Nutr1tion chapter 4
Identify structures made up of connective tissue.
Blood Tendons Bones
Identify causes of hemorrhoids.
Straining during bowel movements Added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus Pregnancy and obesity
This layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.
Submucosa
Possible treatments for irritable bowel syndrome include ______.
a gluten-free diet peppermint oil
How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?
about 29 cups
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered _____ structures.
accessory
When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called
active absorption
Digestive enzymes
are made of protein. catalyze chemical reactions.
Active absorption needs both a carrier protein and _____.
atp
HCl destroys most harmful and viruses in foods.
bacteria
Place the five sections of the colon in the order in which a substance would pass through the large intestine after it leaves the small intestine.
c a t d s
Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome can be aggravated by the consumption of ______.
cabbage gluten onions
The ______ system is an example of an organ system.
cardiovascular
What is needed to facilitate active absorption?
carrier protein and energy
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can
cause liver swelling occur when liver cells store excess fat
The smallest functional unit of the body is called a .
cell
This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.
cholecystokinin
Gallstones are composed of ________.
cholesterol bile pigments
The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of gastric secretions and partially digested food known as ______.
chyme
Cartilage is made of ______ tissue.
connective
Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes
consuming more fiber daily. consuming more fluids daily.
Molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called ______.
digestive enzymes
The choice of system used to transport nutrients is based primarily on whether the nutrients are
fat and water
Which of the following is absorbed via passive diffusion?
fats
Current research does not support the use of dietary in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
fiber
Which protein found in wheat can trigger an autoimmune response that damages the villi of the small intestine?
gluten
This disorder of the digestive system is characterized by a burning sensation or sour taste in the back of the mouth, especially after a large or fatty meal.
heartburn
Meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach?
high fat meat
How well a person's individual organs work is determined by
his/her overall nutritional state.
Dietary constituents that aggravate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome include ______.
honey fruit dairy products
Diets high in saturated fats and sugars may ______.
increase fat storage in the liver trigger abnormal oxidation trigger toxin formation
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is characterized by
inflammation or scarring of the liver
Hydrolysis reactions
involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules. yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall. are catalyzed by digestive enzymes.
Dietary supplements of ____ can also cause constipation.
iron calcium
Avoiding foods containing FODMAPS has been shown to reduce the symptoms of
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is ______.
larger in diameter than the small intestine
In pinocytosis, absorptive cells engulf ___________.
liquid and p?
Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of _____ muscles.
longitudinal circular
Identify lifestyle changes used to treat GERD.
losing weight managing stress
List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.
messl
Match the taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the appropriate cause. salty sour sweet bitter umami
metals acids organic diverse amino
Examples of probiotic foods include
miso. yogurt.
People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ______ secreted by the stomach.
mucus
Identify the two different forms of GERD.
non-erosive reflux disease erosive reflux disease
Ulcers of the stomach most often occur in which age group?
older peeps
The sense of taste is enhanced by 6 million _____ cells in the nose.
olfactory
Examples of foods that contain FODMAPS include ______.
onions dairy products wheat
Each enzyme acts on ______ type(s) of chemical process.
only one
Match the sphincter of the GI tract with the appropriate function of that sphincter. L P h i a
p backflow c stomach c bile p large p defecation
Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the
pH of the environment in which they function. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function. type of chemical reaction they catalyze.
Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the
pancreatic duct. bile duct.
The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to
prevent the backflow of GI tract contents.
Yogurt would be classified as a ______ food.
probiotic
Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include
protein-calorie malnutrition nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis
Factors that contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome include
psychosocial distress. altered gut immunity. abnormal intestinal motility.
________ weight loss is associated with the formation of gallstones.
rapid
Gluten is found in which of the following grains?
rye wheat barley
Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called , which is produced by glands in the mouth.
saliva
Common causes of food intolerances include
sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten) toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria deficiencies in digestive enzymes
Younger people most often develop ulcers in the
small intestine
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often triggered by
specific foods.
The unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to
sulfur
Phagocytosis occurs when the absorptive cells in the small intestine
surround and engulf a solid compound
The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a ______ at a time.
t
Digestion is ______.
the process of breaking down large molecules in food.
The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are
ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease
The five primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and .
umami
Which taste sense is enhanced by the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG)?
umami taste
Most cases of diarrhea result from
viral infection. bacterial infection.
Diarrhea in young children is typically caused by
viruses. bacteria. rotavirus.
Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach? (Select all that apply.)
water acholo
take how long for food tel empty stomach
1-4 hours
The large intestine absorbs about ___________ percent of the water.
10
What percent of the US population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
10-15%
The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields
ATP
Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?
An overall increase in dietary fiber has not been supported as an effective treatment for IBS. Soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber.
Identify healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine.
Bifidobacteria Lactobacilli
Which of the following yield energy?
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins
Which of the following are examples of organ systems (system of the body)?
Digestive system Endocrine system
The beneficial bacteria and/or yeast found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk), and miso (fermented soybean paste), may be ______.
Enterococcus Bacillus Saccharomyces
Identify risk factors for gallstone formation.
Excess weight Female Consumption of high calorie, low-fiber diet Rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting
Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system?
Fat-soluble vitamins Most fats
Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion.
Fats Water
Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?
Fructose
Erosive and non-erosive reflux disease are both forms of ______.
GERD
The acid-resistant bacteria _________ is one of the two main causes of peptic ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
The acid-resistant bacteria _________ is one of the two main causes of peptic ulcers.
Helicobacter pylori
A combination of prebiotics, probiotics, and a FODMAP dietary protocol is a promising therapeutic approach to treating ______.
IBS
These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system.
Large protein molecules
Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.
Lipase Amylase Mucus
These accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process.
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?
Lymphatic system Cardiovascular system
Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.
Pancreas Gallbladder Liver
are live microorganisms, such as Lactobacilli found in yogurt, that when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits.
Probiotics
Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system? (Select more than one.)
Proteins, carbohydrates, B-vitamins, vitamin C Water-soluble nutrients Short- and medium-chain fatty acids
This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate.
Secretin
What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?
Sodium bicarbonate
Which of the following are true about the lymphatic system?
The villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels. Lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky.
Factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include
alcohol. smoking. exercise.
Which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?
amino acids glucose
Nutritional status has _____ effect on organ function.
an
Medications used to treat GERD include ______.
antacids proton pump inhibitors
Foods that contain prebiotics include ______.
bananas seeds whole grains
The pancreatic juices are very ___________ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.
basic, alkaline
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract.
d j i
Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ______________.
defecation
The first part of the small intestine is the ________________.
deodenum
In developing countries, each year more children die from
diahrea
A common GI tract problem in which the stool is loose and watery is ____________.
diarhea
In healthy individuals, the largest influence on gut microbial composition is
diet
The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to ______.
digest and metabolize complex carbohydrates, fibers, and starches make vitamin K and biotin
The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include
dissolves dietary minerals. destroys harmful bacteria and viruses. inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.
Science ______ a gluten-free diet as a good way to lose weight and increase energy.
does not support
One function of bile in digestion is to ________ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets.
emulsify
The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. This recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ____________ circulation.
enterohepatic
Food intolerances are caused by the inability to digest certain food components, usually due to a lack of specific ______________.
enzymes
When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.
epiglottis
Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ________.
esophagus
Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called .
flatus
The chief cells of the stomach secrete ______.
gastric lipase
This GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen.
gastrin
Experiencing heartburn more than 2 times a week may be a symptom of the digestive disorder __________________.
gastroesophageal reflux disease
The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called ____.
gherelin
Which of the following nutrients is NOT absorbed via facilitated diffusion?
glucose
The amino acid that is present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation is _______________.
glutamate
When one has nasal congestion, foods often ______.
have little flavor
Fluids involved in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain ______.
hormones acid water mucus
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______.
hydrochloric acid
In a __________ reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules.
hydrolysis
Because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant woman is at _______ risk for constipation.
increase
Ghrelin's role is to
increase appetite, increase food intake
The ____________ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.
large
Feces are formed and held in which organ?
large intestine
Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ___________ for digestion.
lipids
Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?
mucosa
Medications such as _____ can cause constipation.
opioids antacids antidepressants
Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called .
peristalsis
Inulin is an example of a ______.
prebiotic
A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a
prebiotic.
Diets high in which dietary components can increase fat storage in the liver?
saturated fats fructose sugar sweetened beverages
Beneficial bacteria reside in the intestine.
small
Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ____________ for digestion.
starch
Only a small amount of nutrient absorption occurs in the
stomach
Absorption is ______.
the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph
What is a collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?
tissue
Gluten-free diets have been shown to help people
with celiac disease.
Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in younger ______.
women