nutr 340- final exam
_____________ is a hormone that instructs cells to use catabolic rather than anabolic pathways. Glucagon Insulin Acetyl CoA Lactate
Glucagon
Which substances are secreted by the human stomach?
Gastric juice- mucus, HCl, intrinsic factor, and digestive enzymes
Describe a dinner meal rich in antioxidants. Be sure your meal includes all Choose My Plate food groups.
The main dish would be a spinach salad with grilled chicken, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, and shredded cheese. The sides would be roasted potatoes and mixed berries like strawberries and blackberries. A glass of milk would be the drink for the meal.
What is the primary function of iodine?
The primary function of iodine in the body is a component of thyroid hormones.
2 limitations of using BMI to assess weight and health status
-Factors such as age, sex, ethnicity can influence the relationship between BMI and body fat -Does not take into account muscle mass
Describe two characteristics of individuals living in the U.S. who are likely to be food insecure.
-low income -no access to nutritional foods
Explain the various functions of water in the body
-major solvent -component of blood, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, joint fluid -removes wastes -helps transport substances -lubricates tissues -regulates body temp -helps digest foods
Factors that contribute to undernutrition
-parasites -overpopulation -disease -cultural traditions -diseases -lack of sanitary water supplies -war -overpopulTION
Correctly order the major organs of the digestive system in ascending order, beginning with the mouth as number 1
1- mouth 2- esophagus 3- stomach 4- duodenum 5- jejunum 6- ileum 7- large intestine 8- rectum 9-anus
A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies. 117 kcals 87 kcals 107 kcals 97 kcals
117 kcals
Adults absorb ________% of the calcium we intake. 33% 66% 25% almost 100%
33%
Which of the following statements is true? A fatty acid chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms A fatty acid is a polymer of glucose molecules The omega end of a fatty acid molecule is the acid portion of the molecule Most fatty acids in food are water soluble
A fatty acid chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
Which substance must be present to enable efficient metabolism?
ATP (cell energy)
Which of the following is NOT source of fluoride? Aged cheese Fish Mouthwash Tap water (in the US)
Aged cheese
Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of a food allergy? All of the choices are correct Hives Vomiting and/or diarrhea Swollen lips
All choices are correct
Which of the following describe a conditionally essential nutrient? All of the choices are correct. A nutrient that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions. A nutrient that may be made in the body, but in amounts that are inadequate. A nutrient that becomes essential due to a metabolic disorder or serious disease (e.g. kidney or liver disease).
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach? Bile Intrinsic factor Mucus Gastric juice
Bile
Explain which body fat assessment technique relies on the principle that water and electrolytes conduct electricity.
Bioelectrical Impedance
Which of the following is NOT a rich source of cobalamin (Vitamin B12)? Fish Eggs Chicken liver Broccoli
Broccoli
Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person? Carbohydrate Fat Protein Amino acids
Carbohydrate
Name the three macronutrients:
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins
Bryce is a pescavegetarian. Which of the following foods does he choose not to eat? Chicken salad Egg salad Tuna salad Fruit salad
Chicken salad
The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called _____________. Coenzymes Cosubstrates Reactants Products
Coenzymes
_______ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function Denaturation Hydrogenation Filtration Protonation
Denaturation
How do poor eating habits contribute to the 10 leading causes of death?
Diet is a big risk factor in relation to leading causes of death like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
eating disorder vs practicing disordered eating.
Eating Disorder- psychological disturbances that lead to abnormal food-related behaviors that can have dangerous physiological complications Disordered Eating- behaviors are chaotic and abnormal food-related practices, such as skipping meals, limiting food choices, following fad diets, and occasionally eating excessive amounts of food at one time (binge eating) (temporary)
Which agency can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful?
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Name at least 3 influences on individual water requirements.
Factors like environmental temperatures, health conditions, physical activities, and dietary choices influence individual water requirements.
