Nutrition 135

Heart disease is the ________ cause of death.

#1

What is the RDA for protein?

0.8 g/kg

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.

1, Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. As plaque accommodates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity 4. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

From top to bottom. place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur.

1. Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells. 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine. 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons. 4. Chylomicrons enter the lympatic system.

The DNA code for synthesis of a specific protein must be transferred for the cell's nucleus to the ___ to allow for protein synthesis.

Cytoplasm

It is the role of ____ located in the call's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA

incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production result in error in ____ code

DNA

Which of the following are true in terms of triglyceride digestion and absorption?

Digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine via pancreatic lipase. Two outer fatty acids are removed prior to absorption. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed by the intestinal cells.

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

Do not readily dissolved in water

When choosing fats in your diet, which of the following are important guidelines to keep in mind?

Fat should make up 20%-35% of total kcal Select more plant sources of fat and fewer animal sources of fat

What is the primary heath risk associated with a high intake of trans fat?

Increased risk of heart disease.

What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?

It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain

What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?

It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health.

What are some warning signs of a heart attack?

Jaw, neck, shoulder pain chest pain dizziness shortness of breath

What are some of the positive attributes of fat in the diet?

Many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of food. Fat imparts a creamy texture to food.

Which type of protein-calorie malnutrition leads to severe muscle wasting and a "skin and bones" appearance?

Marasmus

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

Salad oils margarine mayonnaise butter

Considering their health effects trans fatty acids are most similar to

Saturated fatty acids

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance in blood?

Serve as a buffer that resist changes in Ph Pumps ions in and out of the cells.

Which of the following food ingredients the presence of fat in a food product?

Shorting Cream Egg Yolk Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil lard

Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ____________ at room temperature.

Solid

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

Transport of fat soluble vitamins insulation energy storage

Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?

Triglycerides

Food allergies occur when the immune system treats a harmless food protein as a harmful invader.

True

Some people choose vegetarian dietary patterns as a way to improve their health.

True

T/F A protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients

True

T/F DNA used for protein synthesis is transcribed from a cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm by mRNA.

True

T/F Due to starvation, amino acids from muscle tissue are converted into glucose. This waste muscle tissue and can lead to edema.

True

T/F Every cell contains protein

True

T/F Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid.

True

T/F Many diseases stem from errors in the DNA code.

True

T/F Much the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise comes from fatty acids.

True

T/F Seeds and nuts have similar nutrient proteins.

True

T/F Vitamin B-12 is found primarily in animal foods.

True

______ are most susceptible to rancidity because they contain many carbon-carbon double bonds.

Unsaturated fats

A ___- is a "total vegetarian" who only eats plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purpose.

Vegan

Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?

Vegetarians

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

both contain a straighter molecular structure

What are some components of plaque?

calcium, cholesterol, white blood cells

Protein deficiency usually accompanies

calorie deficiency lack of nutrients

Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of

cancer cardiovascular disease

When the ________ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.

carbon-carbon double bonds

LDL

carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

Chylomicron

carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells

VLDL

carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells

fatty acids

chains of carbons flanked by hydrogen

LDL

cholesterol

Sterol

cholesterol

Triglyceride

glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids

Phospholipid

glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group

Vitamin C helps with the absorption of

iron

A(n) _____ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds.

legume

A teaspoon of stick margarine has ____ trans fatty acids than a teaspoon of tub margarine.

more

sterol

multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group

Which of the following are functions of protein?

necessary for the visual process necessary for fluid balance supply nitrogen in a form we can readily use

An illness might cause ___ protein balance because the person would not be consuming adequate amounts of protein.

negative

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthase by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

Omega-9

nonessential fatty acid

Where is DNA found in the cell?

nucleus

Mediterranean diet

olive oil, fish, nuts

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

A ____ bond is formed between amino acids in a protein.

peptide

The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from ______ which makes it costly source of calories

protein

Almost all enzymes are____

proteins

intact proteins are ____ absorbed from the digestive tract.

