Nutrition 135
Heart disease is the ________ cause of death.
#1
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8 g/kg
List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.
1, Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. As plaque accommodates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity 4. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack
From top to bottom. place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur.
1. Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells. 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine. 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons. 4. Chylomicrons enter the lympatic system.
The DNA code for synthesis of a specific protein must be transferred for the cell's nucleus to the ___ to allow for protein synthesis.
Cytoplasm
It is the role of ____ located in the call's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.
DNA
incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production result in error in ____ code
DNA
Which of the following are true in terms of triglyceride digestion and absorption?
Digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine via pancreatic lipase. Two outer fatty acids are removed prior to absorption. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed by the intestinal cells.
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
Do not readily dissolved in water
When choosing fats in your diet, which of the following are important guidelines to keep in mind?
Fat should make up 20%-35% of total kcal Select more plant sources of fat and fewer animal sources of fat
What is the primary heath risk associated with a high intake of trans fat?
Increased risk of heart disease.
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?
It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain
What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?
It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health.
What are some warning signs of a heart attack?
Jaw, neck, shoulder pain chest pain dizziness shortness of breath
What are some of the positive attributes of fat in the diet?
Many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of food. Fat imparts a creamy texture to food.
Which type of protein-calorie malnutrition leads to severe muscle wasting and a "skin and bones" appearance?
Marasmus
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
Salad oils margarine mayonnaise butter
Considering their health effects trans fatty acids are most similar to
Saturated fatty acids
How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance in blood?
Serve as a buffer that resist changes in Ph Pumps ions in and out of the cells.
Which of the following food ingredients the presence of fat in a food product?
Shorting Cream Egg Yolk Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil lard
Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ____________ at room temperature.
Solid
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
Transport of fat soluble vitamins insulation energy storage
Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?
Triglycerides
Food allergies occur when the immune system treats a harmless food protein as a harmful invader.
True
Some people choose vegetarian dietary patterns as a way to improve their health.
True
T/F A protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients
True
T/F DNA used for protein synthesis is transcribed from a cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm by mRNA.
True
T/F Due to starvation, amino acids from muscle tissue are converted into glucose. This waste muscle tissue and can lead to edema.
True
T/F Every cell contains protein
True
T/F Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid.
True
T/F Many diseases stem from errors in the DNA code.
True
T/F Much the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise comes from fatty acids.
True
T/F Seeds and nuts have similar nutrient proteins.
True
T/F Vitamin B-12 is found primarily in animal foods.
True
______ are most susceptible to rancidity because they contain many carbon-carbon double bonds.
Unsaturated fats
A ___- is a "total vegetarian" who only eats plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purpose.
Vegan
Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?
Vegetarians
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
both contain a straighter molecular structure
What are some components of plaque?
calcium, cholesterol, white blood cells
Protein deficiency usually accompanies
calorie deficiency lack of nutrients
Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of
cancer cardiovascular disease
When the ________ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.
carbon-carbon double bonds
LDL
carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells
Chylomicron
carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells
VLDL
carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells
fatty acids
chains of carbons flanked by hydrogen
LDL
cholesterol
Sterol
cholesterol
Triglyceride
glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids
Phospholipid
glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group
Vitamin C helps with the absorption of
iron
A(n) _____ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds.
legume
A teaspoon of stick margarine has ____ trans fatty acids than a teaspoon of tub margarine.
more
sterol
multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group
Which of the following are functions of protein?
necessary for the visual process necessary for fluid balance supply nitrogen in a form we can readily use
An illness might cause ___ protein balance because the person would not be consuming adequate amounts of protein.
negative
Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthase by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.
nonessential
Omega-9
nonessential fatty acid
Where is DNA found in the cell?
nucleus
Mediterranean diet
olive oil, fish, nuts
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
A ____ bond is formed between amino acids in a protein.
peptide
The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from ______ which makes it costly source of calories
protein
Almost all enzymes are____
proteins
intact proteins are ____ absorbed from the digestive tract.