According to the most recent research that exists, all dietary supplements are considered beneficial to health. True False
False
Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the stomach True False
False
The richest sources of minerals are plant foods. True False
False
The major storage form of iron that is commonly used to check iron status is Ferritin Total body iron Plasma iron Transferrin
Ferritin
All of the following are "red flags" that might signal that a piece of nutrition information is not credible EXCEPT Promises of quick and easy remedies Claims that sound too good to be true Findings from an evidenced-based, peer-reviewed nutrition journal Promotion of benefits while overlooking risks
Findings from an evidenced-based, peer-reviewed nutrition journal
Provide examples of foods that are often recommended for an athlete who wants to replenish his or her glycogen stores quickly after performing vigorous physical activity.
High-glycemic carbohydrate foods, such as white bread, candy made from dextrose, or maltodextrin supplements
List two foods that should not be given to infants and explain why these items are inappropriate.
Honey, nuts allergies
You are asked to provide dietary education for a patient with hypertension. How would you recommend your patient alter her diet?
I would suggest that the patient limits their intake of sodium, saturated, and trans fats, or removes them completely. With that, I would suggest a diet with lots of fruits, veggies, and grains.
Explain how advancing age affects body water content, risk for urinary incontinence, and identify signs of dehydration in older adults.
Increased loss of functional kidney cells, resulting in decreased blood filtration rate
Role of intrinsic factor on vitamin B12 absorption
Intrinsic factor binds to B12 then travels together to be absorbed in bloodstream
Your patient had a total knee replacement two days ago and is now taking Coumadin. The registered dietitian has gone home for the day, and you must provide nutrition education on vitamin K before discharge. What information is necessary for your patient to know?
It would be necessary to educate my patient on the importance of having consistent Vitamin K intake while on a blood thinner like Coumadin. The patient would need to have consistent intake of Vitamin K to ensure the blood thinner is working effectively because the two factors are working against each other. The vitamin K in the body normally helps your body clot blood so that wounds do not bleed too much, but Coumadin (a blood thinner) makes your blood clot more slowly.
Name the 3 accessory organs of the digestive system:
Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
Bernard recently started following a vegan diet. What is a possible disadvantage to following such a diet? Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium High intake of vitamin C and E Low intake of saturated fats High intake of phytochemicals
Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium
List three benefits of breastfeeding.
Lower risk of breast cancer. Lower risk of ovarian cancer. Lower risk of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
Describe mechanical digestion.
Mechanical digestion occurs when food is physically being broken down as it goes through the GI Tract. For example, chewing.
hormones that stimulate hunger
Neuropeptide Y and Ghrelin
Megadoses of which vitamin may reduce LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels? Niacin (Vitamin B3) Folate (Vitamin B9) Vitamin E Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Are vitamins metabolized for energy? No Yes Only during periods of growth Only during periods of deficiency
No
Discuss recommendations from the Institute of Medicine regarding the amount of time children should spend consuming TV and other forms of digital media.
No more than 2 hours of screen time a day
Which of the following statements regarding C reactive protein is false? People with low CRP are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease C reactive protein is a marker of chronic inflammation C reactive protein is produced by the liver Those individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease may benefit from having their CRP levels evaluated
People with low CRP are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease
Which of the following statements about phospholipids is FALSE? Phospholipids have a similar chemical structure to cholesterol Lecithin is an example of a phospholipid found naturally in egg yolks Phospholipids have both hydophobic and hydrophillic portions Phospholipids are naturally found in both plant and animal foods
Phospholipids have a similar chemical structure to cholesterol
Select all foods that are rich in potassium. Potatoes Bananas Sardines Fresh orange Tofu
Potatoes Bananas Fresh orange
_____________ is/are the form of vitamin A that is most commonly found in animal products.
Retinoids
Explain which population is likely to eat more foods away from home.
School Aged- social aspect at school
You are conducting a physical assessment of your patient. She has a deep red swollen tongue and cracks in the corners of her mouth, and she reports that it hurts to swallow. What vitamin deficiency is she experiencing?
She is experiencing a riboflavin deficiency.
Major differences between soluble and insoluble fiber
Soluble fiber- dissolves or swells in water (pectin and gums) Insoluble fiber- generally does not dissolve in water (cellulose and lignin)
Which one ingredient is needed to create a formula diet for newborns that is a nutritionally complete food that replaces human milk.
Soy
Provide examples of resistance training exercises.