rarely

_______ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated

What are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated (trans) fats?

shortening potato chips stick margarine french fries

A ______ is a lipid with a multi-ringed structure

sterol

Which of the following are potential causes of denaturation?

stomach acid heat

When fat is removed from a food, most manufactures add ____ in its place

sugar

trans fatty acids

the hydrogen are on opposite sides of the double bond,

cis fatty acids

the hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond and cause a bend in the carbon chain

systolic blood pressure

the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation from the heart

diastolic blood pressure

the pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats

Compared to foods made with unprocessed plant oils, partially hydrogenated oils are less likely to go rancid because

they have fewer double bonds

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone

What happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?

trans fatty acid content is increased the molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats

The defining characteristics of a nut is that it grows on a ___

tree

Chylomicron

triglyceride

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

An omega-3 fatty acid is

unsaturated

Choose the 8 foods that account for 90% of food-related allergies

wheat soy milk tree nuts fish eggs shellfish peanuts

Steps of protein digestion in the correct order

1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach to the small intestine 2. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3. CCK causes the pancreas to the release of protein-splitting enzymes 4. Trypsin divides the chain of amino acids into smaller amino acid segments

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine.

1. Some lipase is released by the salivary gland and stomach 2. Salivary lipase and gastric lipase begin digestion short chain fatty acids in the stomach 3. Bile emulsifies the fats 4. Pancreatic lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine

There are a total of ___ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function

11

There are a total of ___ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

11

How many kilograms are in a pound?

2.2

How many different amino acids does the body use?

20

The Acceptable macronutrient distribution range set by the food and nutrition board for lipids is ___% to ____% of Kcal.

20% to 35%

risk for cardiovascular disease is high when total cholesterol is over ___ mg/dL

200

Triglyseride

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

Which of the following meal components contributes most to satiety?

3 oz sirloin steak

Proteins supply the body with about _____ kilocalories per gram

4

one bowl of chicken tortilla soup has 5 grams of fat which means that the food provides ____ Kcal from fat.

45

How many Kilocalories are in one gram of fat?

9

How many amino acids are essential?

9

Which fatty acids are considered fatty acids?

Alpha-linoleic acid linoleic acid

Which is the term used for the building blocks of proteins

Amino acids

Which two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain.

An acid group (COOH) and a menthyl group (CH3)

main source of saturated fat in the American diets are

Animal fats

How does cholesterol affect digestion of fats in small intestine.

As a component of bile, it emulsifies fat

Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein

Blood protein concentrations decreases Edema can develop Immune function is impaired

Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides in the

Bloodstream

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of

Branched chain amino acids essential amino acids

Arrange the following foods from lowest percentage of kcal from fat to highest percentage of kcal from fat.

Bread Whole milk Cheddar Cheese Canola oil

Cholesterol ___________ be made in the body.

Can

Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?

Carbohydrates Fats

If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider

Changes in food texture changes in flavor

Fats and oils contain mixtures of various fatty acids. Which of the following fats and oils are high in saturated fatty acids?

Cheeseburger Butter Coconut oil

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

Eggs Chicken ice cream

Omega 3

Essential fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid

Margarine is the leading source of cholesterol in the Typical American diet.

False

T/F Animal proteins are not a good source of all 9 essential amino acids.

False

T/F Blood proteins have no influence on the body fluid balance

False

T/F Consuming protein has no effect of weight loss.

False

T/F Fats and carbs are rarely used to meet energy needs.

False

T/F Most Americans need to drastically cut the amount of fat they consume each day.

False

T/F Most foods of plant origin supply ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids?

False

T/F Most plant proteins are examples of complete proteins.

False

T/F Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure.

False

T/F The risk of death from chronic diseases is higher in vegetarians.

False

T/F 45% of all proteins consumed in NA come from animal sources

False (more like 70%)

A molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogen with an acid group at one end and a methyl group on the other end is called a

Fatty acid

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

Foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat food of animal origin are often high in cholesterol

Which MyPlate food groups offer rich sources of food with cancer-fighting antioxidants?