rarely
_______ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
saturated
What are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated (trans) fats?
shortening potato chips stick margarine french fries
A ______ is a lipid with a multi-ringed structure
sterol
Which of the following are potential causes of denaturation?
stomach acid heat
When fat is removed from a food, most manufactures add ____ in its place
sugar
trans fatty acids
the hydrogen are on opposite sides of the double bond,
cis fatty acids
the hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond and cause a bend in the carbon chain
systolic blood pressure
the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation from the heart
diastolic blood pressure
the pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats
Compared to foods made with unprocessed plant oils, partially hydrogenated oils are less likely to go rancid because
they have fewer double bonds
What are the structural components of a triglyceride?
three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone
What happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?
trans fatty acid content is increased the molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats
The defining characteristics of a nut is that it grows on a ___
tree
Chylomicron
triglyceride
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
An omega-3 fatty acid is
unsaturated
Choose the 8 foods that account for 90% of food-related allergies
wheat soy milk tree nuts fish eggs shellfish peanuts
Steps of protein digestion in the correct order
1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach to the small intestine 2. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3. CCK causes the pancreas to the release of protein-splitting enzymes 4. Trypsin divides the chain of amino acids into smaller amino acid segments
List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine.
1. Some lipase is released by the salivary gland and stomach 2. Salivary lipase and gastric lipase begin digestion short chain fatty acids in the stomach 3. Bile emulsifies the fats 4. Pancreatic lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine
There are a total of ___ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function
11
There are a total of ___ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.
11
How many kilograms are in a pound?
2.2
How many different amino acids does the body use?
20
The Acceptable macronutrient distribution range set by the food and nutrition board for lipids is ___% to ____% of Kcal.
20% to 35%
risk for cardiovascular disease is high when total cholesterol is over ___ mg/dL
200
Triglyseride
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule
Which of the following meal components contributes most to satiety?
3 oz sirloin steak
Proteins supply the body with about _____ kilocalories per gram
4
one bowl of chicken tortilla soup has 5 grams of fat which means that the food provides ____ Kcal from fat.
45
How many Kilocalories are in one gram of fat?
9
How many amino acids are essential?
9
Which fatty acids are considered fatty acids?
Alpha-linoleic acid linoleic acid
Which is the term used for the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
Which two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain.
An acid group (COOH) and a menthyl group (CH3)
main source of saturated fat in the American diets are
Animal fats
How does cholesterol affect digestion of fats in small intestine.
As a component of bile, it emulsifies fat
Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein
Blood protein concentrations decreases Edema can develop Immune function is impaired
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides in the
Bloodstream
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of
Branched chain amino acids essential amino acids
Arrange the following foods from lowest percentage of kcal from fat to highest percentage of kcal from fat.
Bread Whole milk Cheddar Cheese Canola oil
Cholesterol ___________ be made in the body.
Can
Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?
Carbohydrates Fats
If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider
Changes in food texture changes in flavor
Fats and oils contain mixtures of various fatty acids. Which of the following fats and oils are high in saturated fatty acids?
Cheeseburger Butter Coconut oil
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
Eggs Chicken ice cream
Omega 3
Essential fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid
Margarine is the leading source of cholesterol in the Typical American diet.
False
T/F Animal proteins are not a good source of all 9 essential amino acids.
False
T/F Blood proteins have no influence on the body fluid balance
False
T/F Consuming protein has no effect of weight loss.
False
T/F Fats and carbs are rarely used to meet energy needs.
False
T/F Most Americans need to drastically cut the amount of fat they consume each day.
False
T/F Most foods of plant origin supply ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids?
False
T/F Most plant proteins are examples of complete proteins.
False
T/F Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure.
False
T/F The risk of death from chronic diseases is higher in vegetarians.
False
T/F 45% of all proteins consumed in NA come from animal sources
False (more like 70%)
A molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogen with an acid group at one end and a methyl group on the other end is called a
Fatty acid
A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because
Foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat food of animal origin are often high in cholesterol
Which MyPlate food groups offer rich sources of food with cancer-fighting antioxidants?
