is a poor source of vitamin A. vitamin D. iron. calcium.

iron

The most common type of malnutrition during the adult years is ______ deficiency. vitamin C vitamin K iron phytochemical

iron

For most pregnancies, women need to consume supplemental iron. vitamin B-12. calcium. zinc.

iron.

Colon is another name for the small intestine. large intestine. gallbladder. spleen.

large intestine.

When blood glucose levels drop below normal, hormones signal the breakdown of ______, which release glucose into the blood. stored fat ketone bodies liver glycogen amino acids from muscle

liver glycogen

Immediately after sugars are absorbed into the blood, they travel to the liver. pancreas. heart. kidney.

liver.

Preterm infants will almost always die. have minimal nutritional problems. are born with adequate mineral and fat stores. may have problems sucking and swallowing.

may have problems sucking and swallowing.

Foods commonly associated with illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus include undercooked soybeans. raw seafood. meat, poultry, and eggs. unfiltered water.

meat, poultry, and eggs.

Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino acid ______, while grains are limited in lysine. alanine methionine arginine lysine

methionine

A ______ fatty acid has one double bond. saturated polyunsaturated hydrogenated monounsaturated

monounsaturated

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach with peptic amylase. mouth with salivary amylase. stomach with gastric lipase. small intestine with pancreatic amylase.

mouth with salivary amylase.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the small intestine. stomach. mouth. pancreas.

mouth.

A nutrition-related objective from Healthy People 2030 is to reduce the proportion of adults who are at a healthy weight. increase the consumption of sodium. increase the consumption of added sugars. reduce the proportion of households that experience food insecurity.

reduce the proportion of households that experience food insecurity.

The sports syndrome termed ______ addresses the full range of concerns to include amenorrhea in females, reduced testosterone levels and libido in males, suboptimal bone health, increased risk of illness and injuries, gastrointestinal disturbances, cardiovascular disease, impaired training capacity, and poor performance. exertional rhabdomyolysis female athlete triad syndrome exercise bulimia relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S)

relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S)

Athletes who do not consume enough calories to meet the demands of their intense physical training may suffer from a syndrome of physical and mental impairments known as diabulimia. relative energy deficiency in sport. binge eating disorder. reverse anorexia.

relative energy deficiency in sport.

The use of sports drinks is most helpful for continuous activities lasting 60 minutes or longer. 5 to 60 seconds. 30 minutes. 1 to 5 minutes.

60 minutes or longer.

A liter of perspiration lost by the body represents a heat loss of approximately _____ kilocalories. 800 600 400 200

600

Jose is a sedentary male who weighs 176 pounds. What is his RDA for protein? 10 grams 27 grams 64 grams 80 grams

64 grams

Examine the Nutrition Facts label for hummus. * the label lists calories as 80 and fat as 6g* 30 68 8 6

68

For a pre-event meal, rich sources of carbohydrates, such as bagels, muffins, and bread, should be eaten ______ before an endurance event. less than 30 minutes 4 or more hours 30 to 60 minutes 2 to 4 hours

2 to 4 hours

Adults need to consume only about 5% of total calories per day from essential fatty acids. This corresponds to about _______ of plant oil each day. 3/4 to 1 cup 2 to 4 teaspoons 2 to 4 tablespoons 1/4 to 1/2 cup

2 to 4 tablespoons

Adult women need how much total water intake per day? 2.7 liters (11 cups) 2 liters (8.5 cups) 3 liters (13 cups) 1.5 liters (6 cups)

2.7 liters (11 cups)

A serving of breakfast cereal provides 160 total calories and 8 grams of added sugars. Added sugars provide ______ of total kcal in this breakfast cereal. 5% 20% 35% 45%

20%

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of calories should come from fat. 20% to 35% 45% to 65% 10% to 35%

20% to 35%

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat for adults is 20% to 35% of total kcal. 45% to 65% of total kcal. 10% to 35% of total kcal. >10% of total kcal.

20% to 35% of total kcal

During pregnancy, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is 10% to 35% of total kcal. 20% to 35% of total kcal. 30% to 45% of total kcal. 25% to 35% of total kcal.

20% to 35% of total kcal.

The food label of your beverage lists the serving size as ½ bottle and the calories per serving as 100 kcal. If you drank the entire bottle, you consumed ______ kcal. 300 75 150 200

200

Bill consumes 2500 kcal per day. What would be his approximate energy expenditure from the thermic effect of food? 1500 to 2500 kcal 375 to 750 kcal 200 to 375 kcal 750 to 1500 kcal

200 to 375 kcal

Penelope tracked her food and beverage intake for three days using NutritionCalc Plus. Her analysis showed an average intake of 1760 kcal and 42 grams of fat per day. According to her data, her usual diet provides approximately 17% of kcal from fat. 21% of kcal from fat. 10% of kcal from fat. 2% of kcal from fat.

21% of kcal from fat.

A breakfast sandwich from a fast food restaurant provides 33 grams of fat, 13 grams of saturated fat, and 500 kilocalories (kcal). Saturated fat accounts for approximately ______ of total kcal in the breakfast sandwich. 10% 23% 39% 59%

23%

A Nutrition Facts label promotes "reduced-fat" tortilla chips. As a consumer, you can assume this means that the product has approximately _____ % less fat than the original chips. 25 5 50 10

25

The RDA for protein increases by an additional ______ grams per day during pregnancy. 35 5 15 25

25

For a woman with a prepregnancy BMI of 22, total pregnancy weight gain should fall within the range of ______ pounds. 25 to 35 28 to 40 11 to 20 15 to 25

25 to 35

Men with body fat levels greater than _____ have increased health risks. 15% 20% 25% 10%

25%

For a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms, the body mass index would equal 32 23 18. 27.

27

Millie's prepregnancy BMI is 18. Her weight-gain goal should be ______ pounds for the entire pregnancy. 15 to 25 25 to 35 11 to 20 28 to 40

28 to 40

The Dietary Guidelines recommend consuming ______ servings of whole grains per day for adults. 2 5 3 9

3

Examine the Nutrition Facts label for wild Alaskan salmon. *the label reads vitamin D as 7 mcg per serving* How much vitamin D is in one serving (3 ounces) of cooked salmon? 7 milliliters 7 micrograms 7 milligrams 7 grams

7 micrograms

Almost _____% of adults in the United States are overweight or have obesity. 10 50 75 25

75

Life expectancy in North America is about ______ years for men and ______ for women. 75; 75 76; 81 84; 80 80; 84

76; 81

When starting a reduced-salt dietary pattern, how long will it take before you can sense salt at a lower taste threshold? 2 weeks 8 weeks 12 weeks 18 weeks

8 weeks

Among the older population, the fastest growing age group is 85 and older. 75 to 80. 65 to 75. 60 to 65.

85 and older

To calculate the number of calories from fat in one serving, multiply grams of fat by ______ kcal/g. 9 2 7 4

9

One serving of breakfast cereal contains 50% of the 18 mg Daily Value for iron. How much iron will one serving of the cereal provide? 9 mg 36 mg 15 mg 5 mg

9 mg

Foods made from multiple ingredients (e.g., breakfast cereal) can be labeled as organic if at least _____% of their ingredients (by weight) meet organic standards. The term made with organic ingredients can be used if at least _____% of the ingredients are organic. 100; 75 95; 70 75; 50 50; 25

95; 70

During pregnancy, a woman should follow a balanced dietary pattern, such as the plan suggested the Dietary Guidelines, which includes ______ each day. 2 ounce-equivalents from the protein group 4 ounce-equivalents from the grain group 3 cups of calcium-rich foods from the dairy group 9 cups from the vegetables group

3 cups of calcium-rich foods from the dairy group

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that all Americans, starting at 2 years of age, should limit their saturated fat intake to ______ of total calories. 1% 5% 10% 35%

10%

About ______ of adults are sodium sensitive. 10% to 15% 25% to 30% 45% to 50% 70% to 75%

10% to 15%

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of calories should come from carbohydrates. 20% to 35% 45% to 65% 10% to 35%

45% to 65%

Athletes should obtain at least _____ of their total energy needs from carbohydrate, especially if activity duration is expected to exceed 2 hours and total caloric intake is about 3000 kcal per day or less. 35% 45% to 65% < 10% 10% to 15%

45% to 65%

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that Americans consume ______ of their total calories from carbohydrates. 25% to 45% 10% to 25% 45% to 65% 65% to 75%

45% to 65%

For people who need to lower their blood cholesterol levels, the American Heart Association recommends limiting saturated fat intake to ______ of total calories. 1% 5% to 6% 10% to 12% 20% to 35%

5% to 6%

By definition, a low-birth-weight infant weighs less than ______ pounds at birth. 3.5 5.5 6.5 7.5

5.5

A meal consisting of a cheeseburger, large fries, and a chocolate shake provides a total of 1120 kcal. If 40% of total kcal in this meal come from fat, how many grams of fat are in this meal? 448 grams 50 grams 64 grams 112 grams

50 grams

Based on the % DV, what is the maximum grams of added sugars per day that one could consume and meet the dietary recommendations? 10 grams 5 grams 25 grams 50 grams

50 grams

During endurance activities, protein can supply as much as _______ of energy needs, especially as glycogen stores in the muscle are exhausted. 10% to 15% 20% 25% to 50% 5%

10% to 15%

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of calories should come from protein. 20% to 35% 10% to 35% 45% to 65%

10% to 35%

Kimi's prepregnancy BMI is 38. Her weight-gain goal should be ______ pounds for the entire pregnancy. 25 to 35 15 to 25 28 to 40 11 to 20

11 to 20

A 120-pound woman is training for a bodybuilding competition and needs to build muscle mass. What is the maximum recommended daily protein intake for this woman? 240 grams per day 110 grams per day 80 grams per day 45 grams per day

110 grams per day

What is the RDA and minimum number of grams of carbohydrate, per day, adults must consume to avoid ketosis? 75 250 100 130

130

Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure at or above ______ mmHg and a diastolic pressure at or above ______ mmHg. 100; 50 140; 90 130; 80 120; 80

130; 80

The Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that adults should engage in a minimum of ________ minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity each week to decrease risks for chronic diseases. 60 to 120 300 to 500 90 to 150 150 to 300

150 to 300

The Physical Activity Guidelines recommends that adults participate in at least _____ minutes per week of moderate-intensity, or _____ minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity. 150 to 300; 75 to 150 75 to 150; 150 to 300 200; 60 60 to 90; 30 to 60

150 to 300; 75 to 150

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans advise a minimum of to ______ minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity for adults. 30; 60 60; 150 90; 120 150; 300

150; 300

Successful treatment for bulimia nervosa usually lasts at least 4 weeks. 8 weeks. 16 weeks. 32 weeks.

16 weeks.

Farah wishes to lose 5 pounds before her vacation in approximately 5 weeks. Her average consumption is 2100 kcal per day. Assuming her physical activity levels remain unchanged, she should reduce her energy intake to ______ kcal per day. 1600 to 1700 1800 to 1900 1400 to 1500 1200 to 1300

1600 to 1700

Ground pork should be cooked to an internal temperature of ______ to destroy the parasite Trichinella spiralis. 165°F (74°C) 145°F (63°C) 160°F (71°C) 170°F (77°C)

160°F (71°C)

One cup of chocolate milk contains 15 grams of carbohydrates, 8 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein. This cup of chocolate milk supplies ______ kcal. 164 124 31 279

164

What is the age-predicted maximum heart rate of a healthy 48 year old? 138 220 172 103

172

Photosynthesis occurs when 6 molecules of carbon dioxide combine with 6 molecules of water using energy from the sun to form _______ molecule(s) of glucose and release _______ molecule(s) of oxygen into the air. 1; 1 1; 6 6; 1 6; 6

1;6

How many sources of nonheme iron are in a meal containing a tuna sandwich on enriched bread with milk and an apple? 4 1 2 3

2

To promote gains in muscle mass, a strength-trained athlete could consume ______ within the first 1 or 2 hours after a weight-lifting workout. 1 bag of microwave popcorn 2 cups of plain yogurt with 1 cup of fresh blueberries 4 ounces of sirloin steak 1 large bagel with 2 tablespoons of cream cheese

2 cups of plain yogurt with 1 cup of fresh blueberries

Pat purchases a 2-liter bottle of root beer. This would be approximately 2 gallons. 2 quarts. 4 cups. 2 pints.

2 quarts

During the first trimester, a woman should gain ______ pounds. 1 to 2 10 to 14 5 to 9 2 to 4

2 to 4

A food item has 200 kcal per serving and 25 grams of carbohydrate. What percent of the calories are from carbohydrate in this item? 40% 25% 50% 100%

50%

Studies suggest that about ______ of a person's risk for developing alcohol use disorders is genetic. 10% 25% 50% 95%

50%

Restricting food and beverage intake by ______ kcal per day below calorie needs typically leads to a weight loss of about 1 pound per week to start. 500 250 100 1000

500

In North America, iron-deficiency anemia would be least likely in a 9-month-old baby boy who has recently started eating solid foods. 3-year-old boy who is a picky eater. 12-year-old girl who is having a growth spurt. 55-year-old postmenopausal woman.

55-year-old postmenopausal woman.

After an intense workout, Christa's weight was down 3 pounds. To rehydrate adequately, Christa should drink ______ cups of water over the next hour or two. 1 to 2 2 to 3 4 to 6 6 to 9

6 to 9

Overall, the decision to use a sports drink hinges primarily on the duration, type, and intensity of the activity. As the projected duration of continuous activity approaches _____ minutes or longer, the advantages of sports drinks over plain water emerge. 30 60 15 120

60

A state of micronutrient deficiency, when the quality of food one consumes does not meet their nutrient requirements for normal metabolic functions and maintenance is called overnourished. undernourished. hidden hunger. food insecurity.

hidden hunger.

Vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 are required for the metabolism of fatty acids. iron. homocysteine. niacin.

homocysteine.

The mixture of calcium and phosphorus that forms the structure of bone is called dentin. hydroxyapatite. calcium carbonate. calcium citrate.

hydroxyapatite.