Fruits vegetables grains

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

Glycerol backbone Phosphorus-containing molecules

If you witness a person experiencing shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, irregular heartbeat, sweating...

Heart attack

Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?

Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon

What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Hypertension smoking Family history of cardiovascular disease High Blood pressure

Why is LDL considered the bad cholesterol?

If not cleared from bloodstream, LDL cholesterol builds up in blood vessels Buildup of LDL in blood vessels contributes to atherosclerosis, a process that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

A ____ is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products.

Lactovegetarian

What are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?

Lean ground beef eggs Turkey

Phospholipid

Lecithin

One risk factor for cardiovascular disease is

Less than 40 mg/dL HDL

Which enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?

Lipase

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

Lipids

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipoprotein lipase

Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically __________ at room temperature.

Liquid

Which food would not be a good source of iron in a vegan diet?

Liver

The majority of fatty acids in the body and in foods are ______ -chain fatty acid

Long

North American diet

Mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk

Which of the following individuals requires positive protein balance?

Middle-aged adult recovering from injury, Adolescent boy during growth spurt, Older adult recovering from injury

When fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because?

More sugar has been added

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

Negatively protein balances

What are some health risk of plant-based diets for infants and children?

Nutrient deficiency growth retardation

Although they are a dense source of calories ______ provide many health benefits.

Nuts

Fatty fish provides eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosachexaenoic acid (DHA), Which are two _____________ that are important for brain and heart health.

Omega- 3 fatty acids

Reduced triglycerides, reducing blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with the intake of

Omega-3 fatty acids

fatty acids

Omega-6, Omega-3

____ is a major stomach enzyme used for digestion proteins.

Pepsin

A ___ is a type of lipids that contains a glycerol backboards, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group.

Phospholipid.

What is one of the most important functions of the phospholipid molecule?

Phospholipids help form cell membranes

____ is a cholesterol rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

Plaque

How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?

Position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton Length of the carbon skeleton # of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton

A ___ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses.

Positive

Choose a function of fat tissue.

Protect organs from injury

HDL

Protein

_______ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body

Protein

Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?

Protein serve multiple functions in the body Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair

How do proteins contribute to acid-based balance of the blood?

Pumps ions in and out of cells serves as buffer that resists changes in Ph

Preparing meals with plant oils, rather than animal fats, such as butter, is one way to improve the fat ______ of your diet.

Quality

________ occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet light or oxygen.

Rancidity

__________ occurs over time as heat, light, or occurs over time as heat, light, or oxygen break down the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products, resulting in undesirable flavors and odors.

Rancidity

Omega-6

essential fatty acid, linoleic acid

Which class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

Sterols

Which of the following are functions of cholesterol?

Synthesis of certain hormones Incorporation into cell structures Synthesis of certain bile acids

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what happens when there is a variation in

The DNA code

Which statements are true about omega-6 fatty acids?

The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the 6th carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain. They are also called unsaturated fatty acids.

How does denaturation of a protein affect its function?

The protein loses its normal biological activity.

Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?

They are energy dense They are chemically stable

Which statements are true about sterols?

They contain a multi-ring structure They can be produced by the body Cholesterol is a common example

What is the best way to obtain all of the essential amino acids?

Whole foods

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in extracellular space

In extreme starvation, ____ from muscle tissue starts to be converted to glucose, which wastes muscle and produces edema.

amino acids

Sickle cell disease occurs when _____ are out of order on a protein.

amino acids

What is it called when 2 sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

complementary protein

saturated fatty acid

contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

HDL

contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and in turn excretion of it from the body

When excess protein is consumed excess amino acids can be

converted into glucose or fat metabolized as fuel

Protein synthesis takes place in the

cytoplasm

The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to

decrease saturated fat intake

Triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles

during low-intensity physical activity. when the body is at rest