Squats Lunges Deadlifts pullups Pushups
Provide appropriate recommendations for an individual who is suspected to have an eating disorder
Telling them you care about them, and that you're there to help, is the most effective way of showing your support.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful. Most dietary supplements have been thoroughly researched and critically evaluated by scientists. Medicinal herbs must undergo testing for safety and effectiveness by the FDA before they can be marketed. The EPA regulates the labeling of dietary supplements.
The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful.
Which of the following statements is true? The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque vLDLs transport most cholesterol in blood to the liver for disposal All forms of LDL choseterol are considered unhealthy because they inc risk of diabetes Hydrolyzed HDL is a toxic lipoprotein that contributes to cardiovascular disease
The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque
When is an individual in positive nitrogen balance?
This means that the intake of nitrogen into the body is greater than the loss of nitrogen from the body, so there is an increase in the total body pool of protein
Describe 3 key functions of zinc.
Three key functions of zinc are DNA synthesis, growth and development, and wound healing.
A nutrient requirement is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health. True False
True
Saliva includes enzymes that are important for digestion. True False
True
Under what condition can lactic acid be made?
Under anaerobic conditions
The metabolism of folate is dependent on adequate levels of which vitamin? Vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 Vitamin D Thiamin
Vitamin B12
Which B vitamin is stored in larger amounts compared to other water-soluble vitamins.
Vitamin B12 and folate in the liver
A small amount of charcoal-grilled meat (an oxidant) causes a rapid breakdown of the cells' plasma membrane. To prevent this reaction from happening, which water-soluble vitamin should be added?
Vitamin C, thiamine, folic acid
Which of the following is a nutrient that does NOT supply energy for the human body? Vitamin D Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Vitamin D
Inorganic arsenic (found in soils, sediments, and groundwater) should be avoided. How can we decrease our overall intake of arsenic?
We can decrease our overall intake of arsenic by rinsing rice before cooking it and limiting the amount of apple juice that is consumed per day.
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of dehydration? Weight loss Pale colored urine Excess saliva Weakness Low volume of urine Confusion
Weight loss Weakness Low volume of urine Confusion
Which of the following foods typically acts as a prebiotic (NOT probiotic)? Whole grains Yogurt Cheese Chicken
Whole grains
What is the difference between major minerals and trace minerals? Are they both essential?
Yes, major minerals and trace minerals are both essential. Major minerals are essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day. Trace minerals are also essential, but required in less amount than 100 mg per day.
An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population. range of intake for a particular nutrient that is not likely to cause toxicity or deficiency. minimum amount of a nutrient that is safe to consume and cures the nutrient's deficiency disease . percentage of a nutrient standard that is used for food labeling purposes.
amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population.
Explain the roles that select lipids can play in the body
an energy reserve, regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion vital organs, and transport fat-soluble nutrients.
Which of the following foods has a low glycemic index (less than 70) Apple white rice banana plain white bagel
apple
The primary function of the digestive system is the breakdown of food into nutrients production of red blood cells transmission of nervous impulses destruction of toxic metabolic by-products
breakdown of food into nutrients
Three macronutrients
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Which of the following does NOT describe Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? most commonly seen with alcoholism characterized by poor muscles coordination and weakness caused by riboflavin deficiency a syndrome that affects the nervous system
caused by riboflavin deficiency
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with abnormal blood urea nitrogen? colon cancer liver failure malnutrition kidney disease
colon cancer
Explain why it might be important to place have a baby breastfeed immediately after birth.
colostrum-very rich in the nutrients and immune components of breastmilk which help to protect your baby from infection
A/an _________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions. conditionally essential essential dispensable indispensable
conditionally essential
Identify how much ATP is stored in muscle cells while at rest.
each muscle cell contains roughly 1 billion ATP molecules
Describe how low annual income influences nutritional status.
eat less nutritious diets than other households
Identify which nutrients are needed in higher amounts in pregnant women.
folic acid, calcium, iron, vitamin A, C, D, B6, B12
Discuss the relationship between obesity and puberty in females.
girls who are overweight are more likely to have puberty early
Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes _____ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits. glucagon insulin aldosterone thyroxin
glucagon
Insulin helps glucose enter cells stimulates cells to break down glycogen for energy is released during fasting periods such as between meals inc blood glucose levels after meals
helps glucose enter cells
Significant roles of B complex vitamins in the body
helps prevent infection cell health good eyesight healthy appetite
What causes goiters?