It is possible for some athletes to drink so much water that they develop water intoxication. This condition is also termed _____ and may lead to bloating, puffiness, weight gain, nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, delirium, seizures, respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, and possibly death. hyponatremia hydrocephaly sports hyperhydration hypernatremia

hyponatremia

According to the Dietary Guidelines, adults should _______ intake of fat-free or low-fat dairy products or fortified soy beverages. increase decrease maintain current

increase

Dietary patterns high in saturated fatty acids tend to ______ the level of LDL in the blood. increase decrease

increase

For a healthy individual, a high-salt dietary pattern tends to ______ urinary excretion of sodium. increase decrease

increase

When eating a high-fiber dietary pattern, one should ______ fluid intake. increase decrease not change

increase

Mindy has been following a weight-loss plan for the past five months, but she has reached a plateau. It seems like she cannot lose any more weight. A good strategy to stimulate further weight loss is to increase physical activity. go off the weight control program and take a break. eliminate dairy products. further reduce food intake to 1000 kcal per day.

increase physical activity.

As adults age (from middle adulthood to older adulthood), their dietary needs for calcium and vitamin D increase. decrease. do not change.

increase.

A difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that individuals with anorexia nervosa turn away from food during a crisis, whereas individuals with bulimia nervosa turn toward food. tanorexia is more common among women, whereas bulimia is more common among men. individuals with bulimia nervosa exhibit denial of the disorder, whereas individuals with anorexia nervosa know their behavior is abnormal. individuals with bulimia nervosa tend to be methodical, whereas individuals with anorexia nervosa tend to be impulsive.

individuals with anorexia nervosa turn away from food during a crisis, whereas individuals with bulimia nervosa turn toward food.

The hormone _______ is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated above a normal range. thyroxine insulin glucagon glycogen

insulin

A protein that acts as a hormone is trypsin. insulin. hemoglobin. pepsin.

insulin.

The hormone made by adipose tissue that promotes satiety and a sense of fullness, thus reducing appetite is called insulin. glucagon. ghrelin. leptin.

leptin.

Which of the following may be an early warning sign of anorexia nervosa? Withdrawing from family and friends Cooking a large meal for others, but refusing to eat it Frequent measurement of body weight or body size All of these choices.

All of these choices.

Which of the following is true about the let-down reflex? It is needed to make milk available to the infant. It can be inhibited by anxiety or nervous tension. After a few weeks of breastfeeding, it becomes automatic. All of these statements are true.

All of these statements are true.

Which of the following nutrient standards is referenced on the Nutrition Facts label of a box of breakfast cereal? Adequate Intake Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake Recommended Dietary Allowance Daily Value

Daily Value

Which of the following food combinations is an example of complementary proteins? Puffed rice cereal with milk Broccoli with cheese Kidney beans with black beans Green beans with slivered almonds

Green beans with slivered almonds

______ is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease. LDL HDL

HDL

Which of the following is the leading nutrition-related cause of death in the United States? Cancer Pneumonia Diabetes Heart disease

Heart Disease

Most stomach ulcers are caused by ______ infection. Helicobacter pylori E. coli Salmonella Clostridium botulinum

Helicobacter pylori

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? High blood pressure Low daily dose of aspirin Low LDL High HDL

High blood pressure

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion? Chylomicron High-density lipoprotein Low-density lipoprotein Very-low-density lipoprotein

High-density lipoprotein

Which of the following meals would be most appropriate for a person following a low-sodium dietary pattern? A homemade chicken casserole made with canned green beans and cream of mushroom soup Homemade oven-baked chicken, buttered rice, and steamed fresh green beans Chicken tenders, French fries, and sliced apples from a fast food restaurant Chicken noodle soup, oyster crackers, and a tossed green salad with ranch dressing

Homemade oven-baked chicken, buttered rice, and steamed fresh green beans

______ is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. LDL HDL

LDL

Which of the following is a disaccharide? Glucose Galactose Fructose Lactose

Lactose

______ is a condition in which symptoms such as abdominal gas and bloating appear as a result of severe lactose maldigestion. Milk allergy Galactosemia Lactose intolerance Celiac disease

Lactose intolerance

Which of the following is an example of a phospholipid? Prostaglandin Alpha-linolenic acid Lecithin Linoleic acid

Lecithin

The ______ dietary pattern features an abundant intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds. Ketogenic Atkins Western Mediterranean

Mediterranean

Which of the following is an environmental contaminant that may end up in the food supply? Avidin Mercury Caffeine Carbon dioxide

Mercury

Which of the following is the smallest unit of measurement? Microgram Centigram Kilogram Milligram

Microgram

Which of the following is a major source of lactose? Honey Milk Apples Broccoli

Milk

Which of the following is the best food source of riboflavin? Lean ham Milk Canola oil Carrots

Milk

Which of the following will most likely cause symptoms in a person with lactose intolerance? Yogurt containing active cultures Milk shakes made with skim milk Hard cheeses Small servings of milk products

Milk shakes made with skim milk

Where does aerobic glucose breakdown take place within the cell? Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Mitochondria Golgi body

Mitochondria

The most effective strategy to reduce the risk for developing hypertension is to limit the use of salt at the table and during food preparation. achieve and maintain a healthy weight. follow a low-carbohydrate, high protein dietary pattern. eat lots of prepackaged and canned foods.

achieve and maintain a healthy weight

Amino acids are absorbed via osmosis. active absorption. passive diffusion. facilitated diffusion.

active absorption.

A good weight-loss program should restrict food intake to less than 1200 kcal per day. include a weight-loss goal of 3 to 5 pounds per week. include meal replacement shakes or bars. adapt to personal and cultural preferences.

adapt to personal and cultural preferences.

Most of the extra calcium for pregnancy is needed during which trimester(s)? First Second Third The RDA for calcium does not increase during pregnancy.

The RDA for calcium does not increase during pregnancy.

______ is the federal agency that enforces standards for wholesomeness and quality of meat, poultry, milk, and eggs. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Shivering in response to a cold environment is an example of thermic effect of food. physical activity. adaptive thermogenesis. metabolism.

adaptive thermogenesis

Which of the following criteria qualifies a compound as a vitamin? The compound prevents chronic disease. The body is unable to synthesize the compound. The compound is best absorbed if taken in supplement form. The compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health.

The compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health.

Which of the following is true about lactation? Only about 50 percent of all women can breastfeed. The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information. The most significant reason why women do not breastfeed is that they cannot produce enough milk. Some women cannot breastfeed because they do not have big enough breasts.

The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

Which of the following describes the structure of a phospholipid? One fatty acid and two phosphate-containing groups attached to a glycerol backbone Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone Multiple rings made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus Two fatty acids and one phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

Two fatty acids and one phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

Which of the following is a likely long-term consequence of binge eating disorder? Osteoporosis Enlarged salivary glands Type 2 diabetes Low blood potassium

Type 2 diabetes

Which class of nutrients comprises approximately 60% of body weight? Protein Water Minerals Carbohydrate

Water

The best long-term success in anorexia nervosa treatment has been with a multidisciplinary team approach with health care providers. hospitalization and feeding via a tube. scare tactics. outpatient treatment.

a multidisciplinary team approach with health care providers.

Nutrient density can be defined as the amount of a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of calories in that serving. a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of grams of protein. calories in a food divided by the amount of calories needed in a day. a nutrient in a serving of food divided by the amount of the nutrient needed for that day.

a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of calories in that serving.

A food label states that a serving of a particular product provides 20% of the Daily Value for fat. This means that fat makes up 20% of the weight of the food product. this product is not a good choice to achieve your nutritional needs. a serving of this product provides about 15.6 grams of fat. when you eat a serving of this product, you will be getting one-fifth of the RDA for fat.

a serving of this product provides about 15.6 grams of fat.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 produces _______ that can cause severe illness, including severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. spores an infection urea a toxin

a toxin

The foundation for a dietary pattern that optimizes long-term nutritional health would emphasize animal proteins high in saturated fat. a variety of fruits and vegetables. high-fat dairy products. refined-grain breads and cereals.

a variety of fruits and vegetables.

The expenditure of energy to produce heat in response to a cold environment and as a result of overfeeding is called adaptive thermogenesis. thermic metabolism. heat metabolism. thermic effect of cold.

adaptive thermogenesis

Key dietary recommendations support limiting intake of ______ to less than 10% of calories. animal proteins added sugars sodium total fat

added sugars

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting intake of carbohydrates dietary fiber gluten added sugars.

added sugars

Athletes who consume adequate carbohydrates experience increased lean body mass. adequate liver and muscle glycogen stores. increased risk of chronic disease. chronic fatigue.

adequate liver and muscle glycogen stores.

Most cases of anorexia nervosa begin in middle adulthood. older adulthood. the preschool years. adolescence or young adulthood.

adolescence or young adulthood.

A fitness program that includes 30 minutes of moderate jogging for 5 days per week is primarily designed to improve aerobic fitness. balance. flexibility. strength.

aerobic fitness.

Maxine runs a marathon in 2 hours and 40 minutes. Most of the ATP for this activity is supplied by breakdown of amino acids. anaerobic glucose breakdown. aerobic glucose breakdown. breakdown of fatty acids.

aerobic glucose breakdown.

The number of servings to consume from each MyPlate food group depends primarily on a person's age, sex, height, and weight culture and taste preferences. frame size. weight, sleep patterns, and waist circumference.

age, sex, height, and weight

The introduction of harmful agents, biological and otherwise, into the food supply chain that is both deliberate and intended to cause damage is called food insecurity. agroterrorism. foodborne pathogenesis. agricultural targeting.

agroterrorism.

A disorder in which frequent bingeing is followed by compensatory behaviors to rid the body of excess calories is called bulimia nervosa. hypoglycemia. anorexia nervosa. compulsive overeating.

bulimia nervosa.

Coping with stress by eating is a characteristic of bulimia nervosa. orthorexia. relative energy deficiency in sport. anorexia nervosa.

bulimia nervosa.

Food diaries and a regular meal plan are commonly part of the treatment for anorexia nervosa. relative energy deficiency in sport. bulimia nervosa. night eating syndrome.

bulimia nervosa.

The dietary manipulation that is most significantly related to longevity is protein restriction. low fat intake. calorie restriction. high carbohydrate intake.

calorie restriction.

Vitamins and minerals ______ be broken down to provide energy. cannot can

cannot

Fiber and starch belong to the class of nutrients known as lipids. protein. minerals. carbohydrates.

carbohydrates.

A monounsaturated fatty acid contains only one hydrocarbon ring. carbon-carbon double bond. carbon-carbon single bond. phosphate group.

carbon-carbon double bond.

The following are some vitamin-like compounds found in our diets: quinone and ascorbic acid. pyridoxine, cobalamin, and retinoic acid. carnitine, inositol, taurine, and lipoic acid. alpha-tocopherol, thiamin, and ribonucleic acid.

carnitine, inositol, taurine, and lipoic acid.

The chemical processes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to release energy are ______ reactions. immunological catabolic anabolic synthetic

catabolic

An autoimmune condition that results in damage to the small intestine upon exposure to gluten-containing foods is called irritable bowel syndrome. nonceliac wheat sensitivity. traveler's diarrhea. celiac disease.

celiac disease.

The apparent role of ________ in prevention of birth defects is similar to that of folate. molybdenum manganese choline pantothenic acid

choline

A deficiency of _______ results in impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol. copper iron iodine chromium

chromium

Immediately after a meal, newly absorbed dietary fats appear in the blood as high-density lipoproteins. very-low-density lipoproteins. chylomicrons. low-density lipoproteins.

chylomicrons

In its public health campaign, the United States Department of Agriculture promotes food safety with four simple actions: scrub, irradiate, cook, and freeze. clean, separate, chill, and cook. bake, sterilize, freeze, and label. boil, freeze, dry, and salt.

clean, separate, chill, and cook.

Plant-based "milks," such as _______, may contain calcium, but are not included as part of the MyPlate Dairy group because their overall nutritional content is not similar to dairy milk. coconut milk kumbacha fortified soy beverages

coconut milk

Pantothenic acid is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). coenzyme Q (CoQ). flavin mononucleotide (FMN). thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP).

coenzyme A (CoA).

Deficiency symptoms of pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, bleeding gums, and joint pain are related to the role of vitamin C in collagen synthesis. carnitine synthesis. neurotransmitter synthesis. antioxidant reactions.

collagen synthesis.

Vitamin C contributes to bone health by virtue of its role in antioxidant reactions. immune function. mineral absorption. collagen synthesis.

collagen synthesis.

Rich in immune factors, the milk made by the mother's breast during the first few days after birth is prolactin. colostrum. hindmilk. foremilk.

colostrum.

Current research indicates that eating disorders are due to the physical changes of puberty. dysfunctional family relationships. genetic variations. a combination of genetic variations and lifestyle factors.

combination of genetic variations and lifestyle factors.

Striving to live the greatest number of healthy years and the fewest number of ill years is referred to as compression of morbidity. reserve capacity. usual aging. maintaining homeostasis.

compression of morbidity.

Prenatal dietary supplements containing iron may cause _______ in some women. brain fog high blood sugar constipation and nausea. gastrointestinal bleeding

constipation and nausea.

Regular physical activity along with adequate intakes of fluid and fiber are lifestyle strategies to prevent or treat diarrhea. osteoarthritis. gallstones. constipation.

constipation.

Guidelines for replenishing fuel during endurance events include consume 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour. avoid fluid during exercise. use a protein supplement every 30 minutes. use only one type of carbohydrate to avoid gastrointestinal upset.

consume 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour.

A safe and effective way to prevent constipation is to restrict physical exercise. consume adequate dietary fiber. Correctuse laxatives. restrict fluid intake.

consume adequate dietary fiber.

For hydration, sports drinks are superior to water for athletes who participate in workouts in cold weather. continuous workouts lasting more than 60 minutes. strength training.outdoor athletic events.

continuous workouts lasting more than 60 minutes.

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is converted to fat. oxidized to carbohydrate. converted to urea. stored in the liver.

converted to urea.

The best way to prevent the foodborne illness caused by E. coli (Escherichia coli) is to wear a hair net while cooking. substitute bean sprouts for washed lettuce. cook all meat thoroughly. wash your hands often.

cook all meat thoroughly.

Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter are the bacterial foodborne illnesses of particular interest since they are the ones most often associated with death. liver failure. kidney failure. high fever.

death.

