nutr 240 midterm 2

key structural elements of phospholipids

2 fatty acids and a polar head group

key structural elements of triglycerides

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

The oxidation-reduction reactions that produce energy require which of the following coenzymes? A. B vitamins B. vitamin C C. fat-soluble vitamins D. minerals

A. B vitamins

In the absence of sufficient oxygen, glucose is metabolized to: A. acetyl CoA B. oxaloacetate C. lactate D. ketones

C. lactate

During protein synthesis, an amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply is called A. an incomplete protein B. an essential amino acid C. the limiting amino acid D. a non-essential amino acid

C. the limiting amino acid

What is transamination? A. the process of protein metabolism when nitrogen is removed from an amino acid B. the formation of a peptide bond C. the process by which nonessential amino acids are made D. the part of protein synthesis where amino acids are added to the growing peptide chain

C. the process by which nonessential amino acids are made

Which of the following is true of thiamin? A. thiamin is a fat-soluble vitamin B. thiamin is a mineral C. thiamin is a cofactor for energy metabolism D. thiamin is needed for converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA to initiate the TCA cycle E. thiamin is essential for metabolism of branched chain amino acids

C. thiamin is a cofactor for energy metabolism D. thiamin is needed for converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA to initiate the TCA cycle E. thiamin is essential for metabolism of branched chain amino acids

Which of the following supplements might a dietitian recommend a vegan add to his/her diet? A. folate B. vitamin A C. vitamin B12 D. vitamin C

C. vitamin B12

Which of the following is a role hydrochloric acid plays in protein metabolism? A. it digests protein to individual amino acids B. it cleaves peptide bonds C. it allows protein to be absorbed in the stomach D. it denatures the protein

D. it denatures the protein

Which of the following results from insufficient protein intake, even though adequate calories are consumed? A. sickle cell anemia B. marasmus C. cystic fibrosis D. kwashiorkor

D. kwashiorkor

A molecule that gives up electrons is A. reduced B. hydrolyzed C. condensed D. oxidized

D. oxidized

polarity of phospholipids

amphiphilic

LDL function

delivers cholesterol to body's cells

chylomicron function

delivers lipids from diet to body's cells

VLDL function

delivers triglycerides synthesized in the liver to body's cells

deficiency disease of thiamin

beriberi

LDL are made in the _______

blood

saturated fat food source(s)

butter, meat

riboflavin

coenzyme as FADH2, essential for TCA cycle, beta-oxidation

niacin

coenzyme as NADH, essential for glycolysis, TCA, beta-oxidation

thiamin

coenzymes as TDP, essential for pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

isoleucine

essential

leucine

essential

methionine

essential

phenylalanine

essential

tryptophan

essential

choline

essential component of cell membranes

sulfur

essential component of methionine and cysteine

iodine

essential for synthesis of thyroid hormone

deficiency disease of iodine

goiter

chylomicrons are made in the _______

intestinal enterocytes

physical state of monounsaturated fats at room temp

liquid

HDL are made in the _______

liver

VLDL are made in the _______

liver

deficiency disease of folate

neural tube defects and megaloblastic anemia

alanine

non-essential

glycine

non-essential

serine

non-essential

polarity of triglycerides

non-polar

monounsaturated fat food source

olive oil

trans-unsaturated fat food source

partially hydrogenated oils

deficiency disease of niacin

pellagra

HDL function

picks up cholesterol from body's cells

function of cholesterol in body

precursor for synthesis of bile salts, vitamin D, and sex hormones

function of phospholipids in body

primary component of cell membranes

key structural elements of cholesterol

ring structures

physical state of polyunsaturated fats at room temp

solid

physical state of saturated fats at room temp

solid

function of triglycerides in body

stores energy

trace mineral

we need less than 100mg/day, less than 5g found in the body

ultra-trace mineral

we need less than 1mg/day

major mineral

we require at least 100mg/day, at least 5g found in the body

Which of the following is true of vitamins? A. B vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble vitamins B. fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity than water-soluble vitamins C. fat-soluble vitamins are needed (for the most part) every day in the diet D. vitamins A, D, E, and K are water-soluble vitamins E. fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in relatively large quantities in the body F. water-soluble vitamins can be stored in relative large quantities in the body G. water-soluble vitamins are needed (for the most part) every day in the diet

A. B vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble vitamins B. fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity than water-soluble vitamins E. fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in relatively large quantities in the body G. water-soluble vitamins are needed (for the most part) every day in the diet

Which of the following is true of amino acid metabolism? A. amino acids can be used to make ketones (ketogenesis) B. amino acids can be used to make glucose via gluconeogenesis C. ammonia produced from amino acid metabolism is mostly excreted in the stool D. amino acids can be used to make lipids (lipogenesis) E. amino acids can be oxidized to generate ATP

A. amino acids can be used to make ketones (ketogenesis) B. amino acids can be used to make glucose via gluconeogenesis D. amino acids can be used to make lipids (lipogenesis) E. amino acids can be oxidized to generate ATP