Fruits vegetables grains
What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?
Glycerol backbone Phosphorus-containing molecules
If you witness a person experiencing shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, irregular heartbeat, sweating...
Heart attack
Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon
What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Hypertension smoking Family history of cardiovascular disease High Blood pressure
Why is LDL considered the bad cholesterol?
If not cleared from bloodstream, LDL cholesterol builds up in blood vessels Buildup of LDL in blood vessels contributes to atherosclerosis, a process that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
A ____ is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products.
Lactovegetarian
What are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?
Lean ground beef eggs Turkey
Phospholipid
Lecithin
One risk factor for cardiovascular disease is
Less than 40 mg/dL HDL
Which enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?
Lipase
Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
Lipids
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
Lipoprotein lipase
Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically __________ at room temperature.
Liquid
Which food would not be a good source of iron in a vegan diet?
Liver
The majority of fatty acids in the body and in foods are ______ -chain fatty acid
Long
North American diet
Mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk
Which of the following individuals requires positive protein balance?
Middle-aged adult recovering from injury, Adolescent boy during growth spurt, Older adult recovering from injury
When fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because?
More sugar has been added
Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?
Negatively protein balances
What are some health risk of plant-based diets for infants and children?
Nutrient deficiency growth retardation
Although they are a dense source of calories ______ provide many health benefits.
Nuts
Fatty fish provides eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosachexaenoic acid (DHA), Which are two _____________ that are important for brain and heart health.
Omega- 3 fatty acids
Reduced triglycerides, reducing blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with the intake of
Omega-3 fatty acids
fatty acids
Omega-6, Omega-3
____ is a major stomach enzyme used for digestion proteins.
Pepsin
A ___ is a type of lipids that contains a glycerol backboards, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group.
Phospholipid.
What is one of the most important functions of the phospholipid molecule?
Phospholipids help form cell membranes
____ is a cholesterol rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.
Plaque
How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?
Position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton Length of the carbon skeleton # of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton
A ___ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses.
Positive
Choose a function of fat tissue.
Protect organs from injury
HDL
Protein
_______ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body
Protein
Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?
Protein serve multiple functions in the body Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair
How do proteins contribute to acid-based balance of the blood?
Pumps ions in and out of cells serves as buffer that resists changes in Ph
Preparing meals with plant oils, rather than animal fats, such as butter, is one way to improve the fat ______ of your diet.
Quality
________ occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet light or oxygen.
Rancidity
__________ occurs over time as heat, light, or occurs over time as heat, light, or oxygen break down the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products, resulting in undesirable flavors and odors.
Rancidity
Omega-6
essential fatty acid, linoleic acid
Which class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?
Sterols
Which of the following are functions of cholesterol?
Synthesis of certain hormones Incorporation into cell structures Synthesis of certain bile acids
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what happens when there is a variation in
The DNA code
Which statements are true about omega-6 fatty acids?
The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the 6th carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain. They are also called unsaturated fatty acids.
How does denaturation of a protein affect its function?
The protein loses its normal biological activity.
Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?
They are energy dense They are chemically stable
Which statements are true about sterols?
They contain a multi-ring structure They can be produced by the body Cholesterol is a common example
What is the best way to obtain all of the essential amino acids?
Whole foods
Edema refers to
a buildup of fluid in extracellular space
In extreme starvation, ____ from muscle tissue starts to be converted to glucose, which wastes muscle and produces edema.
amino acids
Sickle cell disease occurs when _____ are out of order on a protein.
amino acids
What is it called when 2 sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?
complementary protein
saturated fatty acid
contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
HDL
contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and in turn excretion of it from the body
When excess protein is consumed excess amino acids can be
converted into glucose or fat metabolized as fuel
Protein synthesis takes place in the
cytoplasm
The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to
decrease saturated fat intake
Triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles
during low-intensity physical activity. when the body is at rest