iodine deficiency ( enlargement of the thyroid gland)
Explain which macronutrient is found in smaller amounts in human milk compared to formula.
iron is lower in human milk
Which micronutrients are among the four leading causes of deficiencies worldwide?
iron, vitamin A, and iodide
Justin's blood cholesterol level is too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add? legumes white rice milk liver
legumes
The primary storage sites for glycogen in the body are the _________________ and the _______________.
liver & muscles
Examples of conditions that are associated with the female athlete triad.
menstrual dysfunction, low energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density (BMD). disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis
Substances that interfere with mineral absorption in intestinal tract
nutrient concentration and type interfere w absorption
Provide examples of foods that are rich in minerals.
nuts and seeds, shellfish, eggs, beans, cocoa, avocados
Explain how adding a small amount of olive oil to cooked vegetables can affect the intestinal tract's ability to absorb vitamin A.
oil increases the absorption rate of vegetables
Reliable dietary sources of Vitamin D
oily fish (salmon), red meat, egg yolks
Explain the association between binge-eating disorder and type 2 diabetes/or hypertension.
people with BED do not use compensatory mechanisms to purge calories, risk for obesity is increased
The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a __________ peptide bond fatty acid chain glyosidic linkage partially hydrogenated protein
peptide bond
Provide examples of individuals in positive energy balance.
person taking in more kilocalories than expending. overweight or obesity
What macronutrient requires deamination for metabolism?
protein
Explain when gastric banding may be recommended for surgical weight loss.
reduces the stomach's storage capacity, which limits food intake and helps you feel full much sooner than normal
Discuss which trace mineral may be lacking if an individual consumes dairy products, but does not eat meat, fish, eggs or poultry, beans, breads, and cereal products.
selenium, iron, zinc, copper
Chyme is the semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach. material absorbed by lacteals that the liver must detoxify and excrete . large particle that transports lipids throughout the bloodstream. organelle that maintains fluid balance within intestinal cells.
semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.
Major function of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT stimulate production of vitamins and minerals help in production of of steroid hormones cushioning of body against bumps and blows serving as an energy source
stimulate production of vitamins and minerals
List examples of rich sources of chloride.
table or sea salt seaweed, rye, tomatoes, celery, olives
Define the term, biotechnology.
technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products
Accessory organs of the digestive system
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Energy is defined as
the ability to do work
April wants to add _____ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats. walnuts coconut oil cheddar cheese bread cubes
walnuts
Discuss which trace mineral may be lacking if an individual eats very little meat and dairy products but consumes a lot of unleavened whole-grain flat bread. (This person may present as very short for their age, their sexual organs may not be fully developed, and may suffer from iron-deficiency anemia).
zinc
_________________ is the organelle that synthesizes most of the ATP that cells need to function
Mitochondria
Distinguish which vitamins are most important as an antioxidant.
beta-carotene, vitamin E, Vitamin C
Julian ate a baked potato as a side with his dinner. The starch in the baked potato will begin to be digested in the mouth in the stomach in the small intestine in the large intestine
in the mouth
Provide recommendations to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
-stopping smoking. -keeping alcohol to a minimum. eating a healthy, balanced diet, including at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables every day. -exercising for at least 150 minutes every week
Recommendations of pt w GERD in reducing likelihood of heartburn
1. Lose excess body weight 2. Do not lie down within 3 hrs after eating a meal 3. Do not overeat at mealtime 4. Avoid smoking cigarettes 5. Elevate HOB 6. Do not wear tight belts or clothes 7. Learn to recognize foods that cause heartburn
Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients? Acetyl CoA Glycogen Lactate Oxaloacetate
Acetyl CoA
Which group of vitamins is responsible for energy metabolism?
B vitamins are responsible for energy metabolism because they function as coenzymes.
During "feasting", excess carbohydrates are converted to Body fat stores Body protein Ketones Glycogen
Body fat stores
Explain which cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins.
