Nutrition 1

How do you calculate the nutrient density of a food?

1. Divide the amount of a nutrient in a serving by the RDA 2. Divide the calories in a serving of ffod by the EER. 3. Compare the values and see if the food provides a greater contribution to your nutrient need than your calorie nee.

On nutrition fact labels, the % Daily Value is usually calculated based on both a --- and a --- calorie diet

2,000, 2,500

How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day.

29 cups

The physiological fuel value for carbohydrate is

4calories/gram

The Adequate Intakes should cover the needs of more than ---% of the individuals in a specific life-stage group.

97-98

For each macronutrient the --- provide a range of intake associated with good health and a reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intakes of essential nutrients.

AMDRs

What is needed to facilitate active absorption?

ATP, Energy, A carrier protein

--- is the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph

Absorption

what is the term for the daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish an EAR?

Adequate intakes

What are some nutrients that have AIs?

B-vitamins fiber essential fatty acids fluoride

Which nutrients should people strive to reach 100%DV?

Calcium, Iron Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Fiber

How do you calculate a food's energy density?

Compare the food's calorie content per gram weigh of the food

The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the US are

Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis

DRV's percentages Fat Saturated Fat protein Carbs Fiber

DRV's Fat 30% Saturated Fat 10% protein 10% Carbs 60% Fiber 11.5 grams

What is the generic nutrient standard set for energy-producing nutrients?

Daily Reference Values

A --- --- is a generic nutrient standard used on Nutrition Facts labels; it comprises both RDIs and DRVs

Daily Value

--- --- have been set for 4 groups: infants, toddlers, prenant or lactating women and people over the age of four.

Daily Values

The -- --- are based on 2 sets of dietary standards: Reference Daily Intakes and Daily Reference Values

Daily Values

The latest recommendations from the Food and Nutrition Board are called --- --- --- and they include 5 sets of standards.

Dietary Reference Intakes

The small intestine in order as they appear in the GI tract

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

A person's risk for developing a nutrient deficiency increases when their intake of a nutrient drops below their ---- for that nutrient.

EAR

What formula should be used to determine the RDA for a nutrient?

EARx1.2=RDA

---- calorie foods are ones that are high in solid fats and/or added sugar. They provide calories, but few to no nutrients. Some examples are cookies, cakes, sodas, pizza and candy.

Empty

---- nutrients are substances that the body cannot make or makes in quantities too small to support health

Essential

An RDA can only be set for nutrients that have an ---

Estimated Average Requirement

---- provides the necessary nutrients that help the body fuel, build, and maintain all body cells.

Food

----- tests analyze a person's genes to determine the likelihood of developing certain diseases.

Genetic

---- is considered a readily usable form of carbohydrates. It is also considered a simple carbohydrate.

Glucose

The Dietary ----- are the foundation of the US government's nutrition policy and education.

Guidelines

What is the term for a claim that describes the relationship between a disease and a nutrient, food, or food constituent?

Health Claim

prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

Ileocecal valve

---- is the chemical process in the body that provides energy from carbohydrates, protein and fat in useful forms and sustains vital activities.

Metabolism

--- depicts the key elements of a healthy diet.

MyPlate

Total calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, sugars, protein, calcium, and iron are just some of the components that are included on most -- -- panels.

Nutrition Facts

---- ----- ----- are daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97-98%) in a life stage.

Recommended DIetary Allowances

One tool for planning diets that support overall health is the Dietary ---- Intakes (DRIs) which provide guidance on the quantities of nutrients that are most likely to result in optimal health.

Reference

The digestible polysaccharide known as ---- is a complex carbohydrate that is the storage from of a carbohydrate in grains.

Starch

Which of the following statements about structure/function claims are true?

The FDA does not approve of them manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the claims are accurate.

What is the ultimate goal of condensing nutrition labels?

To help busy customers make healthy choices

---- Upper Intake ----, or Upper Levels, are the maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse health effects in almost all individuals in a life stage group.

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, or Upper Levels, are the maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse health effects in almost all individuals in a life stage group.

Used to evaluate the highest amount of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the long run.

UL

Which taste sense is enhanced by the addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

Umami

---- occurs when nutrient intake does not meet nutrient needs, causing surplus stores to be used. When this happens, the body's metabolic processes eventually slow down or even stop.

Undernutrition

--- is the key to getting the array of nutrients offered by each food group.

Variety

Which nutrient acts as a solvent and lubricant and is a medium for transporting nutrients to cells

Water

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed directly into the blood and transported by the hepatic portal vein to the liver? long-chain fatty acids amino acids monosaccharides vitamin C

amino acids monosaccharides vitamin C

Which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?

amino acids, glucose

prevent defecation until person desires to do so

anal sphincter

A zoochemical is a physiologically active compound found in foods of --- origin that may provide health benefits.

animal

An-- helps scientists determine if it is appropriate to study the effects of a human disease on animals

animal model

An ---- assessment involves measuring various aspects of the body, including height, weight, body circumferences, and skinfold thickness. They are easy to obtain and generally reliable.

anthropometric

A ---- is the smallest unit of an element that still has all the properties of the element.

atom

HCI destroys most harmful --- and viruses in foods.

bacteria

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are elements which mainly compose what?