Consuming food sources of omega-3 fatty acids are involved in biochemical pathways that ______ inflammation and are associated with a reduction in depression. increase do not change decrease

decrease

The slower basal metabolic rate that accompanies starvation among people with anorexia nervosa is caused by decreased insulin sensitivity. low levels of physical activity. decreased thyroid hormone synthesis. increased growth hormone synthesis.

decreased thyroid hormone synthesis.

Adequate intake of high-quality protein ______ the rate of muscle breakdown associated with aging. does not affect decreases increases

decreases

Meals on Wheels is a nutrition program that delivers meals to older adults in their own homes. provides free transportation to food pantries. serves meals to older adults in a congregate setting. provides nutrition education to older adults in senior centers.

delivers meals to older adults in their own homes.

Exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This process is called transcription. deamination. denaturation. translation.

denaturation

The goal of blood doping is to enhance aerobic capacity. prevent blood clots. enhance immune function. alleviate hemochromatosis.

enhance aerobic capacity.

During pregnancy, it is particularly important to make sure to consume adequate saturated fatty acids. cholesterol. essential fatty acids. trans fatty acids.

essential fatty acids.

EER refers to a set of nutrient recommendations that includes RDAs, AIs, and ULs. a person's actual calorie needs, as measured by calorimetry. estimated calorie needs for the average person in a specific life stage. the level of dietary intake of a nutrient that is likely to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage and sex.

estimated calorie needs for the average person in a specific life stage.

Water regulates body temperature through heat loss via respiration. radiation. conduction. evaporation.

evaporation.

Selenium toxicity would most likely result from high intakes of grain products grown on selenium-rich soil. excessive use of dietary supplements. high intakes of seafood. daily intake of green, leafy vegetables.

excessive use of dietary supplements.

The urinary system transports oxygen to tissues. digests carbohydrates. produces bile. excretes excess water-soluble vitamins.

excretes excess water-soluble vitamins.

Lower risk for gestational diabetes, reduced bone loss during pregnancy, better sleep, decreased back pain, and improved satisfaction with body image are all outcomes of exercise during pregnancy. taking prenatal supplements. weight gain throughout pregnancy. following a low-fat diet during pregnancy.

exercise during pregnancy.

The vitamin C content of foods can be decreased by ripening. exposure to cool temperatures. exposure to oxygen. binding with phytic acid.

exposure to oxygen.

The most important predictor of an eating disorder is binge drinking. perfectionism. extreme dieting. a history of sexual abuse.

extreme dieting.

The symptoms of diabetes may occur suddenly and may include extreme thirst and excessive urination. decrease in appetite. sudden weight gain. chronic insomnia

extreme thirst and excessive urination

The B vitamins facilitate chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients. provide strength and stability to bones. can be broken down to yield about 4 kcal per gram. protect the cells from damage by free radicals.

facilitate chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients.

From the beginning to the end of each feeding, the proportion of ______ in human milk increases. minerals carbohydrate fat protein

fat

The process of manipulating the diet and physical training regimen so that muscles become more efficient at metabolizing fat as fuel during aerobic activity is called fat adaptation. insulin manipulation. carbohydrate loading. lipid loading.

fat adaptation.

A ______ is the simplest form of lipid; it is a carbon chain, flanked by hydrogens, with an acid group at one end and a methyl group at the other end. glycerol sterol triglyceride fatty acid

fatty acid

During rest and light activities, ______ are the main fuel for muscles. phospholipids fatty acids monosaccharides amino acids

fatty acids

Triglycerides are composed of glycogen and fatty acids. lactic acid and glycogen. fatty acids and glycerol. glucose and fatty acids.

fatty acids and glycerol.

To reduce bisphenol A (BPA) exposure, it is recommended consumers avoid night-shade vegetables. only consume acrylamide-free food. limit use of canned foods. avoid microwaving plastics with the recycle code numbers 4 and 8.

limit use of canned foods.

As chylomicrons and VLDLs travel through the bloodstream, the triglycerides in these lipoproteins are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by ______ lipase, which is attached to the blood vessel walls. lecithin pancreatic lingual lipoprotein

lipoprotein

Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n) micelle. lipoprotein. emulsifier. phospholipid.

lipoprotein.

Someone who eats food grown or produced locally or within a certain radius is termed a pescatarian. flexitarian. regional vegan. locavore.

locavore.

Most fatty acids in the body and in the diet are short-chain fatty acids. medium-chain fatty acids. long-chain fatty acids.

long-chain fatty acids.

Meals provided by congregate or home-delivered meal programs are designed to provide ______ of the RDA or AI for nutrients. one-half one-fourth one-third 100%

one-third

Taking large supplemental doses of vitamins A and E can cure the common cold. prevent heart disease. result in vitamin toxicity. prevent cancer.

result in vitamin toxicity

When it comes to food choices, the most important factor that influences your risk for heart disease is the amount of ______ in your dietary pattern. protein saturated fat cholesterol total fat

saturated fat

Plant-based diets may reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease. This is likely due to the fact that, compared to animal sources of protein, plant sources of protein are lower in saturated fat and cholesterol. one or more essential amino acids. phytochemicals. dietary fiber.

saturated fat and cholesterol.

The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting intake of ______ to less than 10% of calories starting at age 2. total fat saturated fatty acids essential fatty acids trans fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

Javier operates a food service establishment and is serious about preventing foodborne illnesses. Javier was disturbed to find out his employees cooked chicken to 165°F. served meals made with raw fish. avoided cross-contamination by using multiple cutting boards. cooled leftovers rapidly in shallow pans.

served meals made with raw fish.

Nutrients are primarily absorbed from the small intestine. large intestine. stomach. liver.

small intestine.

A meal representative of what an endurance athlete should eat before an athletic event is a turkey sandwich, cottage cheese, milk, and a chocolate bar. two scrambled eggs, a bran muffin, bacon, and orange juice. steak, eggs, milk, and hash browns. spaghetti with marinara sauce, green beans, and low-fat milk.

spaghetti with marinara sauce, green beans, and low-fat milk.

Trained professionals that can help you set reasonable physical activity goals based upon your current level of fitness are called health coaches. life coaches. sports dietitians. gym trainers.

sports dietitians.

Negative protein balance is likely during pregnancy. growth. recovery from surgery. starvation.

starvation

Aseptic processing involves sterilizing the package and food separately and then packaging the food. drying foods to decrease water content. quickly freezing a food product after it is prepared. the addition of chemical preservatives.

sterilizing the package and food separately and then packaging the food.

The natural alternative sweetener derived from a South American plant is called stevia (Sweet Leaf®, Truvia®). saccharin (Sweet-n-Low®). sucralose (Splenda®). aspartame (Equal®).

stevia (Sweet Leaf®, Truvia®).

Altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating is called contingency management. stimulus control. cognitive restructuring. chain-breaking.

stimulus control.

Mercury, an environmental contaminant if consumed, can accumulate in fish tissue. It is advised that pregnant women avoid the four highest-mercury fish. These include swordfish, shark, tilefish, and king mackerel. salmon, swordfish, herring, and king mackerel. tilapia, halibut, cod, sole, and walleye. carp, pike, catfish, and swordfish.

swordfish, shark, tilefish, and king mackerel.

A major source of iodine in the North American dietary pattern is seaweed. carbonated soft drinks. sea salt. table salt.

table salt.

The food components that yield the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates are table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, and fruit. peas, broccoli, oatmeal, dry beans and other legumes. cream pies, French fries, and fat-free milk. corn flake-type cereal, rice, bread, and noodles.

table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, and fruit.

Body weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters yields the body mass index. percent body fat. the obesity index. relative weight.

the body mass index.

The difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis is osteopenia can be cured whereas osteoporosis is irreversible. the bone loss of patients with osteopenia is worse than that of patients with osteoporosis. osteopenia is hereditary whereas osteoporosis is influenced by lifestyle. the bone loss of patients with osteopenia is not as severe as that of patients with osteoporosis.

the bone loss of patients with osteopenia is not as severe as that of patients with osteoporosis.

The difference between aerobic and anaerobic glucose breakdown is aerobic glucose breakdown uses amino acids, while anaerobic does not. the end product of aerobic glucose breakdown is lactate (lactic acid), while the end products of anaerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water. anaerobic glucose breakdown uses oxygen, while aerobic does not. the end products of aerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water; while the end product of anaerobic glucose breakdown is lactate (lactic acid).

the end products of aerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water; while the end product of anaerobic glucose breakdown is lactate (lactic acid).

The Mediterranean Diet Pyramid represents the dietary patterns of people from parts of the Mediterranean region that enjoy the lowest recorded rates of chronic diseases. the highest intake of saturated fat. the lowest adult life expectancy. the lowest intake of carbohydrates.

the lowest recorded rates of chronic diseases.

Life span refers to the promotion of longevity through healthful lifestyle changes. the oldest age a person can live. the average length of life for a cohort of people born in a specific year. the delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease.

the oldest age a person can live.

Norovirus causes an illness that is commonly misdiagnosed as Montezuma's revenge. food poisoning. the common cold. the stomach flu.

the stomach flu.

Life expectancy refers to the promotion of longevity through healthful lifestyle changes. the maximum number of years humans live. the delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease. the time an average person born in a specific year can expect to live.

the time an average person born in a specific year can expect to live.

The ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D is decreased by the use of sunscreen. excessive dietary calcium intake. excessive dietary phosphorus intake. the use of a tanning bed.

the use of sunscreen.

RDAs are not used in food labeling because their values are set too high. they are age- and sex-specific. they are too generic. there are too many of them.

they are age- and sex-specific.

Cell membranes are susceptible to damage by free radicals because they contain many polyunsaturated fatty acids. they contain many saturated fatty acids. they have so many unpaired electrons. they are the site of cellular respiration.

they contain many polyunsaturated fatty acids.

When older adults cannot do 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity a week because of chronic conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow. they should consume a higher protein dietary pattern to stimulate muscle growth. they should participate in muscle stimulation activities that do not increase their risk of poor outcomes. they should reduce their caloric intake to compensate for the lack of physical activity.

they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow.

In the United States, bread and cereal products made from milled grains are enriched with vitamins A, D, and E. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. vitamins A, C, and K. folate, choline, and vitamin B-12.

thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.

Vitamin E deficiency is least likely among those who smoke cigarettes. people with fat malabsorption. those who follow a vegetarian diet. premature infants.

those who follow a vegetarian diet.

A genetic tendency toward efficient use of energy that results in below-average energy requirements and increased storage of calories as fat is called thrifty metabolism. energy reserve. thrifty reserve. homeostasis.

thrifty metabolism

The RDA for iodine is 150 micrograms per day. Iodine is a(n) trace mineral minor mineral. ultratrace mineral. major mineral.

trace mineral

In adipose tissue, energy is stored in the form of amino acids. triglycerides. phospholipids. glycogen.

triglycerides

The majority of the lipids in foods and in the body are in the form of free fatty acids. sterols. triglycerides. phospholipids.

triglycerides.

The majority of the lipids in foods and in the body are in the form of phospholipids. triglycerides. free fatty acids. sterols.

triglycerides.

In the United States, approximately ______ of adults are overweight or obese. one-quarter one-third one-half two-thirds

two-thirds

According to the Dietary Guidelines, saturated fat intake should be less than 10% of total calories beginning at age eighteen. one. two. ten.

two.

The walls of the small intestine are folded, and within the folds are fingerlike projections called dendrites. villi. rugae. cilia.

villi.

Experts speculate that about 70% of foodborne illness cases go undiagnosed because they result from ______ causes. bacterial fungal viral microbial

viral

The greatest health risk from food today is contamination via parasites. viruses and bacteria. fungi. prions.

viruses and bacteria.

When the intake of is low, vitamin E aids in its absorption. iron vitamin D zinc vitamin A

vitamin A

Vitamins involved in red blood cell synthesis are thiamin and niacin. folate and thiamin. vitamin B-12 and folate. olate and pantothenic acid.

vitamin B-12 and folate.

Jason is a strict vegan. He should take a supplemental source of vitamin B-12. folate. vitamin A. vitamin C.

vitamin B-12.

Fat malabsorption may contribute to poor bone health because of impaired absorption of phosphorus. vitamin A. vitamin D. magnesium.

vitamin D

Dennis had undergone a heart valve replacement and was placed on Coumadin (warfarin). In order for the Coumadin to be effective, consistent daily consumption of must be maintained. vitamin B-6 vitamin C vitamin B-12 vitamin K

vitamin K

Depletion of chloride is mostly likely to occur with excessive diarrhea. dieting. vomiting. sweating.

vomiting.

To reduce exposure to pesticides, consume the outer leaves of leafy vegetables, which have the highest nutrient content. when fishing, throw back small fish and keep only the large ones. limit variety in fruit and vegetable consumption. wash and/or peel fruits and vegetables before eating.

wash and/or peel fruits and vegetables before eating.

To decrease the risk of developing heat-related injuries, avoid exercising in temperatures below freezing. limit fluid repletion to avoid bloating. stretch before and after physical activity. watch for rapid body-weight changes of 2% or more of body weight.

watch for rapid body-weight changes of 2% or more of body weight.

Because B vitamins are ________, very little is stored; excess intakes end up in the urine or stool. fat soluble water soluble non-toxic dissolvable

water soluble

When individuals lose weight quickly, most of the weight lost is from fat, water, and glycogen. fat, water, and muscle tissue. water, glycogen, and muscle tissue. water, muscle tissue, and bone.

water, glycogen, and muscle tissue.

A major function of the large intestine is to absorb dietary fiber. water-soluble vitamins. water. fats.

water.

Samantha has struggled with being overweight for years but is generally in good health. She recently interviewed for a part-time position at the campus recreation center. Although her qualifications met the application criteria, she later heard that her application was not considered for the position due to her appearance. This is an example of phenotype abuse. fair hiring procedures. weight bias. obesity obsession.

weight bias.

The only proven treatment for celiac disease is dietary avoidance of gas-forming foods. wheat, barley, and rye. spicy and acidic foods. wheat, rice, and oats.

wheat, barley, and rye.

A mineral that is especially important for male fertility is zinc. potassium. sodium. iron.

zinc.