Boiling or poaching steaming or microwave cooking is best
Match the following acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges for carbohydrates, protein, and fat. 45-65% 10-35% 20-35%
Carbs- 45-65% Protein- 10-35% Fat- 20-35%
What substance is necessary for transporting glucose and amino acids into cells
Carrier proteins are responsible for facilitated diffusion
Catabolism vs Anabolism
Catabolism-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy Anabolism-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
In the United States, consumers eat more ________ than recommended. Cheese Vegetables Fish Whole grains
Cheese
Toxicity from magnesium is most commonly from Excess dietary intake of magnesium Excess intake of laxatives or antacids Consuming high amounts of phytic acid with magnesium Limiting total fat intake
Excess intake of laxatives or antacids
It is easy to obtain adequate amounts of trace minerals from food. True False
False
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose is an example of anabolism. True False
False
Which of the following enhance the bioavailability of iron? Choose all that apply. Fermenting grains Soaking beans Consuming with vitamin C Consuming with vitamin A Drinking high amounts of tea Consuming with calcium
Fermenting grains Soaking beans Consuming with vitamin C
Why can dietary fibers not be digested by the human digestive tract?
Fiber is a carb that can not be broken down or digested
Discuss which types of foods should be prioritized to reduce spina bifida or related disorders.
Foods high in folic acid- leafy greens, nuts, beans, citrus foods
Which of the following substances is a simple carbohydrate? Fructose starch lignin glycogen
Fructose
Most Americans purchase less than recommended amounts of: Fruits Sugary beverages Red meats Refined grain products
Fruits
Why is it important to consume a variety of fruits and vegetables?
Fruits and vegetables contain important vitamins, minerals and plant chemicals. Help protect you against cancer, diabetes and heart disease.
Your patient has vitamin D deficiency. What would you recommend for your patient to boost his vitamin D levels?
I would recommend the patient to eat more foods that contain Vitamin D like fatty fish, fortified orange juice, fortified cereals, cheese, and egg yolk. I may also recommend a Vitamin D supplement and getting sunlight.
Which of the following statements is true? In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death. Nutrients are life-sustaining phytochemicals in food. A person's diet is influenced by his or her blood type and birth order. Most people are born with the ability to choose a nutritious diet.
In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.
Explain why iron deficiency may be common in developed countries.
In the developed world, noninfectious GI blood loss and uterine menstrual blood loss in premenopausal females are the most common etiologies of iron deficiency.
Are animal or plant foods richer in vitamins? Plant foods Animal foods It depends on the vitamin Animal and plant foods are equally rich in vitamins
It depends on the vitamin
Which of the following best describes chromium? It plays a role to prevent insulin resistance and improve glucose tolerance Deficiency often leads to low cholesterol levels Toxicity causes joint pain It is prevalent in many foods in relatively large amounts
It plays a role to prevent insulin resistance and improve glucose tolerance
Which lipoprotein has the highest percentage of carbs (bad cholesterol)
LDL- low density lipoprotein
The rapid breakdown of glucose in the muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH within the muscle. The muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate into _______________. Lactate Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Lactate
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving? Leafy greens French fries Grape drink Refined grains
Leafy greens
_______________ acid is an essential fatty acid. Linolenic Stearic Palmitic Lauric
Lenioic
In absence of glucose, which substance is needed to produce glucose
Oxygen is needed to turn glucose into ATP
Which of the following statements describe pancreatic lipase? Pancreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum and is necessary for fat digestion Pancreatic lipase is stored in the gall bladder and is necessary for fat digestion Pancreatic lipase is a component of bile salts and and is necessary for cholesterol digestion Pancreatic lipase is secreted from the ileum and is necessary for lipoprotein synthesis
Pancreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum and is necessary for fat digestion
Common red flags that may suggest nutrition info is unreliable
Promises of quick and easy remedies Claims that sound too good to be true Scare tactics Attacks on conventional scientists Testimonials Vague science Disclaimers
Describe the role of diet in cancer development. How can you educate patients on reducing cancer risk with diet?
The foods that we consume in our diet effect the risk of developing certain cancers. For example, high fat diets may lead to obesity which in turn is thought to increase the risk of cancer. Cancer risk can be reduced by certain foods in the diet like plant foods (fruits, vegetables, grains, beans) because these foods have high content of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals have been seen to have anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties in them.