Which of the following is true of lipid digestion, absorption, and transport? A. bile salts help emulsify to increase digestion B. triglycerides are absorbed into enterocytes by facilitated diffusion C. free fatty acids are transferred directly (without modification) to chylomicrons D. pancreatic lipase and gastric lipase digest triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides E. chylomicrons circulate the body via the bloodstream

A. bile salts help emulsify to increase digestion D. pancreatic lipase and gastric lipase digest triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides

at the beginning of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxaloacetate is converted into which of the following molecules? A. citrate B. carbon dioxide C. pyruvate D. ketones

A. citrate

Which of the following is true of oxidation of glucose? A. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (the connection between glycolysis and the TCA cycle) produces 1 NADH (2 NADH per glucose molecule) B. the TCA cycle produces 3 NADH per turn or 6 NADH per glucose molecule C. the TCA cycle produces 1 GTP (which is converted to ATP) per cycle (2 per glucose molecule) D. the TCA cycle produces 3 FADH2 per turn or 6 NADH per glucose molecule

A. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (the connection between glycolysis and the TCA cycle) produces 1 NADH (2 NADH per glucose molecule) B. the TCA cycle produces 3 NADH per turn or 6 NADH per glucose molecule C. the TCA cycle produces 1 GTP (which is converted to ATP) per cycle (2 per glucose molecule)

Which of the following are true of electrolyte functions? A. electrolytes help regulate osmotic pressure B. electrolytes are essential for conduction of nerve impulses C. electrolytes are essential for muscle contraction D. vitamins are electrolytes E. a key function of electrolytes is as a coenzyme in reduction-oxidation reaction

A. electrolytes help regulate osmotic pressure B. electrolytes are essential for conduction of nerve impulses C. electrolytes are essential for muscle contraction

which of the following are true of essential fatty acids? A. essential fatty acids help regulate blood clotting, vasodilation and vasoconstriction, and inflammation B. essential fatty acids are absorbed via active transport C. vegetable oils (e.g., sunflower, corn, peanut) are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids D. fish is a good source of omega-6 fatty acids E. essential fatty acids can be synthesized in the body (we do not need to consume them)

A. essential fatty acids help regulate blood clotting, vasodilation and vasoconstriction, and inflammation

What happens to lactate formed in anaerobic metabolism of glucose? A. it gets shipped to the liver where it is used to re-make glucose B. it gets converted to glucose in the muscle C. it gets shipped to mitochondria and is used to make acetyl-CoA D. it gets shipped to mitochondria and is used to re-make pyruvate

A. it gets shipped to the liver where it is used to re-make glucose

Which of the following is true of ketogenesis? A. ketogenesis can occur in uncontrolled diabetes B. ketones are used by the brain as an alternative fuel source C. ketone bodies are produced in adipose tissue D. ketogenesis occurs during prolonged fasting E. ketogenesis can occur in the fed state in a carbohydrate-heavy diet

A. ketogenesis can occur in uncontrolled diabetes B. ketones are used by the brain as an alternative fuel source D. ketogenesis occurs during prolonged fasting

which of the following is true of lipid digestion, absorption, and transport? A. lipoprotein lipase on body tissues release free fatty acids from triglycerides in chylomicrons B. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system for transport to body tissues C. fatty acids released from chylomicrons are absorbed into tissue cells by active transport D. the liver has no role in lipid digestion E. short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream rather than packaged in chylomicrons

A. lipoprotein lipase on body tissues release free fatty acids from triglycerides in chylomicrons B. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system for transport to body tissues C. fatty acids released from chylomicrons are absorbed into tissue cells by active transport E. short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream rather than packaged in chylomicrons

Which cellular organelle is the primary site of ATP production? A. mitochondria B. ribosome C. cytoplasm D. nucleus

A. mitochondria

which of the following is true of alcohol? A. moderate consumption can increase risk of certain cancers B. alcohol is metabolized to actyl-CoA which can be used to generate ATP or create lipids (lipogenesis) C. moderate consumption can decrease risk of cardiovascular disease D. one drink is defined as 2 ounces of ethanol E. alcohol is mostly absorbed in the small intestine via active transport

A. moderate consumption can increase risk of certain cancers B. alcohol is metabolized to actyl-CoA which can be used to generate ATP or create lipids (lipogenesis) C. moderate consumption can decrease risk of cardiovascular disease

which of the following are true of function of lipids in the body? A. muscular activity can activate the release of fatty acids from fat cells (adipocytes) which can be absorbed in the muscle B. fatty acids of lipids can be converted to glucose during fasting C. lipids in the diet can be stored in the body in adipocytes (fat cells) D. lipids are metabolized in the mitochondria of cells to generate ATP E. dietary lipids can be used to synthesize bile salts and sex hormones

A. muscular activity can activate the release of fatty acids from fat cells (adipocytes) which can be absorbed in the muscle C. lipids in the diet can be stored in the body in adipocytes (fat cells) D. lipids are metabolized in the mitochondria of cells to generate ATP E. dietary lipids can be used to synthesize bile salts and sex hormones

