NUTR376 - BETH FINAL STUDY GUIDE

Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?

Duodenum

True or False: All food that is consumed has to pass through the liver before complete absorption can occur.

False

True or False: Both water-soluble and fat-soluble nutrients are transported via the same system from the small intestine.

False

True or False: Chemical digestion occurs primarily through peristalsis

False

True or False: If the digestive tract were longer, all foods would be digested completely and there would not be a need for elimination.

False

True or False: The AMDR sets ranges for the recommended levels of vitamins, minerals, and water in a diet

False

true or false: Cells that line the small intestine live for only a few days before they get sloughed off and discarded.

False

What acts as a temporary storage form of iron in the intestine

Ferritin

is the only form of folate that has been shown to help prevent neural tube defects.

Folic acid

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?

Fortified milk

what is required for absorption of vitamin b12

HCl and intrinsic factor

____ caused by a genetic mutation is associated with iron buildup in the body and possibly death.

Hemochromatosis

Which of the following is a consequence of excess protein intake?

Increased production and excretion of urea

______ is the most abundant mineral on Earth, and the most abundant trace mineral in the body.

Iron

Which vitamins are absorbed into the lymph then into the blood?

K,A,D,E

Which of the following is NOT among the factors required for efficient dietary absorption of vitamin B12?

Mucosal cobalaminase

The effects of vitamin A deficiency are most severe in what population group?

Newborns

A person requires 2000 kcalories per day and weighs 180 pounds. The person requires 65 grams of protein. Does their protein requirement fit within the recommended AMDR for protein?

No

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?

Osteomalacia

the part of the gastrointestinal tract which allows food to move into the esophagus and prevents food from moving into the lungs or trachea is known as

Pharynx

functions in muscle contraction and nerve conduction, maintains fluid and pH balance, preserves bone health, lowers blood pressure, and may prevent kidney stones.

Potassium

Transport protein of vitamin A

Retinol-binding protein

The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin?

Riboflavin

______ diet is a plant-based diet with lean sources of protein that helps reduce hypertension.

The DASH

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

AMDR for protein

10-35%

AI for sodium

1500 mg/day

RDA for Iron in women and children

18 mg/day

The daily minimum amount of sodium needed for normal body function is

180 milligrams

The standard DASH diet limits sodium to

2,300 mg a day lower version restricts sodium to 1,500 mg

AMDR for fat

20-35%

UL for sodium

2300 mg/day

UL for calcium

2500 mg/day

RDA for iron during pregnancy

27 mg per day

What is the additional amount (above the RDA) of vitamin C needed for individuals that smoke?

35 mg

UL for iron

45 mg/day

AMDR for carbs

45-65%

AMDR calories per gram: carbohydrates

4kcal/gram

AMDR calories per gram: protein

4kcal/gram

A person consumed 2000 calories and 10% of the calories were from protein. How many grams of protein did this person consume?

50 grams

RDA for iron (men)

8 mg/day

AMDR calories per gram: fat

9kcal/gram

When no RDA is established for a nutrient, which of the following reference values is used as the alternative?

AI

What is a chief function of the B vitamins?

Coenzyme participation

Which of the following explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy?

Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts

Which of the following is NOT a form of vitamin A? a. Retinol b. Retinal c. Retinoic acid d. Retinoquinone

D

name of thiamin deficiency disease

Beriberi

Which of the following substances is converted to vitamin A in the body?

Beta-carotene

All of the following represent secretions of the digestive tract except

Bolus

Which of the following may contribute to vitamin D deficiency?

Breastfeeding without supplementation

Which of the following foods provides ample amounts of vitamin C? a. Tofu b. Yogurt c. Legumes d. Broccoli

Broccoli

Minerals

essential, inorganic elements

one of the first symptoms of folate deficiency

extreme tiredness

The appearance of vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms may be delayed due to high intake of supplements of

folate

the lower the stores of iron , the _____ the percentage of iron absorbed

greater

A hormone produced by the liver called _____ controls iron absorption

hepcidin

How can zinc absorption be reduced?

when high levels of nonheme iron are present in the GI tract.

The synthesis of collagen requires both vitamin C and

iron

Which of the following does not contain vitamin B12?

legumes

Americans 20 years of age and older are consuming _____ of calcium daily

less than 800 milligrams

deficiency resulting from inadequate dietary intake

micronutrient deficiency

Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the

mouth

The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is usually

night blindness

BMI 30+

obese

BMI 25-29.9

overweight

The majority of the digestive enzymes are produced in the

pancreas

A systemic disease caused by a severe deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3).

pellagra

The forward, rhythmic motion that moves food through the digestive system is called __________.

peristalsis

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the __________.

small intestine

Which mineral plays a key role in regulating blood volume and participates in muscle contractions?

sodium

is a major electrolyte and cation found primarily in the blood and interstitial fluid

sodium

Which part of the GI tract contains highly acidic digestive juices?

stomach

Beriberi results from a deficiency of

Thiamin

_____ are inorganic nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts.

Trace minerals

True or False: Heme iron is two to three times more bioavailable than nonheme iron.

True

True or False: Mastication occurs in the mouth

True

True or False: Passive diffusion occurs when the higher concentration of a nutrient drives its absorption through the walls of the small intestine.

True

Riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to

UV light

which of the following vitamins is significantly important in the formation of collagen

Vitamin C

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin

Vitamin D

Nonheme iron absorption can be increased by

adding vitamin C and to eat meat, fish, or poultry at the same meal as the nonheme iron source; this is referred to as the MFP (meat, fish, and poultry)

Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?

antioxidant agent

pigment in carrots and pumpkins is

beta-carotene

1% of calcium is located where?

blood

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?

blood clotting

99% of calcium is located in

bone and teeth (spine and pelvic bone)

The RDA for ______ is 1,000-1,200 milligrams

calcium

True or false: When iron stores are high, the amount of iron absorbed can be as low as 5 percent of the iron consumed because more ferritin and hepcidin are produced to block iron from absorption and to store the iron in the enterocytes.

true

True or false: amount of iron absorbed is not sufficient to meet the body's daily iron needs; therefore, approximately 95 percent of the iron in the body is recycled and reused

true

what can be used for the synthesis of niacin

tryptophan

BMI <18.5

underweight

Vitamin deficiency anemia is a lack of healthy red blood cells caused by lower than

usual amounts of vitamin B-12 and folate

Vitamin E deficiency disorder in premature infants

hemolytic anemia

substance that promotes synthesis of prothrombin

Vitamin K

the iron in foods that is bound to the hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins; found only in meat, fish, and poultry.

heme iron

the iron in foods that is not bound to proteins; found in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods

nonheme iron

BMI 18.5-24.9

normal

Which one of the following is most likely to occur if there is too little saliva?

swallowing will be a problem, food will not be moistened or lubricated, it will not be possible to taste foods

in which form are most dietary lipids found

triglycerides