Nutrition 251 Exam 2

Which combination of terms is most accurate? A) 20 amino acids in foods, 9 are essential B) 29 amino acids in foods, 20 are essential C) 20 amino acids in foods, all are essential D) 9 amino acids in foods, all are essential

A) 20 amino acids in foods, 9 are essential

What is the molecule that cells can use directly and immediately for cell work? A) ATP B) Glucose C) Pyruvate D) Linolenic acid

A) ATP

Which has the richest source of linolenic acid? A) Canola oil B) Butter C) Palm oil D) Olive oil E) Corn oil

A) Canola oil

If Sam decided to become a vegan, which of the following foods would he NOT need to eliminate? A) Creamy peanut butter B) Milk C) Parmesan cheese D) Ground beef

A) Creamy peanut butter

Which of the following statements is (are) TRUE? A) Dairy products are a good source of high quality protein. B) Vegetarians need less than ominivores since plant-based proteins are so healthy for you. C) Tryptophan is a nonessential amino acid. D) Most of the nitrogen part of the amino acid molecule is excreted in breath and feces. E) Both B amd C are TRUE.

A) Dairy products are a good source of high quality protein.

The coenzymes that deliver hydrogen from the TCA cycle to the electron transport chain are... A) NAD and FAD B) niacin and folate C) acetyl CoA and pyruvate D) oxaloacetate and citric acid

A) NAD and FAD

What is the consequence if an essential amino acid is missing in the diet of laboratory rats? A) Protein synthesis is reduced. B) The body will substitute another essential amino acid in place of the missing one. C) The body will substitute a non-essential amino acid in place of the missing one. D) The body will substitute glucose in place of the missing amino acid.

A) Protein synthesis is reduced.

Which of the following is part of anaerobic metabolism? A) Pyruvate synthesis from glucose B) The combining of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA C) Carbon dioxide synthesis from citric acid in TCA cycle D) The Electron Transport Chain

A) Pyruvate synthesis from glucose

Your body needs to have some glucose (or pyruvate) to oxidize fat to ATP. A) True B) False

A) True

When a fatty acid is oxidized in the cell it produces __________ which then enters the TCA Cycle. A) acetyl CoA B) pyruvate C) ketones D) carbon dioxide E) oxaloacetate

A) acetyl CoA

Which of the following foods would have the highest protein quality? A) cheese B) potatoes C) bread D) peanuts

A) cheese

In nature, most double bonds of fatty acids are in the _________ formation, but after hydrogenation many have been converted to _________ formation. A) cis, trans B) trans, cis C) beta, alpha D) alpha, beta

A) cis, trans

Which of the following would be a good source of DHA and EPA? A) fatty fish, such as salmon and tuna B) flaxseed and eggs C) nuts and corn oil D) meats and eggs

A) fatty fish, such as salmon and tuna

The way the body gets rid of cholesterol is by A) fecal excretion B) urinary excretion C) sweat loss D) oxidation and expiration via carbon dioxide E) A and B are both true.

A) fecal excretion

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids A) have 12 or more carbons in their molecular structure. B) have 6 to 10 carbons in their structure. C) are solid at room temperature. D) A and C are both true. E) B and C are both true.

A) have 12 or more carbons in their molecular structure.

Which of the following would contain cholesterol? A) salmon B) margarine C) flaxseed oil D) coconut oil E) vinegar and oil salad dressing

A) salmon

There are three protein subgroups, all of which are recommended by the Dietary Guidelines. Meat, poultry, and eggs is one sub group, the other two are: A) seafood; and nuts, seeds, legumes, and soy products. B) seafood; and dairy C) nuts and seeds; and soy products D) fish; and nut butters and tofu E) hamburgers; and hotdogs

A) seafood; and nuts, seeds, legumes, and soy products.

Which of the following foods most likely has the most trans fat in it? A) 2 Tablespoons of salad dressing B) 20 French fries fried in shortening C) 1 Tablespoon butter D) 4 ounces of steak E) 1 Tablespoon canola oil

B) 20 French fries fried in shortening

The Acceptable Range of Macronutrient Distribution recommends the fat intake range to be _____ percent of total calories for healthy living. A) 15-30 B) 20-35 C) 30-35 D) 30-45 E) the lowest possible

B) 20-35

Emily is a PSU student and is 5 foot 5 inches and weighs 162 pounds (2.2 pounds = 1 kg). She does not participate in any sports. She is aiming for a healthy weight of 144 pounds. What is her RDA for protein? A) 40 g/day B) 52 g/day C) 60 g/day D) 78 g/day E) 91 g/day

B) 52 g/day

Which of the following defines a coenzyme? A) A unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus ATP B) An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme C) The small, active part of an enzyme that binds to the organic reactants D) An inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors

B) An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that Americans consume protein foods from three subgroups every week. Why? A) So that high quality and low quality protein are mixed. B) Because this reduces fats from meat and poultry by mixing with heart healthy fats from the other subgroups. C) To reduce the cost of weekly menus that contain mostly protein from high cost meats such as beef and poultry. D) To reduce the intake of grilled beef and poultry which may contain carcinogens from the grilling process.