Which of the following is true of micronutrients involved in energy metabolism? A. pantothenic acid is a precursor for coenzyme A (CoA) which is essential to initiate the TCA cycle B. biotin is a precursor for NADH which is necessary for glycolysis C. riboflavin is a precursor for FADH2 which is necessary for the TCA cycle D. these vitamins serve as cofactors for metabolic enzymes E. niacin is a precursor for NADH which is necessary for glycolysis F. vitamin C is a precursor for FADH2 which is necessary for the TCA cycle

A. pantothenic acid is a precursor for coenzyme A (CoA) which is essential to initiate the TCA cycle C. riboflavin is a precursor for FADH2 which is necessary for the TCA cycle D. these vitamins serve as cofactors for metabolic enzymes E. niacin is a precursor for NADH which is necessary for glycolysis

which of the following is true of protein composition? A. phenylalanine is an essential amino acid B. amino acids all contain an amine group C. essential amino acids can be synthesized in the liver D. there are 10 different amino acids E. amino acids all contain a carboxylic acid group

A. phenylalanine is an essential amino acid B. amino acids all contain an amine group E. amino acids all contain a carboxylic acid group

Which of the following are key functions of water in the body? A. protects and lubricates tissues B. maintains blood volume and pressure C. maintains body temperature D. solvent-dissolves important substances

A. protects and lubricates tissues B. maintains blood volume and pressure C. maintains body temperature D. solvent-dissolves important substances

Denaturation results in the loss in function of a protein. A. true B. false

A. true

Protein deficiency can lead to edema (swelling). A. true B. false

A. true

Which of the following is true of fat metabolism? A. lipolysis and beta-oxidation most often occur in the fed state (after a meal) B. 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol are generated from lipolysis C. glycerol can be metabolized to glucose D. fatty acids can be metabolized via beta-oxidation and the TCA cycle to produce ATP E. lipogenesis most often occurs in the fed state F. fatty acids can be metabolized to glucose

B. 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol are generated from lipolysis C. glycerol can be metabolized to glucose D. fatty acids can be metabolized via beta-oxidation and the TCA cycle to produce ATP E. lipogenesis most often occurs in the fed state

Which of the following is true of protein synthesis? A. translation to protein occurs in the nucleus B. DNA is transcribed to mRNA C. DNA is translated directly into protein D. genetic mutations can affect protein function E. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus F. mRNA is translated into protein

B. DNA is transcribed to mRNA D. genetic mutations can affect protein function E. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus F. mRNA is translated into protein

Which of the following is true of lipogenesis? A. mostly occurs in the adipocytes B. amino acids can be converted to fat C. glucose can be converted to fat D. mostly occurs in the fasting state E. mostly occurs in the liver F. mostly occurs in the fed state G. after lipogenesis, triglycerides are transported via HDL

B. amino acids can be converted to fat C. glucose can be converted to fat E. mostly occurs in the liver F. mostly occurs in the fed state

Which of the following is true of regulation of blood volume and pressure? A. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and then angiotensin II which induces vasodilation B. angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone with increases in reabsorption of sodium and chloride, increasing water retention and decreasing urine output C. pressure sensors in kidney detect low blood pressure and trigger release of enzyme renin D. anti-diuretic hormone stimulates kidneys to allow more water to be filtered out, increasing urine and production and increasing blood solute concentration E. increased salt concentration in body fluids sensed by the hypothalamus and triggers pituitary gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone

B. angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone with increases in reabsorption of sodium and chloride, increasing water retention and decreasing urine output C. pressure sensors in kidney detect low blood pressure and trigger release of enzyme renin E. increased salt concentration in body fluids sensed by the hypothalamus and triggers pituitary gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following is true of the regulation of body temperature? A. water has low heat capacity. it takes a small amount of energy to change its temperature B. cooler blood returns to the core, lowering the body temperature C. when sweat evaporates, it cools the blood under the skin D. high body temperatures increase the rate of sweating E. when core temperature is too high blood flow to the extremities increases

B. cooler blood returns to the core, lowering the body temperature C. when sweat evaporates, it cools the blood under the skin D. high body temperatures increase the rate of sweating E. when core temperature is too high blood flow to the extremities increases

Which of the following is true of gluconeogenesis? A. fatty acids are a gluconeogenic precursor B. mostly occurs in the fasting state C. mostly occurs in the fed state D. mostly occurs in the muscle E. amino acids are a gluconeogenic precursor F. lactate is a gluconeogenic precursor

B. mostly occurs in the fasting state E. amino acids are a gluconeogenic precursor F. lactate is a gluconeogenic precursor

In cells that don't have mitochondria (such as red blood cells), how many ATP are produced in the catabolism of glucose? A. 36 B. 0 C. 2 D. 18

C. 2

Upon thorough assessment, it is determined that John has no special protein needs and would be able to meet needs by consuming the RDA for protein. How much protein should John consume if he weighs 176lbs? A. 140 g B. 70 g C. 64 g D. 122 g

C. 64 g