NUTR Exam #1 Digestion and Absorption
hone a nutrient carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called:
active absorption
nutritional status has ______ effect on organ function.
an
digestive enzymes.... (list all) are made of protein produce thick fluids that protect body cells catalyze chemical reactions
are made of protein catalyze chemical reactions
HCl destroys most harmful _________ and viruses in foods
bacteria
most cases of diarrhea result from: (list all) nutrient deficiency bacterial infection viral infection nutrient toxicities
bacterial infection viral infection
identify healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine (list all) clostridia bifidobacteria lactobacilli
bifidobacteria lactobacilli
When a person consumes fiber with an inadequate fluid intake, which of the following can happen? increased hunger explosive diarrhea blockages in the intestine
blockages in the intestine
List the 5 sections of the colon in order
cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon
the smallest functional unit of the body is called a _____
cell
the liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of acid enzymes, and partially digested food known as.....
chyme
in the small intestine, the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to: be exposed to stomach acids longer come into close contact with the villi be completely mixed with digestive juices
come into close contact with the villi be completely mixed with digestive juices
tendons and cartilage are made of __________ tissue.
connective
definition of hepatopancreatic sphincter
controls the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine.
definition of pyloric sphincter
controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine.
Roles of HCL produced by the stomach include: (list all) converts gastrin to pepsin dissolves dietary minerals inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins destroys harmful bacteria and viruses
dissolves dietary minerals inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins destroys harmful bacteria and viruses
sciences _________ support a gluten-free diet as a good way to lose weight and increase energy.. does not does
does not
list the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract
duodenum jejunum ileum
which of the following are examples of organ systems (system in the body)? digestive system small intestine endocrine system hepatic system
endocrine system digestive system
what is needed to facilitate active absorption? energy lipase bile a carrier protein
energy a carrier protein
the gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. The recycling of bile by the liver is part of the _____________ circulation. enterohepatic exogenous lymphatic
enterohepatic
when swallowing a bite of food, the ________ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.
epiglottis
three functions of the epithelial tissues are to:
excrete waste, secrete substances, absorb nutrients
the process of converting natural sugars and starches to lactic and other acids by bacteria, yeast, or fungi is called ________________
fermentation
the main functions of the large intestine include: absorb fats into the portal vein form and expel feces absorb water and electrolytes house gut microbiota
form and expel feces absorb water and electrolytes house gut microbiota
the chief cells of the stomach secrete ___________________
gastric lipase
which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption? (list all) fructose glucose amino acids fatty acids
glucose amino acids
the protein ___________ found in wheat and other related grains triggers an autoimmune response in individuals with celiac disease
gluten
this disorder of the digestive system is characterized by a burning sensation or sour taste in the back of the mouth, especially after a large or fatty meal.
heartburn
meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestine. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach? high fat meal low fat meal
high fat meal
how well a person's individual organs work is determined by
his/her overall nutritional state
gherlin's role is to: decrease appetite decrease food intake increase appetite increase food intake
increase appetite increase food intake
because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant women is at ____________ risk for constipation increased decreased
increased
beneficial bacteria reside in the ____________ intestine
large
these nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system
large protein molecules
pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ____________ for digestion
lipids
identify 3 organs that are important parts of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract. liver anus pancreas esophagus gallbladder
liver pancreas gallbladder
which accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process
liver pancreas gallbladder
nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?
lymphatic system cardiovascular system
put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food: esophagus large intestine stomach mouth small intestine
mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine
which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project not the GI lumen and trap nutrients?
mucosa
People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ______ secreted by the stomach
mucus
sweet taste comes from
organic compounds such as sugars
digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the: (list all) pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function type of chemical reaction they catalyze type of bacteria for which they provide fuel
pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function type of chemical reaction they catalyze
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
the contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called __________
peristalsis
waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called __________
peristalsis
a substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a ____________
prebiotic
anal sphincter
prevent defecation until person desires to do so
ileocecal valve
prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
the beneficial bacteria found in foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk), and miso (fermented soybean paste_ are known as _______ bacteria
probiotic
________________ are live microorganisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, and when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits.
probiotics
which of he following yield energy? proteins vitamins carbs fats minerals
proteins carbs fats
lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called ____________, which is produced by glands in the mouth.
saliva
the most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract.
small intestine
factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include: (list all) smoking time of day exercise alcohol
smoking exercise alcohol
salt is made from metal ions such as....
sodium (Na+)
what is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
IBS is often triggered by
specific foods
pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down _________ for digestion.
starch
pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ____________ for digestion. fat starch protein alcohol
starch
Plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of ___________
starches
chyme is found in the ______________ as food is mixed with digestive secretions
stomach
the primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the __________ to the small intestine.
stomach
this layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract
submucosa
identify structures made up of connective tissue: tendons nerves cartilage bones
tendons cartilage bones
Digestion is: the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or lymph. the process of breaking down foods into smaller components.
the process of breaking down foods into smaller components.
Absorption is ________________________________________________________
the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph
which of the following are true about the lymphatic system? (list all) the villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to large lymph vessels lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky it is a direct pathway that allows the liver to process the nutrients before entering the general circulation.
the villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to large lymph vessels lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky
common causes of food intolerances include: (list all) toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria deficiencies in digestive enzymes sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten) eating fruits with meats causing enzymes to compete
toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria deficiencies in digestive enzymes sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten)
the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the US are
ulcerative colitis Caron's disease
fluids involved in the process of digestion and absorption may contain: (list all) water neurotransmitters acid hormones mucus
water acid hormones mucus
which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining in the stomach? (list all) glucose water vitamins alcohol
water alcohol
which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cels lining the stomach wall? (list all) alcohol glucose water vitamins
water alcohol
hydrolysis reactions.... (list all) - yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall - involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules - create larger molecules through the addition of water - are catalyzed by digestive enzymes
yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules are catalyzed by digestive enzymes
what percent of the US population suffers from IBS?
(about) 10-15%
the large intestine absorbs about ______ percent if the water
10%
the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins yields: fiber vitamins minerals ATP
ATP
short chain fermentable carbs that have been shown to reduce IBS symptoms are known as
FODMAP
sour taste comes from
acids
umami comes from
amino acids (primarily glutamate)
diarrhea in young children is typically caused by what?
bacteria viruses rotavirus
the pancreatic juices are very ___________ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.
basic, alkaline
the _________ system is an example of an organ system. bladder cardiovascular pancreatic metabolic
cardiovascular
feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ________________
defecation
protein molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called bile chyme hormones digestive enzymes
digestive enzymes
bitter comes from
diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine
__________ different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract. Fiber is Carbs are Glycogen is Monosaccharides
fiber is
which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption? (list all)
glucose amino acids
___________ are swollen veins f the rectum and anus.
hemorrhoids
beneficial bacteria reside in the _______ intestine
large
feces are formed and held in which organ?
large intestine
which of the following are components of saliva? (list all) lipase mucus pepsin amylase gastrin
lipase mucus amylase
the resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut __________
microbiota
the resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut ___________
microbiota
which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system? (list all) most fats fat-soluble vitamins water-soluble vitamins monosaccharides
most fats fat-soluble vitamins
The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called blous chyme nerve contradictions peristalsis
peristalsis
definition of lower esophageal sphincter
prevent back flow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus
what is needed to facilitate active absorption?
protein carrier and energy
the intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of which vitamin in the small intestine?
riboflavin B-12 Thiamin B-6
the unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to......
sulfer
which taste sense is enhanced by the addition of the Monosodium glutamate (MSG)?
umami
the functions of the epithelial cells are to absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete ________________, and protect underlying tissue.
waste