carbohydrates

proteins, carbohydrates, bvitamins, vitamin C, short and meium chain fatty acids and water soluble, are absobed in the ---- system

cardiovascular

Which type of study involves scientists comparing individuals who have a condition with individuals who do not have the condition?

case control study

Digestive enzymes are:

catalyze chemical reactions, made of protien

5 sections of the large intestines in order in which a substance would pas through the large intestines:

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon

A self-contained living entity is called a

cell

The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of acid, enzymes, and partially digested food known as

chyme

During a --- assessment, health-care providers search for any physical evidence of diet-related diseases

clinical

A ---- consists of atoms of two or more elements bonded together in specific proportions.

compound

Steps of the nutrition care process in order

conduct a nutrition assessment diagnose nutrition related problems create an intervention monitor and evaluate progress

Tendons and cartilage are made of --- tissue

connective

What are the Estimated Average Requirements?

daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of half of the people in a certain life stage

An---- is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by the chemical process.

element

Foods like cookies and chips, that are not nutrient dense are often called -- -- foods because they tend to be high in sugar and fat but provide few other nutrients.

empty calorie

fat, carboydrates and protein yeild:

energy

The recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ---- circulation.

enterohepatic

When swallowing a bite of food, the ---- closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus

epiglottis

There are two groups of viatmins --- solucble and ---soluble

fat soluble water soluble

ID high risk factors for gallstone formation:

female excess weight rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting consumption of low-fiber diet

Essential fatty acids, ---, and certain vitamins and minerals all have Adequate Intakes to set a daily intake amount for nutrients that do not have an established EAR.

fiber

What are some good sources of phytochemicals?

fruits, cereals

A --- food provides health benefits beyond those supplied by the traditional nutrients it contains. It can offer components that reduce the risk for developing a disease and can promote optimal heath.

functional

Identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.

gallbladder, liver, pancreas

What quantity is a macronutrient needed by the body

grams

control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

hepatopancreatic sphinter

The main functions of the large intestine include:

house bacterial flora absorb water and electrolytes form and expel feces

In a ---- reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules.

hydrolysis

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by

increasing the surface area

process by which the participant in a study is notified of the study's purpose, procedures, known risks, and benefits

informed consent

one --- is equivalent of 1000 calories

kilocalorie

Beneficial bacteria reside in the --- intestine

large

The --- intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium are absorbed.

large

--- supply 9 calories per gram

lipids

prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus

lower esophageal sphincter

fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the

lymphatic system

Protein, carbohydrates, lipids and water are needed by the body in large amounts and this makes them

macronutrients

The brush border enzymes of the small intestines are responsible for the chemical digestion of the

macronutrients

A --- nutrient, such as calcium and vitamin C are needed by the body in very small amounts.

micro-

The resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut

microbiota

a --- like a mineral, is needed by the body in very small amounts.

micronutrient

--- yield no energy for the body but are required for normal body function.

minerals

Digestive organs in order they come in contact with food

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ---- secreted by the stomach.

mucous

A --- content claim describes the nutrients in a food.

nutrient

low in fat rich in calcium zero calories are all statements that are examples of:

nutrient content claims

---- assessments are often limited because they can be vague, the signs and symptoms take a while to develop, and because development of poor nutrition often happens long before any clinical evidence can be found

nutritional

Consumption of more nutrients tha n the body needs can lead too---

obesity

The chief cells of the stomach secrete

pepsinogen

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

---- are live microorganisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, and when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits.

probiotics

The body typically uses a lot of ---- to meet its daily needs.

protein

The elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen goes with which nutrient?

protein

Which nutrient supplies 4 calories per gram of energy to the body?

protein

Almost all enzymes are

proteins

control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called --- which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

A ---- is a feature that can be observed, such as flaky skin.

sign

glucose, frutcose, and galactose are all examples of

simple carbohydrates

Two types of carbohydrates

simple, complex

Younger people most often develop ulcers in the

small intestine

What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestines from the stomach?

sodium bicarbonate

Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down--- for digestion.

starch

Chyme is formed in the --- as food is mixed with digestive secretions.

stomach

The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the --- into the small intestine

stomach

The site of limited nutrient absorption is in the

stomach

The thickest and strongest muscles of the GI tract are found in this organk allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices.

stomach

Current research does not support the use of dietary----- in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

supplements

Nutrition is defined by the American Medical Association as

the science of food

What formula can be used to determine the total amount of calories or a nutrient in more than one serving?

the value on label x the # of servings

collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function

tissues

What is the main function of vitamins

to enable many chemical reactions

Why were the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges established?

to reduce the risk of nutrient-related chronic disease

Large amounts of --- fats in the diet, which are processed fats found in deep-fried and baked snack foods, pose health risks, so, like saturated fat, their intake should be minmized.

trans

major form of energy stored in the body, major form of fat in foods, key energy source for the body

triglycerides

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

type of chemical reaction they catalyze pH of the enviornment in which they function vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function

3 general categories of nutritional status are

undernutrition overnutrition desirable nutrition

What is the term for the smallest known type of infectious agent that cause disease in humans?

virus

The function of the epithelial cells absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete --- and protect underlying tissues.

wastes

Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion

water, fats

What are some examples of medium and high energy density foods?

whole wheat bread- medium energy density potato chips high energy density Ham - medium energy density