NUTR Exam #1 Digestion and Absorption

hone a nutrient carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called:

active absorption

nutritional status has ______ effect on organ function.

an

digestive enzymes.... (list all) are made of protein produce thick fluids that protect body cells catalyze chemical reactions

are made of protein catalyze chemical reactions

HCl destroys most harmful _________ and viruses in foods

bacteria

most cases of diarrhea result from: (list all) nutrient deficiency bacterial infection viral infection nutrient toxicities

bacterial infection viral infection

identify healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine (list all) clostridia bifidobacteria lactobacilli

bifidobacteria lactobacilli

When a person consumes fiber with an inadequate fluid intake, which of the following can happen? increased hunger explosive diarrhea blockages in the intestine

blockages in the intestine

List the 5 sections of the colon in order

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon

the smallest functional unit of the body is called a _____

cell

the liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of acid enzymes, and partially digested food known as.....

chyme

in the small intestine, the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to: be exposed to stomach acids longer come into close contact with the villi be completely mixed with digestive juices

come into close contact with the villi be completely mixed with digestive juices

tendons and cartilage are made of __________ tissue.

connective

definition of hepatopancreatic sphincter

controls the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine.

definition of pyloric sphincter

controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine.

Roles of HCL produced by the stomach include: (list all) converts gastrin to pepsin dissolves dietary minerals inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins destroys harmful bacteria and viruses

dissolves dietary minerals inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins destroys harmful bacteria and viruses

sciences _________ support a gluten-free diet as a good way to lose weight and increase energy.. does not does

does not

list the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract

duodenum jejunum ileum

which of the following are examples of organ systems (system in the body)? digestive system small intestine endocrine system hepatic system

endocrine system digestive system

what is needed to facilitate active absorption? energy lipase bile a carrier protein

energy a carrier protein

the gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. The recycling of bile by the liver is part of the _____________ circulation. enterohepatic exogenous lymphatic

enterohepatic

when swallowing a bite of food, the ________ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.

epiglottis

three functions of the epithelial tissues are to:

excrete waste, secrete substances, absorb nutrients

the process of converting natural sugars and starches to lactic and other acids by bacteria, yeast, or fungi is called ________________

fermentation

the main functions of the large intestine include: absorb fats into the portal vein form and expel feces absorb water and electrolytes house gut microbiota

form and expel feces absorb water and electrolytes house gut microbiota

the chief cells of the stomach secrete ___________________

gastric lipase

which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption? (list all) fructose glucose amino acids fatty acids

glucose amino acids

the protein ___________ found in wheat and other related grains triggers an autoimmune response in individuals with celiac disease

gluten

this disorder of the digestive system is characterized by a burning sensation or sour taste in the back of the mouth, especially after a large or fatty meal.

heartburn

meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestine. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach? high fat meal low fat meal

high fat meal

how well a person's individual organs work is determined by

his/her overall nutritional state

gherlin's role is to: decrease appetite decrease food intake increase appetite increase food intake

increase appetite increase food intake

because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant women is at ____________ risk for constipation increased decreased

increased

beneficial bacteria reside in the ____________ intestine

large

these nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system

large protein molecules

pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ____________ for digestion

lipids

identify 3 organs that are important parts of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract. liver anus pancreas esophagus gallbladder

liver pancreas gallbladder

which accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process

liver pancreas gallbladder

nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?

lymphatic system cardiovascular system

put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food: esophagus large intestine stomach mouth small intestine

mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project not the GI lumen and trap nutrients?

mucosa

People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ______ secreted by the stomach

mucus

sweet taste comes from

organic compounds such as sugars

digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the: (list all) pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function type of chemical reaction they catalyze type of bacteria for which they provide fuel

pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function type of chemical reaction they catalyze

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis

the contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called __________

peristalsis

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called __________

peristalsis

a substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a ____________

prebiotic

anal sphincter

prevent defecation until person desires to do so

ileocecal valve

prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

the beneficial bacteria found in foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk), and miso (fermented soybean paste_ are known as _______ bacteria

probiotic

________________ are live microorganisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, and when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits.

probiotics

which of he following yield energy? proteins vitamins carbs fats minerals

proteins carbs fats

lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called ____________, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

the most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract.

small intestine

factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include: (list all) smoking time of day exercise alcohol

smoking exercise alcohol

salt is made from metal ions such as....

sodium (Na+)

what is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?

sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

IBS is often triggered by

specific foods

pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down _________ for digestion.

starch

pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ____________ for digestion. fat starch protein alcohol

starch

Plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of ___________

starches

chyme is found in the ______________ as food is mixed with digestive secretions

stomach

the primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the __________ to the small intestine.

stomach

this layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract

submucosa

identify structures made up of connective tissue: tendons nerves cartilage bones

tendons cartilage bones

Digestion is: the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or lymph. the process of breaking down foods into smaller components.

the process of breaking down foods into smaller components.

Absorption is ________________________________________________________

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph

which of the following are true about the lymphatic system? (list all) the villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to large lymph vessels lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky it is a direct pathway that allows the liver to process the nutrients before entering the general circulation.

the villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to large lymph vessels lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky

common causes of food intolerances include: (list all) toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria deficiencies in digestive enzymes sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten) eating fruits with meats causing enzymes to compete

toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria deficiencies in digestive enzymes sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten)

the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the US are

ulcerative colitis Caron's disease

fluids involved in the process of digestion and absorption may contain: (list all) water neurotransmitters acid hormones mucus

water acid hormones mucus

which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining in the stomach? (list all) glucose water vitamins alcohol

water alcohol

which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cels lining the stomach wall? (list all) alcohol glucose water vitamins

water alcohol

hydrolysis reactions.... (list all) - yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall - involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules - create larger molecules through the addition of water - are catalyzed by digestive enzymes

yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules are catalyzed by digestive enzymes

what percent of the US population suffers from IBS?

(about) 10-15%

the large intestine absorbs about ______ percent if the water

10%

the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins yields: fiber vitamins minerals ATP

ATP

short chain fermentable carbs that have been shown to reduce IBS symptoms are known as

FODMAP

sour taste comes from

acids

umami comes from

amino acids (primarily glutamate)

diarrhea in young children is typically caused by what?

bacteria viruses rotavirus

the pancreatic juices are very ___________ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.

basic, alkaline

the _________ system is an example of an organ system. bladder cardiovascular pancreatic metabolic

cardiovascular

feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ________________

defecation

protein molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called bile chyme hormones digestive enzymes

digestive enzymes

bitter comes from

diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine

__________ different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract. Fiber is Carbs are Glycogen is Monosaccharides

fiber is

which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption? (list all)

glucose amino acids

___________ are swollen veins f the rectum and anus.

hemorrhoids

beneficial bacteria reside in the _______ intestine

large

feces are formed and held in which organ?

large intestine

which of the following are components of saliva? (list all) lipase mucus pepsin amylase gastrin

lipase mucus amylase

the resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut __________

microbiota

the resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut ___________

microbiota

which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system? (list all) most fats fat-soluble vitamins water-soluble vitamins monosaccharides

most fats fat-soluble vitamins

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called blous chyme nerve contradictions peristalsis

peristalsis

definition of lower esophageal sphincter

prevent back flow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus

what is needed to facilitate active absorption?

protein carrier and energy

the intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of which vitamin in the small intestine?

riboflavin B-12 Thiamin B-6

the unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to......

sulfer

which taste sense is enhanced by the addition of the Monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

umami

the functions of the epithelial cells are to absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete ________________, and protect underlying tissue.

waste