Nutrition 1020 - Exam Two - Lipids

Olestra

(Olean) is made from combinations of fatty acids and sucrose, and is not absorbed by the intestinal tract. So it has no calories.

Reducing Heart Disease

- Reduce saturated fat. - Replace saturated fat with monounsaturated fat. - Reduce dietary cholesterol to under 800 mg per day or under 100 mg per day if you already have heart disease. - Reduce total fat to less than 30 percent of calories . - Increase soluble fibers such as bean and oats. - Drink less than five cups of coffee per day.

HDL

A beneficial lipoprotein. High in protein, It is the heaviest or densest of the lipoproteins. The liver and intestine produce them. Increases in these decrease heart disease risk because they transport cholesterol from body tissues back to the liver where this cholesterol is degraded and eliminated ( a process called reverse transport of cholesterol).

Cholesterol

A member of the large group of compounds called sterols. It is structurally complex and insoluble in water. It is an essential component of brain and nerve cells and is found in all body tissues. Synthesized by the liver and used to produce several vital body substances bile acids, vitamin D and the hormones testosterone and estrogen.

Recommendations of fat intake

Adults - 20 and 35 % of their daily calories from fat. Young children (ages 1 to 3 years) need as much as 40 percent of their daily calories to come from fat. If you eat a diet of 2,000 calories per day, ingest between 44 - 77 grams of total fat daily. Saturated fat - less than 7% Trans-fats - less than 2 grams or 1 percent of total fat calories.

sterol

Any of a group of predominantly unsaturated solid alcohols of the steroid group, such as cholesterol and ergosterol, present in the fatty tissues of plants and animals.

phospholipid

Commonly found in the body as lecithin or lipoproteins.

DHA

Docosahexaenoic acid, is one of the omega-3 fatty acids that bring so many touted health benefits. Fish oil and cod liver oil two good sources of this fatty acid. Some of the benefits of this nutrient are optimum brain development and function, improved memory and eyesight, positive moods and feelings of well being. Without it, your brain and nervous system simply can't function. Helps your liver and kidneys make L-carnitine in order to produce energy from food and improve heart health and overall muscular function.

How lower total cholesterol and LDL levels in the body

Eat nuts, fish, oatmeal, bran, olive oil.

EPA

Eicosapentaenoic acid, and it is one of many Omega-3 fatty acids needed by the human body. The body can't make this fatty acid, and must get it from food or supplement sources. There are many benefits to consuming a healthy amount of it. The best food source of it is fatty fish, such as mackerel, anchovies, sardines, salmon, tuna and hoki. It reduces depression and heart disease.

Lipoproteins

Fats and cholesterol circulate in the blood in the form of these. Inside them are triglycerides and cholesterol. The outer shell is composed of water soluble substances like protein and phospholipids. Fat and cholesterol must be packaged as these because fat and water in the blood stream don't mix. It's outer shell allows mixture and, therefore, transportation of fats. Examples of these are Chylomecrons, VLDL, HDL, LDL.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids which contain more than one double bond within the hydrocarbon chain or many points of unsaturation. Corn oil, safflower oil and soybean oil are all high in polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids which contain one double bond within the hydrocarbon chain or one point of unsaturation. High monounsaturated foods include canola oil, olive oil, peanut oil and avocados.

Triglyceride

Figure 5.4 - They circulate in the blood. 90% of the fats we eat are these which include margarine and butter. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. All are made of a glycerol molecule — a three carbon alcohol — to which three fatty acids are attached.

Omega 3 fatty acid

Important for healthy metabolism. The three types of omega-3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (ALA) (found in plant oils), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (both commonly found in marine oils). Marine algae and phytoplankton are primary sources of omega-3 fatty acids. (Walnut, edible seeds, clary sage seed oil, algal oil, flaxseed oil, Sacha Inchi oil, Echium oil, and hemp oil, while sources of animal omega-3 EPA and DHA fatty acids include fish oils, egg oil, squid oils, and krill oil).

lecithin

It is built on a backbone of glycerol with one fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group and a vitamin-like molecule called choline. It isn't considered a nutrient because the body can make choline. It is an emulsifier: it allows water and lipids to mix. It is found throughout the food supply in sources such as egg yolks and soybeans.

Recommended levels for LDL and HDL for good heart heath

LDL - below 100mg/100ml HDL - above 140mg/100ml

Unsaturated fatty acid

Liquid at room temperature. Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double carbon bonds. The chain bears fewer hydrogens than the maximum number possible.

functions of fat in the body

Section 5.7 - Any substances that are insoluble in water and usable by living organisms for nourishment. It supplies roughly twice as many calories as protein or carbohydrate. Fat allows us to store many calories in a relatively small volume of body space. It provides organ support and insulation. Body fat cushions and supports body parts. Subcutaneous fat found just under the skin provides a measure of protection from the cold. Fat facilitates the transportation of the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Fat provides our bodies with linoleic acid and linolenic acid, essential fatty acids. Finally, fat provides flavor in foods.

Saturated fatty acid

Solid at room temperature. A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds. Foods high in saturated fats include cocoa butter, butter, beef fat and coconut oil.

How to increase HDL

Stop smoking, aerobic exercise, lose weight. cut out transfats and increase monounsaturated fats, increase soluable fiber.

LDL

The non-beneficial lipoprotein. Composed mostly of cholesterol. When they bind to a special cell receptor, they give up their cholesterol which is used by the cell to make sex hormones and other compounds needed for a normal life. If the cell receptors are faulty or missing, too much of it will circulate in the blood and scavenger cells buried in blood vessels engulf and digest them. Increases in these increase our risk for heart disease because they transport cholesterol from the liver to the blood vessels where it can be deposited.

Lipids

Triglycerides, sterols (cholesterol) and phospholipids. Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Omega 6 fatty acids

Types of fats. Some types are found in vegetable oils, including corn, evening primrose seed, safflower, and soybean oils. Other types of these fatty acids are found in black currant seed, borage seed, and evening primrose oils.

For every 1% reduction in Saturated Fat intake

blood cholesterol is reduced by 2%