BMI categories
Underweight = <18.5 Normal weight = 18.5-24.9 Overweight = 25-29.9 Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater
Which of the following vitamins has demonstrated teratogenic effects at high levels when taken during pregnancy? Vitamin C Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Vitamin A Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Name the fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Vitamin D, Vitamin E
Which vitamin is responsible for production of blood-clotting factors? Vitamin A Vitamin K Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Vitamin K
Describe the role of vitamin-like compounds.
Vitamin-like compounds are compounds that the body synthesizes to maintain normal metabolism. Examples of vitamin-like compounds are carnitine, inositol, taurine, and lipoic acid.
The formation of glycogen by the liver is an example of _______________. anabolism catabolism glycolysis oxidation
anabolism
Identify the name for organic, water-soluble chemicals that donate electrons to other substances that are missing electrons.
antioxidant
Proteins _____________ are comprised of amino acids have phosphorus in their chemical structures provide 7 kcal/g are stored as glycogen in the body
are comprised of amino acids
Identify the recommendations for weekly moderate-intensity physical activity for older adults.
at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous- intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids? avocado spinach milk chicken
avocado
Dallas, a healthy, active teenager, was diagnosed with PKU when he was only a few days old. In addition to foods that are manufactured to be low in phenylalanine, which of the following foods can he eat to meet his protein needs safely? Baked potatoes Fat Free milk Fried fish Lean hamburger
baked potatoes
Discuss when infants are physically ready to begin eating solid foods.
between four and six months They can draw in their lower lip to take food from a spoon.
The liver uses cholesterol to make _________ bile vitamin A amino acids fatty acids
bile
Substances that can be metabolized for energy
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohols can be used for energy metabolism
Which of the following statements is true? certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream All hormones are proteins Protein is the primary energy source for the body Proteins are a major component of starch molecules
certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream
Victor is making cake batter. When he added corn oil, fat-free milk, baking powder, and salt together, the oil and milk separated into two layers. To make a mixture that does not separate into oily and watery components, Victor should add _____ and stir the ingredients together. egg yolks high fructose corn syrup whey protein fruit juice
egg yolks
A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been enriched fortified enhanced supplemented
enriched
Three of the most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are galactose, glucose, and fructose glucose, galactose, and mannose fructose, lactose, and monophosphate maltose, ribose, galactose
galactose, glucose, and fructose
Ketones are made in the body when there is inadequate _________ in the diet.
glucose
When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as glycogen ketone bodies certain B vitamins fiber
glycogen
Describe the components of a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet
grains, fruits and vegetables, legumes (dried beans, peas and lentils), seeds, nuts, dairy products and eggs. It excludes meat, fish and poultry or products containing these foods.
A feature of catabolic reactions is that they involve release of energy occur only in mitochondria involve consumption of energy occur only during loss of body weight
involve release of energy
Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin in found in both plant and animal food sources is more branched than glycogen cannot be digested by human enzymes
is composed of amylose and amylopectin
List examples of foods that may enhance the bioavailability of iron.
liver, lean red meat, chicken, fish, vitamin A/C
Hyponatremia
low sodium in the blood May cause rapid brain swelling-- coma and death
According to Shawn's physician, Shawn has a high risk of _____ because his waist circumference is 42 inches, his blood pressure consistently measures 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg, and his fasting blood glucose level is 110 mg/dl. metabolic syndrome cystic fibrosis diverticulitis constipation
metabolic syndrome
Every amino acid has _____ in its chemical structure. nitrogen potassium chloride iron
nitrogen
When a person is in _______ their nitrogen intake is balanced with their nitrogen losses nitrogen equilibrium positive nitrogen balance negative nitrogen balance
nitrogen equilibrium
Explain how taking multiple medications can affect overall health in older adults.
polypharmacy- meds can interact in a negative way w eachother
Major treatment approaches for individuals with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder.
psychotherapy, antidepressants, and nutritional counseling
Which of the following menu items does not contain complementary protein? salad made with apples, pears, and grapes Whole wheat crackers spread with soy nut butter pita bread dipped in mashed chickpeas kidney beans mixed with rice
salad made with apples, pears, and grapes
Explain which types of seafood should be avoided to reduce the risk of methylmercury contamination during the prenatal period.