Functional foods can be placed into two categories: ______ and ______. zoochemicals; phytochemicals superfoods; phytonutrients antioxidants; anti-inflammatory omega-3; flesh meat

zoochemicals; phytochemicals

Examine the Nutrition Facts label for pita chips. * the image reads: serving size=9 chips calories per serving= 130 total fat=5 g* If Jacob eats a bowl of 18 chips, how many grams of fat will he consume? 5 grams 6 grams 10 grams 40 grams

10 grams

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all infants be given ______ of vitamin D per day until they are consuming that much from food. 5 micrograms 10 micrograms 15 micrograms 20 micrograms

10 micrograms

According to most sports nutrition experts, the daily protein intake for an athlete should fall within the range of < 0.8 grams per kilogram. 0.8 to 1.0 grams per kilogram. 1.2 to 2.0 grams per kilogram. > 3.0 grams per kilogram.

1.2 to 2.0 grams per kilogram.

The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting added sugars intake to less than ______ of total calories for those 2 years and older. 15% 20% 25% 10%

10%

Which of the following foods provides the most iron? 3 ounces of shrimp 3 ounces of tofu 3 ounces of sirloin steak 3 ounces of turkey

3 ounces of sirloin steak

Accumulation of bone mass occurs primarily during childhood and adolescence. Later in life, the rate of bone degradation exceeds the rate of bone synthesis. For average, healthy men and women, gradual bone loss begins around age 20 30 40 50

30

After around age ______, the total calorie needs of physically inactive adults fall steadily throughout adulthood. 70 30 50 20

30

Researchers suggest a dose of at least _____ grams of protein per meal is ideal to promote muscle synthesis. 20 10 30 50

30

Research shows that it is optimal for adults to distribute protein intake throughout the day to maintain lean mass as they age. Adults should consume approximately ______ of protein per meal at more than one meal per day to maintain healthy muscles and bones. 15 grams 30 grams 45 grams 60 grams

30 grams

Anaerobic glucose breakdown provides most of the energy for sports activities lasting up to 5 minutes. up to 30 seconds. 30 seconds to 2 minutes. 10 seconds.

30 seconds to 2 minutes.

Bob is a 34-year-old male who weighs 150 pounds and is a long-distance cycler. He is engaged in vigorous activity. Based on calorie estimates from the Dietary Guidelines, Bob needs approximately _______ kcal per day. 3200 3000 2000 2600

3000

For additional and more extensive health benefits, the Physical Activity Guidelines recommends that adults increase their physical activity beyond _____ minutes per week of moderate-intensity or _____ minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. 300; 150 150; 75 75; 150 150; 300

300; 150

John weighs 80 kilograms and is 1.6 meters tall. His body mass index is ______ kg/m2. 5 25 31 50

31

When attempting to use body fat percentage to define obesity, body fat above ______ for women results in an obesity diagnosis. 32% 25% 20% 10%

32%

The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for lactating women is approximately _______ kilocalories per day above the prepregnancy EER. 440 to 600 330 to 400 150 to 220 750 to 850

330 to 400

On average, Americans consume approximately ______% of total calories as fat. 55 28 22 34

34

A dietary pattern containing up to _____ of calories from fat is generally recommended for athletes < 10% 10% to 15% 45% to 65% 35%

35%

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, women need an average of ______ extra kilocalories per day. 150 to 250 250 to 350 350 to 450 450 to 550

350 to 450

Concerning the infant, two major indicators of a successful pregnancy are: (1) gestation period longer than ______ weeks and (2) birth weight greater than ______ pounds. 40; 7.5 37; 2.5 37;5.5 34; 5.5

37;5.5

The duration of pregnancy normally is ______ weeks. 38 to 42 35 to 39 32 to 36 30 to 34

38 to 42

Carbohydrates provide ____ kcal per gram. 9 7 4 0

4

What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcal daily for one month? 4 pounds 6 pounds 3 pounds 2 pounds

4 pounds

The U.S. Public Health Service and the March of Dimes recommend that all women of childbearing age should take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement that contains 500 milligrams of calcium. 15 milligrams of iron. 40 milligrams of zinc. 400 micrograms of folic acid.

400 micrograms of folic acid.

A very-low-calorie diet (VLCD), also known as protein-sparing modified fast, allows a person ________ kcal per day, often in liquid form. 800 to 1000 400 to 800 1200 to 1400 200 to 400

400 to 800

Bacterial growth requires nutrients, water, and warmth. Most bacteria grow best in danger zone temperatures of _____°F to _____°F. 35; 165 40; 140 60; 165 32; 140

40;140

A serving of ranch salad dressing has 5 grams of fat. How many calories come from fat in 1 serving of ranch salad dressing? 5 kcal 20 kcal 25 kcal 45 kcal

45 kcal

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines? Choose a dietary pattern with plenty of animal products, including milk and meats, since they are most bioavailable. Avoid varying from the prescribed foods because the recommendations are tailored to meet the needs of all U.S. adults. Limit carbohydrates and increase protein sources to promote energy balance. About 85% of the calories you consume daily are needed to meet the nutrient-dense food group recommendations.

About 85% of the calories you consume daily are needed to meet the nutrient-dense food group recommendations.

Which of the following accurately describes the functions of phosphorus? Support of immune function, regulation of cell growth, and production of hormones Regulation of blood glucose, control of calcium absorption, and synthesis of vitamin D in the liver Activation of enzymes, component of cell membranes, and maintenance of fluid balance Energy metabolism, destruction of pathogens, and transport of oxygen in the blood

Activation of enzymes, component of cell membranes, and maintenance of fluid balance

When there is insufficient research to determine the RDA for a nutrient, the ______, based on estimates of intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage, is the nutrient standard. Daily Value (DV) Adequate Intake (AI) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intakes (CDRR)

Adequate Intake (AI)

Which of the following includes all energy-yielding substances? Alcohol, carbohydrates, lipids, protein Vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, protein Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals, water Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, water

Alcohol, carbohydrates, lipids, protein

______ is a hormone released by the adrenal glands that is responsible for regulating fluid volume in the body. Aldosterone Angiotensin Antidiuretic hormone Insulin

Aldosterone

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans provide guidelines specifically for older adults. Which of the following is one of these guidelines? Stretching each major muscle group should accompany aerobic or strength training at least 5 days per week. All adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 150 to 300 minutes per week, vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for 75 to 150 minutes per week, or an equivalent combination of the two. To maintain lean tissue and basal metabolic rate, strength training should be performed 5 to 7 times per week. For those over age 55 who are at risk for falling, physical activities that improve endurance are recommended.

All adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 150 to 300 minutes per week, vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for 75 to 150 minutes per week, or an equivalent combination of the two.

Which of the following is a role of choline in human health? Synthesis of neurotransmitters Transport of lipids Structure of cell membranes All of these are functions of choline.

All of these are functions of choline.

Which of the following nutrients must be supplied by the foods we eat to support the chemical processes of human physiology? Proteins Lipids Vitamins and minerals All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

The training effect, in which individuals experience improvements in physical fitness as they continue a regular exercise regimen, is a product of increased number of mitochondria in muscle cells. increased number of capillaries in muscles. increased efficiency of the heart. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

To prevent bone loss, a woman at risk for osteoporosis could All of these choices are correct. ensure adequate dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D. consult a physician about estrogen replacement. include weight-bearing exercise into her routine.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following food trends increases the risk of foodborne illness? More foods prepared in kitchens outside the home Consumption of more imported ready-to-eat foods Greater consumer interest in eating raw or undercooked animal products All of these trends increase the risk of foodborne illness.

All of these trends increase the risk of foodborne illness.

______ is an essential omega-3 fatty acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Docasahexaenoic acid (DHA) Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) Linoleic acid (LA)

Alpha-linolenic acid

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? Urea Ketones Amino acids Fatty acids

Amino acids

Zelda is a marathon runner. She completes the marathon in 2 hours and 30 minutes. Which of the following is true regarding her fuel use during the marathon? If she runs out of muscle glycogen at the 2-hour mark, she will not feel fatigue. Anaerobic glucose breakdown, using muscle glycogen, will provide most of the ATP for the marathon. Liver glycogen is the preferred fuel during intense muscular activity lasting less than 2 hours. Amino acids may supply up to 15% of energy needs.

Amino acids may supply up to 15% of energy needs.

Which of the following therapies is appropriate for treatment of occasional heartburn? Antacids Aspirin Milk and cream Orange juice

Antacids

Javier takes a diuretic to control his blood pressure, aspirin to prevent his blood clots, and an antibiotic for a recent sinus infection. Which of these may affect his vitamin K needs? Diuretic Aspirin Antibiotic None of these

Antibiotic

Which of the following terms describes psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food? Satiety Hunger Appetite Saturation

Appetite

Which of the following is true about the North American dietary pattern? Our dietary fiber intake is excessive. Most of our fats come from plant sources. Most of our protein comes from plant sources. Approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars.

Approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars.

In human cells, which of the following fatty acids can be made from linoleic acid? Alpha-linolenic acid Palmitic acid Arachidonic acid Oleic acid

Arachidonic acid

What is the name of the recently FDA-approved obesity treatment device that uses a surgically implanted tube placed into the stomach to drain the stomach contents after every meal? AspireAssist® CorrectFatDrain® DrainAssist® EatPurge®

AspireAssist®

Which of the following substances is primarily involved in the emulsification of fat to facilitate its digestion? Pancreatic juices Hydrochloric acid Bicarbonate Bile

Bile

Which of the following combinations of plant foods will provide ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids? Green beans and tomatoes Black beans and rice Wheat bread with sesame seeds Garbanzo beans and kale

Black beans and rice

Which of the following tools do not measure body fatness or body composition? Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Body mass index Underwater weighing Bioelectrical impedance analysis

Body mass index

Which of the following is a true statement about body proteins? Amino acids from dying cells or worn-out cell parts are excreted as a component of bile. Body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair. The breakdown of body proteins provides most of the ATP to support human metabolism. Synthesis of body proteins is directed by antigens, which are present in every cell.

Body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair.

What is a serious, long-term health consequence of absent or irregular menstrual periods among women of childbearing age? Muscle tears Esophageal bleeding Bone loss Dehydration

Bone loss

Which of the following ergogenic aids may cause anxiety and insomnia? Growth hormone Sodium bicarbonate Caffeine Creatine

Caffeine

Fat makes up nearly 100% of total kcal in which of the following food items? Canola oil Dark chocolate Roast beef Whole milk

Canola oil

Which of the following foods is cholesterol free? Canola oil Salmon Butter Mozzarella cheese

Canola oil

Which of the following is true about carbohydrate digestion? Bile is necessary for carbohydrate digestion. Carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins. CorrectIn the small intestine, amylase breaks down fiber to glucose. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach.

Carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins.

Which of the following is an essential nutrient? Phytochemicals Carbohydrates Zoochemicals Alcohol

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is true about the energy content of nutrients? Lipids and alcohol supply 9 kcal per gram. Carbohydrates and proteins supply 4 kcal per gram. Alcohol supplies 9 kcal per gram. Lipids supply 7 kcal per gram.

Carbohydrates and proteins supply 4 kcal per gram.

What are the three main elements that make up lipids? Calcium, phosphorus, and oxygen Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Anabolic steroid use may cause which of the following side effects? Weight loss, decreased mental alertness, and increased fat metabolism Decreased heart rate, confusion, and vision disturbances Frequent urination, hyperactivity, and groin pain Cardiovascular disease, extreme mood swings, and sleep disturbances

Cardiovascular disease, extreme mood swings, and sleep disturbances

Which of the following is a function of fat? Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins Carrier of proteins in the blood Traps water in food products Best source of energy for the brain

Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins

Which of the following describes type 1 diabetes mellitus? Arises most commonly in adulthood Often associated with obesity Caused by insensitivity of fat and muscle cells to insulin Caused by lack of insulin production

Caused by a lack of insulin production

Which foods are commonly associated with Salmonella intoxication? Gravies and sauces Chicken and eggs Seafood and raw fish Custards and cream-filled pastries

Chicken and eggs

______ is a building block of vitamin D and other hormones. Calcitriol Estrogen Cholesterol Hydroxyapatite

Cholesterol

The ______ bacterium can cause a potentially fatal foodborne illness. Home-canned foods often are culprits of this intoxication. Clostridium botulinum Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Vibrio vulnificus

Clostridium botulinum

If you buy food in a can that is bulging or spurts liquid, the food is likely to contain toxins produced by a type of bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium botulinum. Salmonella.

Clostridium botulinum.

Which of the following is the richest source of saturated fatty acids? Safflower oil Coconut oil Soybean oil Corn oil

Coconut oil

Which of the following is not recommended as a component of the Mediterranean diet? Plentiful intake of fruits and vegetables Frequent consumption of fish Coconut oil as the preferred fat source Moderate alcohol intake

Coconut oil as the preferred fat source

Dietary fiber may play a key role in the prevention of which type of cancer? Liver Colon Pancreatic Stomach

Colon

Which statement best describes nutrient density? Consume a variety of foods from MyPlate's five major food groups every day. Choose a number of different foods within any given food group rather than the same old thing. Plan your entire day's dietary intake so that you do not overconsume nutrient sources. Consume foods that have the most nutrients when compared to their calories.

Consume foods that have the most nutrients when compared to their calories.

Sara is a middle-aged woman of Northern European descent and is quite small in stature. She eats plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, plant sources of protein, and lean meats. What else could she do to live a more health-promoting lifestyle? Eat more vitamin E-laden fruits and vegetables. Take vitamin and mineral supplements. Consume plenty of low-fat dairy or dairy-alternatives. Eat more red meat.

Consume plenty of low-fat dairy or dairy-alternatives.

Edna, age 75, does not tolerate dairy products well. Which of the following practices would be most appropriate for Edna to increase her calcium levels? Eat more meat Eliminate all dairy Decrease protein intake while increasing vitamin D Consume small amounts of low-fat milk and yogurt and calcium-fortified alternatives

Consume small amounts of low-fat milk and yogurt and calcium-fortified alternatives

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of night eating syndrome? For women, missing three or more menstrual periods in a row Repeated use of unsafe methods to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting) Consuming more than 25% of daily food intake after dinner Lack of appetite in the evening

Consuming more than 25% of daily food intake after dinner

Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles? Controls passage of food through the GI tract Produces enzymes and hormones Controls peristalsis Breaks apart food particles

Controls passage of food through the GI tract

Which of the following occurs with aging? The immune system is more able to recognize and counteract foreign substances that enter the body. The body has learned to fight off attacks on healthy cells, thus preserving maximum function. Copy errors in the cell cycle can lead to genetic mutations that cause protein dysfunction, resulting in cell death. Concentrations of many hormones, such as testosterone in men and estrogen in women, increase with aging.

