Nutr1tion chapter 4

Identify structures made up of connective tissue.

Blood Tendons Bones

Identify causes of hemorrhoids.

Straining during bowel movements Added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus Pregnancy and obesity

This layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.

Submucosa

Possible treatments for irritable bowel syndrome include ______.

a gluten-free diet peppermint oil

How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?

about 29 cups

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered _____ structures.

accessory

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption

Digestive enzymes

are made of protein. catalyze chemical reactions.

Active absorption needs both a carrier protein and _____.

atp

HCl destroys most harmful and viruses in foods.

bacteria

Place the five sections of the colon in the order in which a substance would pass through the large intestine after it leaves the small intestine.

c a t d s

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome can be aggravated by the consumption of ______.

cabbage gluten onions

The ______ system is an example of an organ system.

cardiovascular

What is needed to facilitate active absorption?

carrier protein and energy

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can

cause liver swelling occur when liver cells store excess fat

The smallest functional unit of the body is called a .

cell

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.

cholecystokinin

Gallstones are composed of ________.

cholesterol bile pigments

The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of gastric secretions and partially digested food known as ______.

chyme

Cartilage is made of ______ tissue.

connective

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fiber daily. consuming more fluids daily.

Molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called ______.

digestive enzymes

The choice of system used to transport nutrients is based primarily on whether the nutrients are

fat and water

Which of the following is absorbed via passive diffusion?

fats

Current research does not support the use of dietary in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

fiber

Which protein found in wheat can trigger an autoimmune response that damages the villi of the small intestine?

gluten

This disorder of the digestive system is characterized by a burning sensation or sour taste in the back of the mouth, especially after a large or fatty meal.

heartburn

Meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach?

high fat meat

How well a person's individual organs work is determined by

his/her overall nutritional state.

Dietary constituents that aggravate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome include ______.

honey fruit dairy products

Diets high in saturated fats and sugars may ______.

increase fat storage in the liver trigger abnormal oxidation trigger toxin formation

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is characterized by

inflammation or scarring of the liver

Hydrolysis reactions

involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules. yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall. are catalyzed by digestive enzymes.

Dietary supplements of ____ can also cause constipation.

iron calcium

Avoiding foods containing FODMAPS has been shown to reduce the symptoms of

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is ______.

larger in diameter than the small intestine

In pinocytosis, absorptive cells engulf ___________.

liquid and p?

Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of _____ muscles.

longitudinal circular

Identify lifestyle changes used to treat GERD.

losing weight managing stress

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.

messl

Match the taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the appropriate cause. salty sour sweet bitter umami

metals acids organic diverse amino

Examples of probiotic foods include

miso. yogurt.

People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ______ secreted by the stomach.

mucus

Identify the two different forms of GERD.

non-erosive reflux disease erosive reflux disease

Ulcers of the stomach most often occur in which age group?

older peeps

The sense of taste is enhanced by 6 million _____ cells in the nose.

olfactory

Examples of foods that contain FODMAPS include ______.

onions dairy products wheat

Each enzyme acts on ______ type(s) of chemical process.

only one

Match the sphincter of the GI tract with the appropriate function of that sphincter. L P h i a

p backflow c stomach c bile p large p defecation

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

pH of the environment in which they function. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function. type of chemical reaction they catalyze.

Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the

pancreatic duct. bile duct.

The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to

prevent the backflow of GI tract contents.

Yogurt would be classified as a ______ food.

probiotic

Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include

protein-calorie malnutrition nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis

Factors that contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome include

psychosocial distress. altered gut immunity. abnormal intestinal motility.

________ weight loss is associated with the formation of gallstones.

rapid

Gluten is found in which of the following grains?

rye wheat barley

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called , which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

Common causes of food intolerances include

sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten) toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria deficiencies in digestive enzymes

Younger people most often develop ulcers in the

small intestine

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often triggered by

specific foods.

The unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to

sulfur

Phagocytosis occurs when the absorptive cells in the small intestine

surround and engulf a solid compound

The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a ______ at a time.

t

Digestion is ______.

the process of breaking down large molecules in food.

The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are

ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease

The five primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and .

umami

Which taste sense is enhanced by the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

umami taste

Most cases of diarrhea result from

viral infection. bacterial infection.

Diarrhea in young children is typically caused by

viruses. bacteria. rotavirus.

Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach? (Select all that apply.)

water acholo

take how long for food tel empty stomach

1-4 hours

The large intestine absorbs about ___________ percent of the water.

10

What percent of the US population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

10-15%

The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields

ATP

Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?

An overall increase in dietary fiber has not been supported as an effective treatment for IBS. Soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber.

Identify healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine.

Bifidobacteria Lactobacilli

Which of the following yield energy?

Carbohydrates Fats Proteins

Which of the following are examples of organ systems (system of the body)?

Digestive system Endocrine system

The beneficial bacteria and/or yeast found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk), and miso (fermented soybean paste), may be ______.

Enterococcus Bacillus Saccharomyces

Identify risk factors for gallstone formation.

Excess weight Female Consumption of high calorie, low-fiber diet Rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

Fat-soluble vitamins Most fats

Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion.

Fats Water

Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

Fructose

Erosive and non-erosive reflux disease are both forms of ______.

GERD

The acid-resistant bacteria _________ is one of the two main causes of peptic ulcers

Helicobacter pylori

The acid-resistant bacteria _________ is one of the two main causes of peptic ulcers.

Helicobacter pylori

A combination of prebiotics, probiotics, and a FODMAP dietary protocol is a promising therapeutic approach to treating ______.

IBS

These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system.

Large protein molecules

Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.

Lipase Amylase Mucus

These accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process.

Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?

Lymphatic system Cardiovascular system

Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.

Pancreas Gallbladder Liver

are live microorganisms, such as Lactobacilli found in yogurt, that when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits.

Probiotics

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system? (Select more than one.)

Proteins, carbohydrates, B-vitamins, vitamin C Water-soluble nutrients Short- and medium-chain fatty acids

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate.

Secretin

What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?

Sodium bicarbonate

Which of the following are true about the lymphatic system?

The villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels. Lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky.

Factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include

alcohol. smoking. exercise.

Which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?

amino acids glucose

Nutritional status has _____ effect on organ function.

an

Medications used to treat GERD include ______.

antacids proton pump inhibitors

Foods that contain prebiotics include ______.

bananas seeds whole grains

The pancreatic juices are very ___________ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.

basic, alkaline

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract.

d j i

Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ______________.

defecation

The first part of the small intestine is the ________________.

deodenum

In developing countries, each year more children die from

diahrea

A common GI tract problem in which the stool is loose and watery is ____________.

diarhea

In healthy individuals, the largest influence on gut microbial composition is

diet

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to ______.

digest and metabolize complex carbohydrates, fibers, and starches make vitamin K and biotin

The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include

dissolves dietary minerals. destroys harmful bacteria and viruses. inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.

Science ______ a gluten-free diet as a good way to lose weight and increase energy.

does not support

One function of bile in digestion is to ________ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets.

emulsify

The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. This recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ____________ circulation.

enterohepatic

Food intolerances are caused by the inability to digest certain food components, usually due to a lack of specific ______________.

enzymes

When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.

epiglottis

Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ________.

esophagus

Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called .

flatus

The chief cells of the stomach secrete ______.

gastric lipase

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen.

gastrin

Experiencing heartburn more than 2 times a week may be a symptom of the digestive disorder __________________.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called ____.

gherelin

Which of the following nutrients is NOT absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

glucose

The amino acid that is present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation is _______________.

glutamate

When one has nasal congestion, foods often ______.

have little flavor

Fluids involved in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain ______.

hormones acid water mucus

The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______.

hydrochloric acid

In a __________ reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules.

hydrolysis

Because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant woman is at _______ risk for constipation.

increase

Ghrelin's role is to

increase appetite, increase food intake

The ____________ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.

large

Feces are formed and held in which organ?

large intestine

Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ___________ for digestion.

lipids

Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?

mucosa

Medications such as _____ can cause constipation.

opioids antacids antidepressants

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called .

peristalsis

Inulin is an example of a ______.

prebiotic

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a

prebiotic.

Diets high in which dietary components can increase fat storage in the liver?

saturated fats fructose sugar sweetened beverages

Beneficial bacteria reside in the intestine.

small

Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ____________ for digestion.

starch

Only a small amount of nutrient absorption occurs in the

stomach

Absorption is ______.

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph

What is a collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?

tissue

Gluten-free diets have been shown to help people

with celiac disease.

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in younger ______.

women