shark, swordfish, king mackerel, marlin, orange roughy, bigeye tuna, or tilefish
Where does final digestion of proteins occur?
small intestine
Most absorption takes place in the
small intestine/jejunum
List the two main electrolytes present in sports drinks.
sodium and potassium
Good sources of magnesium
spinach, black beans, soy milk, bran cereal, oysters, yogurt
Digestion of protein begins in the _________ stomach liver small intestine mouth
stomach
Macey would like to sweeten her tea with a nonnutritive sweetener that provides no calories per teaspoon. Which of the following sweeteners would she use? sucralose table sugar granulated cane juice mannitol
sucralose
Which of the following sweeteners provides 4 kcal/g. sucrose stevia saccharin sucralose
sucrose
Bioavailability
the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
Describe how aging affects one's sense of taste.
the sense of taste also declines as a person ages, leading to increased consumption of sweet and salty foods in older adults.
The lining of the small intestine is covered with ________, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food.
villi
Discuss which type of fat typically occurs around abdominal organs and, in the omentum, an apron-like structure that hangs over the stomach and intestines.
visceral fat
Provide examples of foods naturally rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
walnuts, sunflower seeds, fish, flax seeds, corn oil
Most ___________-soluble vitamins act as important parts of coenzymes.
water
Roles of Registered Dietitian
work to educate clients regarding the association among nutrition, fitness, and health
Risk factors for developing eating disorders.
-being female -being an adolescent -history of freq dieting -close relative with an eating disorder -being teased or bullied -low self esteem -having a perfectionist personality -being dissatisfied w body
Chemical Digestion vs Mechanical Digestion
-chemical digestion: breakdown of lrg molecules into smaller by enzymes -mechanical digestion: phys breakdown of food (chewing)
Chemical structure of Amino Acids
-contains nitrogen -around central carbon is an amine group, carboxylic acid, hydrogen, & R side group
Explain how much weight gain is recommended for a woman who had a BMI in the overweight category before pregnancy.
15-25 lbs
Describe chemical digestion.
Chemical digestion is breaking down larger nutrient molecules into smaller nutrient molecules by stomach acid and enzymes.
What is the classic physical symptom of Wilson disease (toxic amounts of copper in the body)? Copper-colored rings around the eyes Unintended weight loss Irritability and tachycardia Copper-colored hue to skin
Copper-colored rings around the eyes
Identify examples of health problems associated with childhood obesity.
HTN Type 2 diabetes High cholesterol
Identify true statements about WIC.
Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Identify the largest food assistance program in the U.S.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
Water-soluble vitamins are sensitive to which of the following? Choose all correct responses. heat oxidation long periods of storage boiling in water
heat oxidation long periods of storage boiling in water
Major food groups and food classified in each group
Grains- pasta, bread, tortillas Protein- beef, pork, fish, poultry, eggs Dairy- milk, cheese, yogurt Fruits- apple, orange, banana Vegetables- greens, corn, sweet potato Oils- fat, butter, margarine
Which of the following statements is TRUE? Most food guides classify eggs in the protein foods group. According to MyPlate, all foods that provide empty calories should be avoided. Olives, salmon, and avocados are sources of unhealthy solid fats. Food guides generally classify butter in the food group that includes milk and eggs.
Most food guides classify eggs in the protein foods group.
Two most important pieces of dietary advice you would share with a pt w Type 2 diabetes
Reduce intake of saturated fat and simple sugars (fructose)
Which of the following foods or beverages is a main source of added sugar in American Diets? Reg soft drinks Pastries Fruit Juice Jams and Jellies
Regular soft drinks
Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups? Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese Ready-to-eat cereal with strawberries, blueberries, wheat germ, and fat-free milk Sandwich made with Swiss cheese, cooked ham, mayonnaise, and two slices of buttered whole-wheat bread Smoothie made with vanilla yogurt, fat-free milk, orange juice, wheat germ, and fresh peaches
Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese
Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to cholesterol and, as a result, plant sterols and stanols can interfere with cholesterol absorption True False
True
Which of the following statements about sphincters is FALSE? When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent movement of GI contents. Sphincters are important for controlling the flow of the contents through the GI tract. Sphincters are thickened regions of circular muscle. Sphincters are essential for normal digestion.