Copy errors in the cell cycle can lead to genetic mutations that cause protein dysfunction, resulting in cell death.

Which of the following is true about aging? Mathematical models have been designed that are very predictive of the aging process. Aging is a disease. The rate of aging is based on genetics and no amount of modifiable lifestyle behaviors can alter it. Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging.

Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging.

Which of the following is true about the use of diet pills for weight reduction? Orlistat (Xenical®, Alli®) increases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Very-low-calorie diets, combined with anti-obesity drugs, are recommended for optimal weight loss. Candidates for medications to treat obesity include those with a BMI ≥ 25 or BMI ≥ 20 with at least one weight-related health condition. Diet pills do not lead to long-term changes in weight and tend to have side effects.

Diet pills do not lead to long-term changes in weight and tend to have side effects.

Which strategy is recommended for successful weight gain? Avoid between-meal snacks. Consume organic and non-GMO foods. Limit or avoid physical activity. Drink fluids between meals, not during meals.

Drink fluids between meals, not during meals.

The key to weight loss and maintenance can be thought of as a triad, which consists of three interrelated components. Which of the following is not a component of the weight loss triad? Engaging in positive behaviors Controlling calorie intake Drinking sugar-free beverages Performing regular physical activity

Drinking sugar-free beverages

Of the most common methods of estimating body composition, which is the most accurate? Air displacement plethysmography Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Skinfold measures Bioelectrical impedance analysis

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Barb wants to make sure she gets adequate folate during her pregnancy. She should do which of the following? Eat more oysters. Drink more milk. Eat more meat. Eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

Eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

Which of the following is an important dietary recommendation for avoiding heartburn? Avoid fluids. Consume milk or cream with meals. Eat meals low in carbohydrate. Eat smaller meals that are lower in fat.

Eat smaller meals that are lower in fat.

Which of the following foods is the best source of soluble fiber? Sunflower seeds Kidney beans Broccoli Whole wheat bread

Kidney beans

Barbara is 65 years of age, and her doctor finds her mental function is declining. Which of the following may improve her mental status? Resting the brain and avoiding brain games Taking protein supplements Eating a primarily plant-based dietary pattern Maintaining a sedentary lifestyle

Eating a primarily plant-based dietary pattern

John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this? Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels Eating enriched grains such as Rice Krispies® and saltines Buying bran and fiber supplements to add to his current dietary pattern Reading the labels of grain products and buying those labeled wheat flour

Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

In human cells, which of the following fatty acids can be made from alpha-linolenic acid? Linoleic acid Oleic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid Arachidonic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid

Fatty fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of which omega-3 fatty acid? Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) Arachidonic acid (AA) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Which of the following is a permissible supplement for athletic departments to provide to athletes as defined by the NCAA? Electrolyte replacement beverages Stimulants Cannabinoids Creatine

Electrolyte replacement beverages

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins? Provide energy Made in sufficient quantities by the body Enable chemical processes in the body Become structural components of the body

Enable chemical processes in the body

Which of the following is not an appropriate measure to prevent eating disorders? Discourage restrictive dieting and meal skipping. Provide opportunities for fun and social physical activity in school and at home. Encourage daily measurements of body weight. Correct misconceptions about nutrition and healthy body weight.

Encourage daily measurements of body weight.

Which of the following agencies regulates pesticides? Food and Drug Administration (FDA) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa? Extreme dietary restriction that leads to significantly low body weight Body mass index below 17.5 kg/m2 Significantly low heart rate, measured on two separate occasions Use of unsafe means of preventing weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting) at least one time per week for at least 3 months

Extreme dietary restriction that leads to significantly low body weight

Which of the following typically increases with aging? Fat stores Sense of thirst Immune function Lean tissue mass

Fat stores

Per gram, which of the following provides the most energy? Alcohol Proteins Carbohydrates Fats

Fats

Why is spot reducing inappropriate when one is attempting to lose weight or change their body composition? Stored proteins are recruited from all muscle beds simultaneously when exercising. Fatty acids are recruited from all over the body, not necessarily from fat stored near the active muscles. Most exercisers engage in repetitive activities and movements that do not stress muscles throughout the entire body. Glycogen blocks hormonal signaling that promotes spot reducing throughout the body.

Fatty acids are recruited from all over the body, not necessarily from fat stored near the active muscles.

Which trimester is an especially critical period when poor nutrition or drug use can result in birth defects? Second First Third

First

Which government agency is responsible for regulating most U.S. food labeling? U.S. Department of Agriculture Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Food and Drug Administration Center for Science in the Public Interest

Food and Drug Administration

Which of the following terms describes physiological (internal) influences that encourage us to find and eat food? Satiety Saturation Hunger Appetite

Hunger

Which of the following is the largest unit of measurement? Centigram Milligram Kilogram Microgram

Kilogram

An infant born at 38 weeks of gestation and weighing 5 pounds is LBW and SGA. LBW. preterm and SGA. preterm and LBW.

LBW and SGA.

Which of the following is a benefit of regular physical activity? Increased blood pressure Reduced muscle mass Increased body fat Improved sleep

Improved sleep

Which of the following traits is common among people with bulimia nervosa? Sexual modesty Perfectionism Impulsiveness Rigidity

Impulsiveness

Ana Paula's physician tells her she needs more folate in her dietary pattern during pregnancy. She should do which of the following? Eat 2 servings of fish per week. Incorporate more cheese in meals. Eat two servings of lean beef per week. Include a serving of leafy, green vegetables each day.

Include a serving of leafy, green vegetables each day.

Which of the following would enhance your overall dietary intake of phytochemicals? Incorporating soy-based proteins into your dietary pattern Replacing plant proteins with animal proteins Replacing red or dark green loose-leaf lettuce with crisp head lettuce Substituting cream-based dips for salsa

Incorporating soy-based proteins into your dietary pattern

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? Anorexia nervosa is essentially a very severe case of bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two distinct conditions that do not overlap. Individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa may exhibit behaviors of bulimia nervosa. People with anorexia nervosa fear becoming overweight or obese, whereas people with bulimia nervosa are not concerned with body weight.

Individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa may exhibit behaviors of bulimia nervosa.

Which of the following populations are at risk for poor magnesium status? Individuals with alcohol use disorders, individuals who use diuretics, and individuals experiencing excessive vomiting and diarrhea Individuals with diabetes, individuals who adhere to a vegan dietary pattern, and individuals with obesity Teenagers and middle-aged males Individuals with autoimmune disease, young adults, and individuals with iron-deficiency anemia

Individuals with alcohol use disorders, individuals who use diuretics, and individuals experiencing excessive vomiting and diarrhea

Which trace mineral is important for the synthesis of thyroid hormones? Iodine Fluoride Zinc Chromium

Iodine

What nutrient participates in the pathways that yield energy to fuel the brain, the myelination of nerve tissue, and the formation of neurotransmitters? Iron Folate Iodine Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids

Iron

Choose the minerals that are needed in higher quantities during pregnancy. There are no minerals that need to be increased during pregnancy, only some vitamins. Sodium and chloride Iron, iodine, and zinc Calcium and phosphorus

Iron, iodine, and zinc

Which of the following food preservation methods best maintains the water content of a food product? Adding sugar Salting Smoking Irradiation

Irradiation

Which of the following is true about food irradiation? Irradiation can slow or limit the growth of insects, microorganisms, and parasites in food. Foods that are irradiated do not require labeling as such. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned food irradiation. Irradiation does not affect the vitamin content of foods.

Irradiation can slow or limit the growth of insects, microorganisms, and parasites in food.

Bill's physician has written a prescription for 1.5 grams of nicotinic acid (a form of niacin) per day. Which of the following is a benefit of high doses of niacin? It can lower blood cholesterol levels. It can lower blood pressure. It can lower blood sugar levels. It is a potent antioxidant.

It can lower blood cholesterol levels.

Which of the following is true about nutrition and Alzheimer's disease? High intakes of choline can reverse Alzheimer's disease. It is wise for others to oversee food planning and mealtimes to ensure nutritional adequacy. High intakes of aluminum can cause Alzheimer's disease. Strict adherence to the Mediterranean diet can prevent Alzheimer's disease.

It is wise for others to oversee food planning and mealtimes to ensure nutritional adequacy.

Which of the following is characteristic of a fad diet? It promotes quick solutions and rapid weight loss. It promotes a wide variety of food selections. It prohibits supplements and expensive meals. It uses scientific evidence, presenting the pros and cons.

It promotes quick solutions and rapid weight loss.

Which of the following is a useful approach in the nutritional therapy of a person with bulimia nervosa? Keeping a daily food diary Providing strict food rules to control eating Eating alone Alternate-day fasting

Keeping a daily food diary

The Dietary Guidelines recommend which of the following? Eliminate oils and solid fats from the diet Decrease vegetable and fruit intake Limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars Consume two alcoholic beverages per day

Limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars

______ is an essential omega-6 fatty acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Docasahexaenoic acid (DHA) Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) Linoleic acid (LA)

Linoleic acid (LA)

Which of the following nutrients can be broken down by human enzymes to yield energy? Vitamins Minerals Fiber Lipids

Lipids

_____ is a spot reducing procedure that involves inserting a thin tube into an incision that allows access to the fat tissue. The fat cells are then suctioned out through the tube and disgarded. Cryolipolysis Gastric plication Botox injections Liposuction

Liposuction

Which of the following drugs has been approved by FDA for treatment of binge eating disorder? Topiramate (Topamax®) Fluoxetine (Prozac®) Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse®) Lorcaserin (Belviq®)

Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse®)

Foodborne illness at any stage of the life span can be dangerous. However, infection with the foodborne pathogen ______ can be especially dangerous during pregnancy because this pathogen can cross the placenta and harm the developing fetus. Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Clostridium perfringens Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes

Where is the chief site of alcohol metabolism? Liver Stomach Brain Kidneys

Liver

Bud has trouble with his dentures that results in chewing difficulties. Which of the following foods would be most appropriate to help meet his nutritional needs? Clear bouillon Low-fat yogurt Toast Sirloin steak

Low-fat yogurt

Which of the following forms of cancer is unrelated to excessive calorie intake? Lung Colon Breast Pancreatic

Lung

For which of the following activities would carbohydrate loading be most useful? Weight lifting Marathon Football Golf

Marathon

Carbohydrate loading may be most beneficial for athletes engaging in the following activities. Yoga, pilates, and relaxation exercises Marathons, cross-country skiing, and triathlons Discus throwing, weight lifting, and interval training Baseball, jump rope, and track sprints

Marathons, cross-country skiing, and triathlons

Which of the following is true about the vitamin and mineral intake of athletes? Most athletes obtain ample vitamins and minerals through whole foods if they meet their caloric needs. Most athletes should take antioxidant supplements to reduce muscle damage caused by workouts. Most athletes do not consume enough supplements. Most athletes should take iron supplements to enhance their aerobic capacity.

Most athletes obtain ample vitamins and minerals through whole foods if they meet their caloric needs.

Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States? Most consume approximately the amount of protein needed to balance losses. Most consume more protein than is needed. Athletes generally do not get enough protein without supplements. Most do not consume enough protein.

Most consume more protein than is needed.

There is no easy way to test for pathogens such as Salmonella. Escherichia coli O157:H7. Norovirus. Listeria.

Norovirus

The Nutrition Facts label on a box of breakfast cereal shows that the product provides 10% of the Daily Value for Vitamin D. Which of the following statements is true? One serving of cereal provides 10% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin D for adults. One package of cereal provides 10% of the recommended amount of Vitamin D for the general population. One serving of cereal provides 10% of total calories from Vitamin D. One serving of cereal provides 10% of the recommended amount of Vitamin D for the general population.

One serving of cereal provides 10% of the recommended amount of Vitamin D for the general population.

One cup of apple juice has 111 kcal and 1.4 mg of vitamin C. The same serving size of orange juice has 112 kcal and 124 mg of vitamin C. Which of the following is true regarding their nutrient density? Orange juice is more nutrient dense for vitamin C than apple juice. Apple juice provides more vitamin C per calorie than orange juice. To get adequate vitamin C while watching calorie intake, it would be better to consume apple juice than orange juice. Apple juice is more nutrient dense for vitamin C than orange juice.

Orange juice is more nutrient dense for vitamin C than apple juice.

______ is the term used to describe a condition in which the desire to consume healthy foods becomes an obsession and begins to interfere with daily living. Diabulimia Reverse anorexia Atypical anorexia nervosa Orthorexia

Orthorexia

Which of the following is a function of chloride? Neutralizes free radicals Participates in digestion Activates enzymes Mineralizes bone

Participates in digestion

Which of the following foods are rich sources of monounsaturated fatty acids? Palm and coconut oils Peanuts and peanut oil Safflower and sunflower oils Butter, lard (pork fat), and tallow (beef fat)

Peanuts and peanut oil

Which of the following is categorized as a soluble, viscous, and readily fermentable fiber? Pectin Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

Pectin

Which of the following population groups is at significant risk for low blood potassium? People who follow a vegetarian dietary pattern People with lactose intolerance People with eating disorders People who are physically inactive

People with eating disorders

What enzyme digests protein in the stomach? Amylase Pepsin Trypsin Lipase

Pepsin

Which of the following is a high-energy compound that resupplies ATP for quick bursts of activity lasting up to 10 seconds? Phosphocreatine Aerobic glucose breakdown Caffeine Lactate

Phosphocreatine

When a cell membrane is damaged by free radicals, which specific component of the cell membrane is damaged? Polysaccharide Cholesterol Saturated fat Phospholipid

Phospholipid

What substances, present in fruits and vegetables, provide significant health benefits such as reducing the risk of cancer? Deoxidizers Free radicals Phytochemicals Beta blockers

Phytochemicals

Which of the following is a true statement about sources of protein? Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in saturated fat than animal sources of protein. Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in cholesterol than animal sources of protein. Animal sources of protein tend to be higher in phytochemicals than plant sources of protein. Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in dietary fiber than animal sources of protein.

Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in dietary fiber than animal sources of protein.

According to surveys from the United States Department of Agriculture, what is the most commonly consumed vegetable in the United States? Lettuce Corn Potatoes Tomatoes

Potatoes

What is one function of the lower esophageal sphincter? Prevents intestinal contents from backing up into the stomach Prevents stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus Prevents intestinal contents from emptying too quickly into the colon Prevents esophageal contents from emptying too quickly into the stomach

Prevents stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus

Which of the following is a true statement about the effects of sugar? Natural sources of sugar, like honey, are lower in calories than their processed counterparts, such as high fructose corn syrup. A high-sugar diet will cause hyperactivity among children. Prolonged exposure of the teeth to simple sugars from snacks and drinks promotes dental caries. A high sugar intake is not problematic as long as the overall diet is high in protein.

Prolonged exposure of the teeth to simple sugars from snacks and drinks promotes dental caries.

The acronym "RDA" stands for Required Dietary Allowance. Required Daily Allowance. Recommended Daily Allowance. Recommended Dietary Allowance.

Recommended Dietary Allowance.

Which of the following is a function of phytochemicals? Increases the formation of blood clots Increases inflammation and oxidative damage to cells Increases the initiation and proliferation of cancer Regulates cell signaling and gene expression

Regulates cell signaling and gene expression

Which of the following consumer behaviors increases the risk of a foodborne illness? Washing and scrubbing all produce under running water Cooking ground meats to an internal temperature of 165°F Chopping fresh vegetables on one cutting board, and then using a separate cutting board to prepare raw meat Reheating leftover meatballs to an internal temperature of 140°F

Reheating leftover meatballs to an internal temperature of 140°F

Which of the following is true about lifestyle habits and pregnancy? Foodborne illness can be harmful for maternal health but has no impact on the developing fetus. Use of tobacco products can be harmful for maternal health but has no impact on the developing fetus. Repeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting is harmful to the fetus. All women must avoid NutraSweet during pregnancy because phenylalanine causes problems with fetal brain development.

Repeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting is harmful to the fetus.

Which of the following is among the criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa? Waking at least once during the night with a need to eat to be able to fall asleep again Restriction of energy intake that leads to significantly low body weight Binge-compensate cycles that occur at least one time per week for one month or longer Repeated use of unsafe means to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting)

Repeated use of unsafe means to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting)

Among individuals who repeatedly use self-induced vomiting as a way to purge excess calories consumed during a binge, there may be evidence of abrasions, calluses, or scars on the knuckles as a result of trauma from the teeth. These marks on the knuckles are known as lanugo. Wilson's disease. Russell's sign. sialadenosis.

Russell's sign.

Which of the following is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids? Salmon Chicken breast Broccoli Sirloin steak

Salmon

If you have just sliced raw poultry on your cutting board, there is an increased probability that ______ bacteria will be present. Therefore, if the board is not thoroughly washed, the bacteria can cross-contaminate other food coming in contact with the board. Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium botulinum Salmonella

Salmonella

Raw meats, poultry, and eggs are often contaminated with ______, which can cause fatal infections in immunocompromised populations. Shigella species Clostridium botulinum Escherichia coli Salmonella

Salmonella

Which of the following terms refers to a state in which a person is satisfied after eating and there is no further desire to eat? Appetite Hunger Saturation Satiety

Satiety

Extra kilocalories for pregnancy are needed mostly during which trimester(s)? First and third Second and third First Second

Second and third

Which of the following is representative of the Dietary Guidelines recommendations for meal planning? Incorporating several servings of animal sources of protein per week Selecting low-fat dairy choices over high fat Consuming refined grain breads and cereals Eliminating all fruits to lose weight

Selecting low-fat dairy choices over high fat

As she ages, Maude begins losing her senses of taste and smell. Which of the following is true about her situation? It is inevitable that she will eventually lose all sense of taste and smell. She will have to learn to accept that food will continue to taste more bland. She can vary her dietary patterns to include more herbs and spices to help enhance the flavors and odors of foods. The senses of taste and smell do not change with aging.

She can vary her dietary patterns to include more herbs and spices to help enhance the flavors and odors of foods.

How would you interpret the body mass index for a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms? She slightly exceeds the value at which health risks are increased. The value does not exceed the value at which health risks are increased. Her health risks would be high. This indicates significant android obesity and high health risk

She slightly exceeds the value at which health risks are increased.

The RDA for iron is 18 milligrams per day for adult women. Tina usually consumes about 15 milligrams of iron per day. She is a healthy young woman with no condition that significantly increases her needs for iron. Which of the following statements is true about her consumption of this nutrient? She would only be at great risk of nutritional deficiency if her intake is consistently below 70% of the RDA. She will need to consume significantly more iron, above the RDA, to make up for her intake. She could not possibly be getting enough iron for her needs. She is likely to be deficient in iron.

She would only be at great risk of nutritional deficiency if her intake is consistently below 70% of the RDA.

Which of the following trends has a negative effect on American food habits? Social changes that are leading to a general time shortage for many of us The variety of new, low-fat products in the grocery store More offerings of chicken and fish in restaurants as alternatives to beef Widespread availability of information on the nutritional content of fast foods

Social changes that are leading to a general time shortage for many of us

Which of the following is an appropriate goal for weight control programs? Sparing lean body mass Reduced physical activity Significant water loss 5-pound weight loss per week

Sparing lean body mass

Which of the following is a federal program that provides health assessments, nutrition education, and nutrition assistance to improve the health of pregnant or breastfeeding women and their infants? Regional Nutrition Counseling Program (RNCP) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Nutrition Supplement Program (NSP) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Which of the following describes the process of starch digestion? Starch to glycogen to glucose Starch to maltose to glucose Starch to lactose to galactose Starch to sucrose to fructose

Starch to maltose to glucose

Human enzymes digest proteins in which areas of the body? Stomach and small intestine Mouth and small intestine Small and large intestines Mouth and stomach

Stomach and small intestine

Which of the following is a good way to preserve the vitamin content of vegetables? Boiling vegetables until they are soft Storing vegetables in a cool place, such as the crisper drawer of the refrigerator Storing vegetables at room temperature on the kitchen counter Trimming and peeling vegetables soon after purchase

Storing vegetables in a cool place, such as the crisper drawer of the refrigerator

Which of the following describes type 2 diabetes mellitus? Strongly associated with obesity Most often diagnosed during childhood Associated with a tendency to develop ketosis Sometimes caused by viral infection

Strongly associated with obesity

Of the following, which is a major source of sucrose? Sugar cane Grains Fruits Alcohol

Sugar cane

Which of the following is characteristic of lipids? Adds structural strength to bones and muscles Supplies a concentrated form of fuel for the body Adds sweetness to food Supplies 4 kcal per gram

Supplies a concentrated form of fuel for the body

Which of the following is the best treatment approach for binge eating disorder? A structured eating plan that the person follows without regard to his or her hunger signals. Encouraging a person to nurture others rather than focus on his or her own needs. Teaching a person to eat in response to internal hunger cues. A diet that lists foods to be eaten and others to be avoided.

Teaching a person to eat in response to internal hunger cues.

Which of the following statements is true regarding infant feeding? Working mothers should avoid breastfeeding. Because of its immunological benefits, infant formula is preferred over breast milk. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of a child's life. Cows' milk can be introduced safely when the child is 3 months old

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of a child's life.

Which of the following is associated with aging? High chromium intake impairs glucose tolerance. The liver's detoxifying capacity increases. The risk of developing gallstones increases. The digestive function of the pancreas improves.

The risk of developing gallstones increases.

Which of the following is required on the Nutrition Facts label? The serving size Total calories from vitamin D per serving The amount per serving of all vitamins and minerals for which there is an RDA Percent DV for protein

The serving size

Which of the following is true about protein as an energy source? The use of protein as an energy source is greater for endurance athletes than for those who body build or lift weights. Protein and amino acid supplements are needed as energy sources for weight lifters. Protein is more important than carbohydrate as an energy source for muscular activity. Protein is a good energy source, supplying 7 kcal per gram.

The use of protein as an energy source is greater for endurance athletes than for those who body build or lift weights.

Which of the following is incorrect about dietary fibers? They are absorbed in the large intestine. The bonds between the sugar units cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes. They are mostly polysaccharides. They cannot be absorbed by the small intestine.

They are absorbed in the large intestine.

Home-delivered meal kits are gaining in popularity. What is a key benefit of these kits for consumers? The companies pick up the food waste on their next delivery visit and share fresh compost with customers. Overall, they are lower in cost than purchasing the same food at a local grocery market. They are attractive for busy consumers with little time or novice cooking skills. They require advanced cooking skills so budding chefs can enjoy these meals at home.

They are attractive for busy consumers with little time or novice cooking skills.

Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways? They have multiple rings in their structures. They contain three fatty acids. They contain glycerol. They do not dissolve in water.

They do not dissolve in water.

Which of the following statements about popular diets is incorrect? They often recommend expensive supplements or meals. They often use personal testimonials from famous people to promote their product. They promote quick weight loss that ends up being primarily water and lean muscle mass. They help people make permanent changes in eating habits and behaviors.

They help people make permanent changes in eating habits and behaviors.

What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine? They are absorbed and converted to glycogen. They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria. They are absorbed and converted to fat. They pass into the colon and are absorbed.

They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria.

______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is important for the release of energy from carbohydrates as well as the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and some neurotransmitters. Thiamin Niacin Riboflavin Pyridoxine

Thiamin

Which hormone functions in the regulation of the body's metabolic rate? Thyroid hormone Insulin Vitamin D Glucagon

Thyroid hormone

Which of the following is a function of water? Structural component of bone Prevents oxidative damage to cell membranes Transports nutrients and wastes Provides energy

Transports nutrients and wastes

Which of the following is an example of a parasite found in the North American food supply? Norovirus Staphylococcus aureus Trichinella spiralis Clostridium botulinum

Trichinella spiralis

When buying a vitamin or mineral supplement, look for ______ on the label, which signifies that an independent group of scientists has reviewed the product for purity, strength, and quality. PSU UPS SPU USP

USP

Which term describes failing health that results from a dietary pattern that is chronically inadequate? Inferior nutrition Undernutrition Desirable nutrition Food insecurity

Undernutrition

Which of the following agencies enforces wholesomeness and quality standards for meat? United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

How could you lower the fat content of the following breakfast menu? Omelet (made with 2 whole eggs, 1/4 cup of Swiss cheese, 1/4 cup of mushrooms)2 links of turkey sausage1 slice of whole-wheat toast with 1 teaspoon of butter1 cup of orange juice Use egg whites instead of whole eggs in the omelet. Use margarine instead of butter on the toast. Choose pork sausage instead of turkey sausage. Choose skim milk instead of orange juice.

Use egg whites instead of whole eggs in the omelet.

How could you lower the fat content of the following sandwich? 2 slices of white bread 2 ounces of sliced turkey 1 slice of provolone cheese 1 tablespoon of mayonnaise 1 leaf of lettuce 1 slice of tomato Choose cheddar cheese instead of provolone cheese Select whole wheat bread instead of white bread Use mustard instead of mayonnaise Choose roast beef instead of turkey

Use mustard instead of mayonnaise

______ are synthesized by the liver to transport fat to the rest of the body. Low-density lipoproteins Very-low-density lipoproteins High-density lipoproteins Chylomicrons

Very-low-density lipoproteins

Which of the following is true about the bingeing behavior of a person with bulimia nervosa? Violation of rigid food rules can initiate a binge. Binges usually last 15 to 30 minutes. Bingeing behavior is controlled and methodical. Binges most often occur during the morning.

Violation of rigid food rules can initiate a binge.

Which of the following is most likely to result in vitamin toxicity if consumed daily over a long period of time? Spinach, kale, and other greens Vitamin A supplements B-vitamin complex Fortified breakfast cereals

Vitamin A supplements

Which of the B vitamins contains cobalt? Niacin Vitamin B-6 Vitamin B-12 Thiamin

Vitamin B-12

Which B vitamin is required for amino acid metabolism? Niacin Vitamin B-6 Thiamin Pantothenic acid

Vitamin B-6

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D for a person following a vegan diet? Whole grain products Spinach Vitamin D-fortified soymilk Fish oil

Vitamin D-fortified soymilk

Some researchers believe that damage to cells by free radicals may contribute to the aging process. Which of the following nutrients serves as an antioxidant that protects cells from these compounds? Magnesium Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B-12

Vitamin E

Which of the following vitamins serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes? Vitamin E Niacin Vitamin K Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Which of the following nutrients provide no calories? Proteins Alcohol Carbohydrates Vitamins

Vitamins

Participants in which of the following sports are most likely to engage in disordered eating behaviors? Cross-country Ice hockey Baseball Wrestling

Wrestling

______ is needed for DNA synthesis, protein metabolism, wound healing, growth, development of sexual organs, and white blood cell formation. Copper Selenium Zinc Iodine

Zinc

Amylose is an indigestible dietary fiber sequestered in plant walls. an indigestible branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units. a group of polysaccharides that are found in plant cell walls. a digestible, straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units.

a digestible, straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units.

According to the Dietary Guidelines, a nutrient-dense dietary pattern leaves little room for discretionary calories contributed by sugar-sweetened beverages and desserts. alcohol, added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. nutritional supplements. alcohol and simple carbohydrates.

alcohol, added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium.

The "Freshman 15" is the term used to describe the typical body fat percentage of college students after their freshman year. typical waist circumference of college students after their freshman year. amount of weight (in pounds) typically gained during the freshman year of college. typical BMI of college students after their freshman year.

amount of weight (in pounds) typically gained during the freshman year of college.

The two forms of starch found in food are amylose and amylopectin. soluble and insoluble. glycogen and glucagon. maltose and mannose.

amylose and amylopectin.

Amylase is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests starch. an indigestible disaccharide composed of glucose units. an enzyme that digests maltose into two glucose molecules. a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units.

an enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests starch.

Excessive use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as aspirin) could lead to gallstones. hemorrhoids. an ulcer. small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

an ulcer.

The conversion of glucose to lactate (lactic acid) is called aerobic glycogen breakdown. aerobic glucose breakdown. anaerobic glycogen breakdown. anaerobic glucose breakdown.

anaerobic glucose breakdown.

Vitamin B-12 is supplied almost entirely by vegetables and fruits. human intestinal bacteria. whole grain cereals and legumes. animal products.

animal products.

Individuals with ______ may present with clinical signs of semistarvation, such as decreased metabolic rate. bulimia nervosa night eating syndrome anorexia nervosa binge eating disorder

anorexia nervosa

Coping with stress by not eating is the typical pattern of bulimia nervosa. binge eating disorder. anorexia nervosa. night eating syndrome.

anorexia nervosa.

Body proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are enzymes. hormones. collagen. antibodies.

antibodies.

Studies have shown that behaviors of night eating syndrome are significantly improved with use of antidepressants. sleeping pills. amphetamines. antibiotics.

antidepressants.

Selenium is a cofactor for an enzyme called glutathione peroxidase, which is important for synthesis of hydroxyapatite. antioxidant defense systems in the body. stomach acid production. regulation of fluid status.

antioxidant defense systems in the body.

Adequate Intakes (AI) are established for all vitamins and minerals. are established for carbohydrate, total fat, and dietary fiber. are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs. represent minimum nutrient needs.

are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs.

Systolic pressure refers to the pressure in the veins when the heart is contracting. veins when the heart is relaxed. arteries when the heart is relaxed. arteries when the heart is contracting.

arteries when the heart is contracting.

Diastolic pressure refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting. arteries when the heart is relaxed. veins when the heart is relaxed. veins when the heart is contracting.

arteries when the heart is relaxed.

A rich folate food source would be peanuts. roast beef. asparagus. skim milk.

asparagus.

According to MyPlate, food choices from the Grains Group should include only whole grain products. an equal amount of whole grain and refined grain products. a serving of grain products at each meal. at least half of the grain servings as whole grains.

at least half of the grain servings as whole grains.

Minerals can be degraded by the body. become part of body structures. provide energy. be destroyed during cooking.

become part of body structures.

Minerals can become part of body structures. be degraded by the body. be destroyed during cooking. provide energy.

become part of body structures.

Of the following foods, iron is best absorbed from cheese. beef. broccoli. kidney beans.

beef.

Typically, about 50% to 90% of the B vitamins in the diet are absorbed. In other words, B vitamins have high bioavailability. utilization. essentiality. metabolism.

bioavailability.

The glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises _____ as compared to a standard (typically glucose or white bread). blood glucose insulin released from the pancreas glycogen stored in muscle liver glycogen

blood glucose

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces. the blood vessels become more permeable to ions. sodium is retained in the body. the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine.

blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces.

A good indicator of bone health is curvature of the spine. blood calcium concentration. bone mineral density. frame size.

bone mineral density

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride mainly serve as structural components of hair and fingernails. bones and teeth. the central nervous system. the skin.

bones and teeth.

Low levels of body fat may decrease ______ fertility. female male neither male nor female both male and female

both male and female

Bill goes on an 8-hour continuous, moderate-intensity hike. Most of the ATP for this activity will be derived from anaerobic glucose breakdown. aerobic glucose breakdown. breakdown of fatty acids. breakdown of amino acids.

breakdown of fatty acids.

To reduce oxidative damage to her eggs, a woman should consume beta-carotene supplements. brightly colored fruits and vegetables. zinc supplements. 3 servings per day of dairy foods.

brightly colored fruits and vegetables.

Lactose intolerance is caused by milk bacteria. intestinal bacteria. lactase deficiency. a milk allergy.

lactase deficiency

The RDAs for nutrients generally are eficiency disease in half the population. the minimum amounts the average adult male requires. designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people. more than twice the actual requirements.

designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people.

Adequate intakes of ______ may play a role in the prevention of colon cancer. high fructose corn syrup dietary fiber starch saccharin

dietary fiber

Orlistat (Xenical®) is a medication approved by the FDA for weight loss that reduces fat storage by inhibiting lipase activity in fat cells. digestion by inhibiting lipase enzyme action in the small intestine. absorption by decreasing bile secretion. circulation by inhibiting lipoprotein production.

digestion by inhibiting lipase enzyme action in the small intestine.

The method for determining energy expenditure that involves the measurement of heat given off by the body during a select period of time in an insulated chamber is called direct calorimetry. thermocalorimetry. bomb calorimetry. indirect calorimetry.

direct calorimetry.

Mild and short-term changes in eating patterns that occur in relation to a stressful event, an illness, or a desire to modify one's dietary pattern for a variety of health and personal appearance reasons are classified as eating disorders. disordered eating

disordered eating

ypical North American dietary patterns ______ the RDA for vitamin E. meet do not meet

do not meet

In the _____ experimental design, neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant's assignment (test or placebo) or the outcome of the study until it is completed. uncontrolled double-blind single-blind case-control

double-blind

By 2040, the population aged 85+ years in the United States is expected to double. triple. stay the same. be reduced by 50%.

double.

Good practices to keep well hydrated during endurance events include limit water 24 hours prior to a competition and then hyperhydrate during competition. taking salt tablets and drinking plenty of fluid before the workout. drink freely during the 24 hours before an event and consume adequate fluids during training. never drinking fluid during strenous workouts to prepare for dry spells during competition.

drink freely during the 24 hours before an event and consume adequate fluids during training.

Mack is constipated. Recommendations to alleviate constipation include drinking more fluid. eating 50 grams of fiber per day. eating more refined grains. using mineral oil routinely and liberally.

drinking more fluid.

During digestion, the gallbladder and pancreas empty their contents into the ileum. jejunum. cecum. duodenum.

duodenum.

An adequate sports drink contains branched-chain amino acids. electrolyte minerals. at least 10% carbohydrate. caffeine.

electrolyte minerals.

Food manufacturers add lecithin (a phospholipid) to foods (e.g., salad dressing) to keep mixtures of fat and water from separating. Lecithin is a(n) thickener. emulsifier. antioxidant. fat replacer.

emulsifier.

If you suspect that a friend has an eating disorder, you should encourage your friend to seek professional help. direct your friend to pro-Ana or pro-Mia websites. provide your friend with a calorie-controlled diet plan. ignore the behavior.

encourage your friend to seek professional help.

A comparison of the calorie content of a food to the weight of that food is body density. diet quality. energy density. tnutrient density.

energy density.

The decrease in lean tissue that occurs with aging can be reduced by drinking enough water. engaging in physical activity that includes resistance exercise. taking amino acid supplements. eating an abundance of calories.

engaging in physical activity that includes resistance exercise.

The disaccharides important in nutrition are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. dextrose. galactose. fructose.

lactose.

The preservation method that involves adding bacteria or yeasts to food to produce acids and alcohol to minimize growth of other microbes is called distillation. fermentation. acidification. pasteurization.

fermentation.

Women suffering from chronic alcoholism produce children with a recognizable pattern of malformations called chronic cirrhosis. cystic fibrosis. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Common symptoms of foodborne illness include fever, headache, and muscle cramps. fever, skin rash, and itching. fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.

fever, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes, and therefore cannot be absorbed, are called glycogen. fiber. amylose. starch.

fiber

Adequate folate intake for neural tube development is especially important in the ______ trimester. second third first

first

Elements from the National Institute on Aging include endurance, strength, balance, and mindfulness. yoga. nutrient density. flexibility.

flexibility.

The most economical way to supply fluoride is fluoridation of the municipal water supply. topical fluoride gels. fluoride tablets. fortification of foods with fluoride.

fluoridation of the municipal water supply.

Too much ______ can cause discoloration (mottling) of the teeth. fluoride iron copper selenium

fluoride

The only drug approved by FDA for treatment of bulimia nervosa is topiramate (Topamax®). fluoxetine (Prozac®). orlistat (Xenical®). duloxetine (Cymbalta®).

fluoxetine (Prozac®).

Lipid-loaded white blood cells that form plaque in blood vessels are called foam cells. neutrophils. liposomes. lymphocytes.

foam cells

Requirements for ______ increase by 50% during pregnancy. vitamin D pantothenic acid sodium folate

folate

In 1998, the federal governments in both the United States and Canada mandated the fortification of grain products with ______ to prevent neural tube defects. vitamin B-12 folic acid thiamin niacin

folic acid

The form of folate found in supplements and enriched cereal is fluoric acid. folate. folic acid. folacin.

folic acid.

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal remedies as micronutrients. drugs. foods. phytochemicals.

foods.

Of the following, the best source of potassium is fresh spinach. milk. white bread. canned tuna.

fresh spinach

Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection has been associated with consumption of bread made from organic flour. breakfast cereals. well-done roast beef. fresh spinach or spinach-containing products.

fresh spinach or spinach-containing products.

In order to ensure adequate intake of nutrients, choose vegetables from all vegetable subgroups. from local farms. that are organic. that have no preservatives.

from all vegetable subgroups.

The aseptic processing food preservation method is especially useful for meats. whole grain cereals. fruit juices. spices.

fruit juices.

Major fructose sources include nuts and seeds. fruits and sweetened beverages. milk and cheese. fruits and vegetables.

fruits and sweetened beverages.

The MIND Diet includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. red meats. whole milk. All of these choices are correct.

fruits and vegetables.

According to the Dietary Guidelines, Americans should adjust their dietary patterns to include more grains, beans, and solid fats.milk, meats, and beans. fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. fruit juice, beans, and meat.

fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

The scientific name for milk sugar is mannose. lactose. glucose. maltose.

lactose.

Examples of foods that are rich sources of phytochemicals include gluten-free products, wild game, red wine, and green tea. fruits, vegetables, whole grains, herbs, nuts, and seeds. plant and animal proteins. monounsaturated oils, whole grains, and poultry.

fruits, vegetables, whole grains, herbs, nuts, and seeds.

Foods that are sources of chemicals that provide health benefits beyond being essential dietary nutrients are termed gluten-free foods. functional foods. superfoods. antioxidants.

functional foods.

The monosaccharides important in nutrition are fructose, glucose, and lactose. galactose. sucrose. maltose.

galactose.

After absorption, galactose is converted to ________ in the liver. lactose glucose glycogen fructose

glucose

A measure of both the quality (GI value) and quantity (grams per serving) of a carbohydrate in a meal is called glycemic load. insulin index. glycemic index. glycated hemoglobin.

glycemic load

The three-carbon structure that forms the "backbone" of a triglyceride is called sterol. lipoprotein. glucose. glycerol.

glycerol.

Lower-body obesity, also known as ______ obesity, is a pattern of body fat distribution that is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension than upper-body obesity. android gynoid cardiometabolic morbid

gynoid

The MyPlate icon contains five food groups. In this icon, fruits and vegetables cover _____ of the plate. one-fourth half all three-fourths

half

Most strains of Escherichia coli are harmful. harmless.

harmless.

Cortical bone is the site of red blood cell synthesis. has a dense structure. has a spongy structure. is more rapidly remodeled than trabecular bone.

has a dense structure.

To prevent iron deficiency, a female athlete should take high-dose iron supplements regularly while following a low-calorie diet. not be concerned as a low iron status is common in female athletes and will eventually resolve on its own. not be concerned about iron status as iron is not involved in energy production. have her blood hemoglobin level checked to determine if a deficiency exists that may require iron supplementation.

have her blood hemoglobin level checked to determine if a deficiency exists that may require iron supplementation.

Avoiding lying down after meals, eating less fat, avoiding spicy foods, and consuming liquid between meals instead of during meals are all helpful strategies to prevent constipation. heartburn. hemorrhoids. gestational diabetes.

heartburn

A kilocalorie is a measure of fat in food. heat energy. sugar and fat in food. nutrients in food.

heat energy.

An overarching goal of Healthy People 2030 is to set standards for nutrient intakes in the United States. implement a universal health care system. develop policies that promote physical activity among Americans of all ages. help people live free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

help people live free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

Soluble fibers are not readily fermented by intestinal bacteria. cannot dissolve in water. increase stool size significantly. help to lower blood cholesterol.

help to lower blood cholesterol.

A disorder that causes increased iron absorption leading to organ toxicity is hemolysis. hemochromatosis. pellagra. anemia.

hemochromatosis.

Amino acids are transported via the _______ vein to the liver. hepatic portal subclavian superior mesenteric vein renal

heptatic portal

Research shows that disordered eating behaviors are twice as common among young people with type 1 diabetes compared to youth without diabetes. A pattern of disordered eating commonly called diabulimia involves severely restricting carbohydrate intake to avoid weight gain. overdosing on insulin to induce weight loss. intentionally skipping insulin doses to avoid weight gain. purging excess calories by self-induced vomiting.

intentionally skipping insulin doses to avoid weight gain.

Toxin-producing bacteria, such as Clostridium botulinum, that end up in food cause a disorder called a foodborne infection. intoxication.

intoxication

Potassium and phosphate are the major ______ electrolytes. intracellular extracellular

intracellular

Carbohydrate loading involves little exercise and a high-carbohydrate diet the first 3 days, followed by heavy exercise and a low-carbohydrate diet right before competition. involves a reduction in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake over several days before a competition. does not increase glycogen stores to any significant degree. involves loading up on carbohydrate-laden foods on the morning of an endurance event.

involves a reduction in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake over several days before a competition.

Dietary avoidance of poorly digested carbohydrates known as fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) may be a useful therapy for irritable bowel syndrome. heartburn. gallstones. inflammatory bowel disease.

irritable bowel syndrome.

The first trimester of pregnancy is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and environmental exposures that could harm the fetus. is the time when the mother's breast weight increases by approximately 30% in preparation for lactation. is a time when nutritional deficiencies have little effect on the developing fetus. involves a rapid increase in cell size rather than cell number.

is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and environmental exposures that could harm the fetus.

The typical American dietary pattern is too low in sodium. provides a healthy amount of sodium. is too high in sodium.

is too high in sodium.

Foodborne illness caused by Clostridium perfringens is usually associated with meat and meat dishes, gravies, and improperly handled leftovers. can cause human illness in about 4 hours. usually is caused by consuming improperly home-canned food. appears within 12 to 36 hours of ingesting contaminated food.

is usually associated with meat and meat dishes, gravies, and improperly handled leftovers.