B) Because this reduces fats from meat and poultry by mixing with heart healthy fats from the other subgroups.

Which of the following leads to the production of urea? A) Oxidation of glucose B) Degradation of amino acids C) Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids D) Synthesis of protein from amino acids

B) Degradation of amino acids

Although the US population is well informed about the risk factors for heart disease, there has been no change in the incidence of heart disease for the past 20-30 years. A) True B) False

B) False

Coenzymes are independent of enzymes to perform a catalytic reaction in the body. A) True B) False

B) False

Fatty acids are a source of glucose if you have not eaten for over 24 hours. A) True B) False

B) False

Once an ATP molecule releases a phosphate and becomes an ADP, it can no longer be used by the body and will be broken down and excreted. A) True B) False

B) False

Since food provides energy, the more you eat the more "pep" you will feel. A) True B) False

B) False

The body is able to directly use the energy released from broken carbon-hydrogen bonds for body functions. A) True B) False

B) False

David had his blood lipid profile done 5 years ago and there were some signs of heart disease. But he has been working on his diet and weight so he is confident that things have improved. Which lipoprotein was David looking to see whether it increased since the last time this assessment was done. A) LDL B) HDL C) VLVL D) chylomicrons

B) HDL

Which is FALSE about linoleic acid? A) If you do not eat it, you will die. B) It is a monounsaturated fatty acid. C) It has 2 double bonds, one at the 6th carbon and the second at the 9th carbon. D) It is an omega-6 fatty acid.

B) It is a monounsaturated fatty acid.

BEFORE dietary fatty acids are absorbed into the small intestinal cell, _______ are formed to increase the surface area of the lipid droplets. A) Chylomicrons B) Micelles C) VLDLs D) Lipoproteins E) Both A and B are both formed.

B) Micelles

Paul is a 38 year old, 5 ft 11 inches, 190 pound sports journalist. He has gained 10-15 pounds since college, but his weight has been stable the last few years. He consumes about 2800 kcalories per day, of which 30% is protein. Based on this information which is most likely true? A) Paul is likely in negative nitrogen balance. B) Paul is likely in zero balance (nitrogen equilibrium). C) Paul is likely in a positive nitrogen balance.

B) Paul is likely in zero balance (nitrogen equilibrium).

If Emily wanted to improve the quality of fat she is consuming towards a more heart healthy diet, which of the following changes would be most beneficial? A) Reduce the amount of peanuts she is consuming. B) Switch from butter to just peanut butter on her toast. C) Reduce the hamburger with the spaghetti and increase the Parmesan Cheese. D) Switch from beer to diet Coca Cola.

B) Switch from butter to just peanut butter on her toast.

If you consume more protein than your body can use at one time, what will happen to the excess protein? A) The amino acids will be stored in muscle tissue for later use. B) The amino acids will be deaminated and used for glucose, energy or energy storage. C) The proteins or amino acids will be excreted in the feces. D) All of the above.

B) The amino acids will be deaminated and used for glucose, energy or energy storage.

Which is TRUE about VLDL's? A) VLDL's are made in the small intestine from chylomicrons. B) VLDL's are made from lipids synthesized in the liver. C) VLDL's compete for LDL receptors in the liver. D) High VLDL's is a good thing in terms of risk for heart disease.

B) VLDL's are made from lipids synthesized in the liver.

To be classified as an omega-3 fatty acid, the fatty acid minimally must have: A) a double bond between carbons 2 and 3 from the methyl end. B) a double bond between carbons 3 and 4 from the methyl end. C) a double bond between carbons 3 and 4 from the carboxyl end. D) three double bonds at 1, 3, and 6 carbons from the methyl end. E) only 2 double bonds at the 6 and 9 carbons from the methyl end.

B) a double bond between carbons 3 and 4 from the methyl end.

During a longer term fast (2+ days) the major source of glucose for the brain will be... A) body fat B) body protein C) muscle glycogen D) liver glycogen

B) body protein

Which of the following is NOT a general function of proteins? A) maintain fluid balance B) emulsification of fat in the digestive tract C) transport nutrients and other molecules D) building material for many body structures like bone

B) emulsification of fat in the digestive tract

Some amino acids can produce pyruvate which then can be synthesized to glucose when blood glucose is low. This process is called A) glycolysis B) gluconeogenesis C) cell respiration D) Kreb's Cycle E) This is impossible. Amino acids cannot make glucose.