When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent movement of GI contents.
In the stomach, _______ participate in the chemical digestion of protein hydrochloric acid and pepsin gastric lipase and intrinsic factor mucus and cholocystokinin pancreatic amylase and intrinsic factor
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Which of the following substance carries cholesterol away from tissues? HDL LDL Insoluble fiber Insulin
HDL
Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a(n) condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning. excessive amount of secretory activity within her digestive tract. overgrowth of probiotics in her stomach. blockage caused by undigested fiber deposits in her jejunum.
condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning.
Your patient has hypothyroidism. His thyroid hormone levels have not responded well to medication. After speaking with your patient, you find that he consumes a high amount of broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage each day. What dietary advice do you have for him?
These foods contain goitrogens which inhibit iodide metabolism by the thyroid gland. This interferes with the production of thyroid hormones, so foods like broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage should be reduced in the diet or cut out completely.
All three macronutrients have the potential to be stored as fat if not used by the body for energy or other functions. True False
True
Amino acids becoming muscle tissue is anabolism. True False
True
Digestion begins in the oral cavity (mouth) where teeth chew food via mastication, a form of mechanical digestion that prepares food for swallowing and chemical digestion. True False
True
direct vs indirect calorimetry.
Direct: Measures heat production as indication of metabolic rate Indirect: Measurement of oxygen consumption as an estimate of resting metabolic rate
Glycogen that is stored in muscle tissue can be broken down and sent to other places in the body. True False
False
Approximately how many grams of carbohydrate are in a sugar-sweetened beverage that supplies 200 kcals and contains no fiber, fat, protein, or alcohol? 50 grams carbohydrate 30 grams carbohydrate 43 grams carbohydrate 65 grams carbohydrate
50 grams carbohydrate
Explain the metabolic responses to an overnight fast.
As blood glucose levels fall during early part of an overnight fast, the pancreas secretes glucagon. Liver increases glycogenolysis. Blood glucose levels are maintained. When liver glycogen stores are depleted, glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver. Liver and muscle tissue mainly use fatty acids for fuel. Upon "breaking the fast" with a carbohydrate-rich meal, the insulin response promotes a shift from a catabolic to an anabolic state
Simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides)
Monosaccharides- Glucose (fruits/veggies) Fructose (fruit sugar- honey) Galactose (comp of lactose) Disaccharides- Maltose (malt sugar-starch digestion) Lactose (milk sugar) Sucrose (table sugar)
Aerobic metabolism is the production of ATP that occurs in the presence of ______________. Oxygen Lactate Hydrogen Pyruvate
Oxygen
The pancreas secretes enzymes important for digestion. Match the four following enzymes to their function. (pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin & chemotrypsin) digests fat digests starch Partially digests protein
Pancreatic lipase- digests fat Pancreatic amylase- digests starch Trypsin & chemotrypsin- Partially digests protein
Who is most at risk for vitamin E deficiency? Choose all correct responses. Preterm infants Adults with Crohn's disease Adults with diabetes Adults with heart disease Adults with ulcerative colitis Pregnant women
Preterm infants Adults with Crohn's disease Adults with ulcerative colitis
What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber? Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water Soluble fiber is in animal foods, whereas insoluble fiber is in plant foods Soluble fiber provides no health benefits to humans, whereas insoluble fiber reduces the risk of heart disease Soluble fiber can be digested by humans, whereas insoluble fiber cannot be digested
Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water
For lunch today Quentin ate a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, a small bag of pretzels, and an apple. He also drank a 20-fluid ounce orange-flavored sports drink. Which component of his lunch would be considered a source of empty calories? Sports drink Turkey Whole wheat bread Pretzels
Sports drink
Explain how pregnant women can avoid risk of methylmercury contamination.
eat shrimp instead of other seafood skip uncooked fish and shellfish
A fasting blood HDL cholesterol level of ______ is considered desirable for healthy women greater than 50 mg/dl less than 50 mg/dl greater than 40 mg/dl less than 40 mg/dl
greater than 50 mg/dl
Components of cuproenzymes
group of enzymes that contain copper
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors is ______________. Gluconeogenesis Ketogenesis Lipolysis Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis