Nutrition 1

Energy in the Body

-Body uses carbs, fats, proteins to fuel its activities = bonds between nutrient's atoms break. -Bonds break = release energy -Heat, send electrical impulses through brain and nerves, to synthesize body compounds and to move muscles. -Converted to storage compounds (body fat) if not used for above, to be used between meals and overnight when fresh energy supplies runs low. -More energy = weight gain, less energy = weight loss

Other four classes of nutrients... (Organic)

-Carbs -Lipids -Proteins -Vitamins... All contain carbon: an element found in living things.

Energy vs. No Energy

-Carbs, fats, and proteins provide energy. -Vitamins, minerals, and water do not provide energy.

Alcohol

-Contributes energy -Not considered a nutrient -Does not sustain life -Interferes with growth, maintenance, and repair of the body. -Yields energy like nutrients (7 kcals/g) when metabolized in the body.

Researchers put into two groups...

-Experimental and Control: Accomplished by randomization and must have equal chances; flipping a coin, etc. -People must be similar as well (# of colds, etc.) -Must take in similar amounts of nutrients in daily diets. -Groups must be large so one person with a cold out of 5 doesn't mess up results.

Placebos

-If someone takes vitamin C for a cold and believes it will cure the, chances of recovery may improve. -Placebo Effect -Placebo: Pills of similar appearance and taste containing an inactive ingredient.

Minerals

-Inorganic elements. Some minerals are essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health. -Found in bones, teeth, and fluids of the body. -Don't yield energy. -Only 16 known to be essential -Indestructible; can be bound by substances that interfere with body's ability to absorb them. -Can be lost in water.

Vitamins

-Organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by body. -Do not provide energy -Facilitate release of energy from carbs, fats, and proteins and participate in activities throughout body. -13 vitamins: helps eyes see in dim light, protect ethe lungs from air pollution, make sex hormones, stops bleeding, repairs skin. -Help replace rbc's and lining of digestive tract. -Vulnerable to destruction by heat, light, and chemical agents.

Water

-Participates in metabolic rxn's and supplies medium for transporting vital materials to cells and carrying waste products away from them.

The Scientific Method

-Researchers use this to guide their work -Observation and Question -Hypothesis and Prediction -Experiment -Results and Interpretations -Hypothesis Supported/Hypothesis Not Supported -Theory/New Observations and Questions -See Pg. 13.

1g of carbs;protein yields about...

4 kcals of energy

150 lb. body contains...

90 lbs. water and 20-25 lbs. fat. Others are protein, carbs, and major minerals of the bones.

Calories

A measure of heat energy. Energy provided by foods and beverages is measured in kcals. One kcal is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one kg of water. Kcal=Cal.

Energy Density

A measure of the energy a food provides relative to the weight of the food. Kcals/g.

Anecdote

A personal account of experience or event; not a reliable source of scientific information.

Activity going on in your body even as you sit still

Atoms, molecules, and cells continuously move and change, even though the structures of your tissues and organs and your external appearance remain relatively constant.

Energy released from carbs, fats, and proteins can be measured in...

Calories: Tiny units of energy so small that a single apple provides tens of thousands of them.

Macronutrients

Carbs, fats, and proteins: Body requires large amount of them per day.

Nutrients

Chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structured materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's tissues. Nutrients may also reduce the risks of some diseases.

Chronic Diseases

Diseases characterized by slow progression and long duration. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.

Other compounds found in food

Fibers, phytochemicals, pigments, additives, alcohols, and others

Ethnic Foods

Foods associated with particular cultural groups.

Functional Foods

Foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels.

Proteins

Found in structures such as the muscles and skin and help to regulate activities such as digestion and energy metabolism.

Fat provides more energy per gram because...

Greater energy density than carbs or proteins.

Cultural Competence

Having an awareness and acceptance of cultures and the ability to interact effectively with people of diverse cultures.

1000-calorie metric units that energy is expressed in...

Kilocalories (kcals "calories")

Simplest Nutrient

Minerals: Chemical element; atoms are all alike. Identity never changes (inorganic). -Example: Iron may have different electrical charges, but individual iron atoms stay the same when they're in a food, etc.

Phytochemicals (Phyto=Plant)

Non-nutrient compounds found in plants. Some have biological activity in the body.

Inorganic

Not containing carbon or pertaining to living organisms. The two classes of nutrients that are this are minerals and water.

Essential Nutrients

Nutrients a person must obtain from food and are not made within the body in sufficient enough amounts. About 4o are currently known.

Why People Choose To Eat What They Do

Preferences, habit, ethnic heritage and regional cuisines, social interactions, availability/convenience/economy, positive and negative associations, emotions, values, body weight and image, nutrition and health benefits

Foods

Products derived from plants or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients for the maintenance of life and the growth and repair of tissues.

Science of Nutrition

Study of the nutrients and other substances in foods and the body's handling of them.

Blind Experiment

Subjects do not know whether they are part of the experimental group (treatment) or the control group (placebo).

Organic

Substances or molecules containing carbon-carbon bonds or C-H bonds that are characteristic of living organisms.

Energy

The capacity to do work. The energy in food is chemical energy. The body can convert this chemical energy to mechanical, electrical, or heat energy.

Genome

The complete set of genetic material (DNA) in an organism or a cell. The study of genomes is called genomics.

Ongoing growth, repair, and maintenance of body's tissues depend on...

The energy and the nutrients received from foods.

Diet

The food and beverages a person eats and drinks.

Energy-Yielding Nutrients

The nutrients that break down to yield energy the body can use. C, F, P.

In addition to providing energy, carbs, fats, and proteins provide...

The raw materials for building the body's tissues and regulating its many activities.

Nutritional Genomics

The science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease.

Nutrition

The science of the nutrients in foods and their actions within the body. The study of human behaviors related to food and eating.

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals: Required only in small amounts.

Six classes of nutrients

Water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and some of the minerals found in foods

Second Simplest Nutrient

Water: A compound made of hydrogen and oxygen (inorganic).