A child with marasmus has bowed legs and a deformed ribcage. is very susceptible to infections. has a bloated abdomen due to edema. is hyperactive and irritable.

is very susceptible to infections.

A pantothenic acid deficiency occurs commonly in the elderly. occurs commonly in children. is very unlikely because of its widespread availability. is very likely.

is very unlikely because of its widespread availability.

An omega-3 fatty acid has ______ at the third carbon from the methyl end. an acid group its first single bond a phosphate group its first double bond

its first double bond

When too little dietary carbohydrate is available to meet energy needs, ______ arise as byproducts of partial fat metabolism. monosaccharides ketone bodies fatty acids polysaccharides

ketone bodies

The RDA for carbohydrates increases from 130 grams per day to 175 grams per day during pregnancy, primarily to prevent hypoglycemia. preeclampsia. ketosis. gestational diabetes mellitus.

ketosis.

As a result of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, individuals have been hospitalized with kidney stones. kidney failure. myocardial infarctions. strokes.

kidney failure.

Inadequate hydration may increase the risk for kidney stones. hypertension. hyponatremia. hypokalemia.

kidney stones.

The sodium concentration of the blood is primarily regulated by the small intestine. kidneys. large intestine. spleen

kidneys

In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the lungs. liver. intestine. kidneys.

kidneys.

Postmenopausal women are more prone to fractures than premenopausal women primarily because the accumulation of iron in the blood depletes bone minerals. low progesterone levels accelerate bone loss. older women are unable to maintain physical activity. low estrogen levels accelerate bone loss.

low estrogen levels accelerate bone loss.

The most nutrient-dense and bioavailable sources of calcium for a pregnant woman include low-fat milk and cheese. red, yellow, and orange vegetables. citrus fruits. legumes.

low-fat milk and cheese.

Compared to formula-fed infants, breastfed infants tend to have ______ risk for atopic diseases, such as asthma and eczema. lower higher the same

lower

Fish oil supplements may be prescribed to improve bowel regularity. lower blood triglycerides. lower blood glucose. induce weight loss.

lower blood triglycerides.

Immediately after digestion in the small intestine, most dietary fats are absorbed into the bile. urine. blood. lymph.

lymph.

The ______ system assists the digestive system with the absorption of dietary fats. respiratory integumentary lymphatic urinary

lymphatic

Because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus to get to the ribosomes, the genes for proteins must be transcribed into ______ that can leave the nucleus. amino acids mRNA chromosomes tRNA

mRNA

Low levels of _______, a mineral found especially in plant foods, may be associated with poor cardiovascular health. calcium magnesium phosphorus fluoride

magnesium

A mineral that is often deficient in the dietary pattern of U.S. adults and is linked to bone health, muscle function, mental health, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes is calcium. magnesium. zinc. iron.

magnesium.

The type of malnutrition that results from severely deficient intake of both calories and protein is called phenylketonuria. kwashiorkor. marasmus. sickle cell anemia.

marasmus.

An omega-9 fatty acid has its first double bond starting at the ninth carbon from the methyl end. acid group. glycerol. alpha end.

methyl end.

The foods that provide the largest source of riboflavin in the American diet are dark green leafy vegetables. meats. whole grain cereals. milk and dairy products.

milk and dairy products.

Exceeding the UL for phosphorus can lead to mineralization of soft tissues, such as blood vessels and organs. excessive bone growth. blood clots. All of these choices are correct.

mineralization of soft tissues, such as blood vessels and organs.

By keeping food cold, the growth of microorganisms is stopped and they are killed. minimized. not changed. increased.

minimized.

After dietary fats are digested, the small intestinal cells absorb a mixture of monoglycerides and diglycerides. monoglycerides and fatty acids. diglycerides and fatty acids. monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides.

monoglycerides and fatty acids.

Compared to individuals aged 19 to 50, adults over the age of 70 need _____ vitamin D. more the same amount of less

more

When it comes to the impact of dietary patterns on the risk for hypertension, there are some racial differences in sodium sensitivity. Individuals of African or Asian descent tend to be ______ sodium sensitive than whites. less more

more

When insulin is released, it causes muscle and fat cells to take up glucose from the blood. fat breakdown and release from fat tissue. the liver to make glycogen from protein. the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood.

muscle and fat cells to take up glucose from the blood.

Individuals who perceive themselves as being too thin and who engage in disordered eating behaviors to achieve weight gain may have orthorexia. anorexia nervosa. muscle dysmorphia. reverse bulimia.

muscle dysmorphia.

The major storage sites for glycogen are the muscles and liver. kidney and muscles. liver and kidney. liver and pancreas.

muscles and liver

A free-weight workout that includes 8 to 10 different exercises performed for many repetitions with low resistance is designed mainly to enhance range of motion. muscular strength. muscular endurance. muscular power.

muscular endurance.

Avoiding greasy or fried foods, eating saltine crackers or dry cereal before getting out of bed, avoiding large fluid intake in the mornings, and eating smaller, more frequent meals help to control _____ during pregnancy. constipation nausea gestational diabetes edema

nausea

The RDAs are considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of all persons except pregnant and lactating women. all persons, diseased and healthy. nearly all healthy persons. all persons except the very young and very old.

nearly all healthy persons.

A deficiency of vitamin B-6 can result in depression, headaches, and confusion. These occur because of impaired neurotransmitter synthesis. hemoglobin synthesis. DNA synthesis. glucose metabolism.

neurotransmitter synthesis.

A chemical that allows for communication between one cell and another is a neurotransmitter. neuron. synapse. nephron.

neurotransmitter.

Acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are examples of neurotransmitters. types of nerve tissue. proteins. enzymes.

neurotransmitters.

The physical barriers of the skin and GI tract support the ______ immune response. specific (adaptive) nonspecific (innate)

nonspecific (innate)

Dark yellow urine is most likely caused by eating asparagus. eating too much carrots and squash. not drinking enough fluids. drinking too much cranberry juice.

not drinking enough fluids.

As a class of nutrients, lipids are not soluble in water soluble in water.

not soluble in water.

Because older individuals need similar amounts of nutrients compared to their younger counterparts but fewer calories, they should focus on dietary patterns that emphasize energy density. fat intake. liquid calories. nutrient density.

nutrient density.

The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called nutrigenetics. epidemiology. molecular biology. nutrigenomics.

nutrigenomics

The study of the ways in which genetic variations influence nutritional status is called genetic engineering. nutrigenomics. nutrigenetics. nutritional biochemistry.

nutritgenetics.

Good sources of plant-based proteins include nuts, quinoa, and chickpeas. soy, berries, and peppers. avocados, tomatoes, and seeds. coconut oil, bananas, and beans.

nuts, quinoa, and chickpeas.

The taste for fat is known as butyric acid. lipase. umami. oleogustus.

oleogustus.

For a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, binge eating must occur, on average, ______ time(s) per week for at least three months. one two three four

one

Excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries because sugar leaches calcium and phosphorus out of teeth. oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars. sugars make the saliva more alkaline, causing damage to tooth enamel. salivary amylase dissolves tooth enamel during carbohydrate digestion.

oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.

If you are trying to reduce your dietary intake of cholesterol, you should limit or avoid low-fat dairy products. organ meats. plant oils. nuts and seeds.

organ meats.

A degenerative joint condition caused by a breakdown of joint cartilage that often results from repetitive motions or the pressure of excess body weight is termed gout. gallstones osteoarthritis. rheumatoid arthritis.

osteoarthritis.

A condition characterized by soft bones resulting from a vitamin D deficiency in adulthood is called osteomalacia. osteopenia. osteoporosis. rickets.

osteomalacia.

The hormonal changes associated with cessation of menstruation increase the risk of ______ among women with eating disorders. anemia hypertension hyperglycemia osteoporosis

osteoporosis

A physically active lifestyle may reduce the risk of skin cancer, ADHD, and nutrient deficiency. liver cancer, anemia, and hypotension. infectious disease, muscular degenerative disease, and retinal detachment. osteoporosis, heart disease, and obesity.

osteoporosis, heart disease, and obesity.

Kate consumes 1900 kcal each day. She requires 1750 kcal to meet daily energy needs. Over time, Kate's calorie consumption could lead to overnutrition. undernutrition. balanced nutrition.

overnutrition.

The hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is estrogen .progesterone. prolactin. oxytocin.

oxytocin

A single older adult who has been losing weight involuntarily may benefit from antidepressant medications. low-dose aspirin. bed rest. participation in a congregate meal program.

participation in a congregate meal program.

When researchers complete a research study and prepare a manuscript describing their work for publication, they seek out an evaluation of work by professionals of similar competence to themselves. This helps to ensure that the work is objective and of high quality. This evaluation process is known as independent critique. peer review. compentency check. performance review.

peer review

The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called propulsion. compression. peristalsis. regurgitation.

peristalsis

The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates how a nonessential amino acid can become conditionally essential as a result of a genetic disease. A person with PKU has a limited ability to metabolize the essential amino acid tyrosine. methionine. phenylalanine. lysine.

phenylalanine.

The two main intracellular ions are potassium and sodium. chloride and potassium. sodium and chloride. phosphate and potassium.

phosphate and potassium.

Cell membranes are made of a double layer of mucus. protein. lipoproteins. phospholipids.

phospholipids

The outer shell of a lipoprotein is primarily made of phospholipids. cellulose. free fatty acids. cholesterol.

phospholipids

Choline is a precursor for several lipoproteins. fatty acids. sterols. phospholipids.

phospholipids.

Of the following, the mineral that is least likely to be deficient in the American dietary pattern is phosphorus. calcium. iron. copper.

phosphorus.

Consumption of nonfood items such as laundry starch, ice, and dirt is known as preeclampsia. hyperemesis. pica. eclampsia.

pica

The practice of eating nonfood substances is called pica. bingeing. lanugo. purging disorder.

pica.

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother's womb is called the placenta. embryo. ovum. umbilicus.

placenta.

The majority of proteins in the traditional Mediterranean diet come from plant sources. animal sources.

plant sources.

Most proteins are ______, which are composed of 10 or more amino acids. proteases polypeptides tripeptides dipeptides

polypeptides

Dietary fibers primarily are monosaccharides. polysaccharides. polypeptides. disaccharides.

polysaccharides.

Soybean oil is a rich source of trans fatty acids. saturated fatty acids. polyunsaturated fatty acids. monounsaturated fatty acids.

polyunsaturated fatty acids.

One of the physiological changes of aging that often results in decreases in nutrient utilization is increased body water. poor dentition. increased appetite. increased liver function.

poor dentition.

Thiamin is distributed in small amounts in many foods. The most nutrient-dense source of thiamin is pork. milk. whole grain cereals. dark green vegetables.

pork.

Paying attention to _____ is one way to control energy intake to aid in weight management throughout the life span. sleep portion size stress variety

portion size

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and, in violation of safe rules of athletic training, is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of energy equilibrium. positive protein balance. negative protein balance. protein toxicity.

positive protein balance.

Metabolic by-products of the microorganisms that live in and on the human body are called synbiotics. prebiotics. probiotics. postbiotics.

postbiotics.

Fluid balance is dependent on iron. niacin. vitamin C. potassium.

potassium.

Selectively fermented ingredients that result in specific changes in the composition or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota and confer benefits upon the host are called probiotics. FODMAPs. prebiotics. gluten.

prebiotics.

Retinol activity equivalents (RAE) take into account the activity of provitamin A carotenoids and ______ found in foods. preformed vitamin A lutein and zeaxanthin cysteine None of these choices are correct.

preformed vitamin A

Vitamin E is thought to be helpful in the prevention of heart disease because it prevents sodium retention. enhances vitamin K activity. prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol. relaxes blood vessels.

prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol.

The Delaney Clause lists food additives that are generally recognized as safe. prevents the intentional use as food additives of compounds shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals or humans. defines the maximum dosage of a food additive that causes no observable effects in rats and mice. grants the USDA jurisdiction over food additives.

prevents the intentional use as food additives of compounds shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals or humans.

Yogurt, miso, and sauerkraut can be sources of intrinsic factor. NSAIDs. immunoglobulins. probiotics.

probiotics.

The Nurses' Health Study includes more than 280,000 participants. When participants enrolled in the study, they agreed to have their lifestyle behaviors and health parameters assessed repeatedly over the coming years so that researchers could explore relationships between lifestyle and health risks. The Nurses' Health Study is a ______ cohort study. prospective retrospective

prospective

According to MyPlate, eggs belong in the ______ group. dairy protein grain vegetable

protein

When an essential amino acid is missing from the diet, proteins will be made, but they will lack that particular amino acid. nonessential amino acids will be converted into the missing amino acid. protein synthesis will stop. glucose will be converted into the missing amino acid.

protein synthesis will stop.

Antibodies are compounds that transport lipids through the blood. chemical messengers produced by glands. catalysts that speed the rate of chemical reactions. proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response.

proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response.

The villi of the small intestine continuously push food through the small intestine to the colon. store fat-soluble vitamins. inactivate enzymes consumed with food. provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.

provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.

The main function of carbohydrates is to promote growth and development. prevent cancer. regulate body processes. provide energy.

provide energy.

Unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to damage by exposure to light, oxygen, or heat. This breakdown of fatty acids may cause disagreeable flavors and odors in food products. A fatty acid that has been damaged in this way is emulsified. desaturated. rancid. hydrogenated.

rancid.

Plant sterols increase the absorption of dietary fiber from the small intestine. reduce cholesterol absorption from the small intestine. decrease trans fat formation in fried foods. decrease the ability of cholesterol to bind to artery walls.

reduce cholesterol absorption from the small intestine.

The Dietary Guidelines emphasize reduction of added sugars, alcohol, saturated fat, and sodium. increase in all types of dairy products. reduction of both total calories and physical activity. increase in animal protein and refined grains.

reduction of added sugars, alcohol, saturated fat, and sodium.

After fatty acids and monoglycerides have been absorbed into the intestinal cells, they are converted to cholesterol. reformed into triglycerides. fermented by bacteria. emulsified by bile.

reformed into triglycerides