B) gluconeogenesis

The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as... A) pyrolysis. B) glycolysis. C) beta-oxidation. D) coupled reaction.

B) glycolysis.

Fat is essential in the diet to provide: A) cholesterol B) linoleic acid C) lecithin D) none of the above; fat is not a dietary essential

B) linoleic acid

Which of the following is the primary organ for oxidizing alcohol? A) brain B) liver C) pancreas D) digestive tract

B) liver

The limiting amino acid in baked beans is A) lysine B) methionine C) phenylalanine D) alanine E) tyrosine

B) methionine

An aerobic reaction is one that requires A) alcohol. B) oxygen. C) nitrogen. D) ammonia.

B) oxygen.

Which of the following molecule/paired with a carbon length is accurate? A) glucose / 8 carbons B) pyruvate / 3 carbons C) acetyl CoA / 3 carbons D) glycerol / 4 carbons

B) pyruvate / 3 carbons

Gluconeogenesis is... A) the production of energy from glucose. B) the production of glucose from amino acids. C) the production of glycogen from glucose. D) the production of body fat from glucose.

B) the production of glucose from amino acids.

Total blood cholesterol is a good way to initially screen for risk of cardiovascular disease. Which of the blood cholesterols levels is the cut-off which is classified as borderline risk? A) 150-179 mg/dL B) 180-190 mg/dL C) 200-239 mg/dL D) 240-255 md/dL E) 280-305 mg/dL

C) 200-239 mg/dL

Tony is 6 foot tall, not on any competitive sports teams, and weighs 220 pounds (2.2 pounds = 1 kg). A healthy weight for him is 176 pounds. What is his RDA for protein? A) 38 g/day B) 49 g/day C) 64 g/day D) 87 g/day E) 100 g/day

C) 64 g/day

Which of the following statements is FALSE about alcohol metabolism? A) Women break down less alcohol in the stomach compared to men. B) When ethanol (ie. alcohol) is oxidized in the cell, it produces acetyl CoA. C) Alcohol is catabolized (broken down) by muscle and brain cells. D) Ethanol has 2 carbons.

C) Alcohol is catabolized (broken down) by muscle and brain cells.

Which of the following is (are) TRUE regarding ketone production in the body? A) Ketones are produced whenever the body loses weight. B) Ketones are the normal source of energy for the brain. C) Ketones are produced in response to a build-up of acetyl CoA. D) The liver's use of ketones helps to maintain the body's glycogen levels. E) B abd C are both true.

C) Ketones are produced in response to a build-up of acetyl CoA.

Which of the following correctly links the term with its description? A) micelles / contain large amounts of protein, are produced in the stomach, and allow the emulsification of dietary fat in the blood. B) chylomicrons / contains large amounts of protein and function to deliver cholesterol back to the liver to recycling or disposal. C) LDL / contain large amounts of cholesterol and functions to deliver lipids to cells of all tissues. D) HDL / contain large amounts of dietary triglycerides and function to transport lipids from the intestines to the body

C) LDL / contain large amounts of cholesterol and functions to deliver lipids to cells of all tissues.

Using Matt's dietary analysis from your study questions, it indicates he consumed 170% of his RDA for protein and 13% of his total kcalories from protein. Based on this information, which of the following is the best conclusion? A) Matt met his RDA for protein, but did not meet the Acceptable Maconutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein. B) Matt met the Acceptable Maconutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein intake, but not his RDA for protein. C) Matt met both his RDA for protein and the Acceptable Maconutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein. D) Matt did not meet either his RDA for protein or the Acceptable Maconutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein.

C) Matt met both his RDA for protein and the Acceptable Maconutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein.

Terese's RDA for protein is 46 grams. Which of the following best reflects Terese's requirement for protein? A) Terese's requirement for protein is likely to be exactly 46 grams. B) Terese's requirement for protein is likely to be more than 46 grams. C) Terese's requirement for protein is likely to be less than 46 grams.

C) Terese's requirement for protein is likely to be less than 46 grams.

If amino acids are glucogenic, which of the following would be true? A) They cannot provide energy to the body. B) They will NOT enter the TCA cycle. C) They will first be converted to pyruvate before being converted to acetyl CoA. D) They will first be converted to acetyl CoA before being converted to pyruvate.

C) They will first be converted to pyruvate before being converted to acetyl CoA.

All of the following are advantages of vegetarian diets over a mixed diet EXCEPT... A) Fat content is typically lower in vegetarian diets. B) Fiber content is typically higher in vegetarian diets. C) Vitamin B12 content is higher in vegetarian diets. D) Vitamin B and C are found in liberal quantities.

C) Vitamin B12 content is higher in vegetarian diets.

Which of the following products is NOT generated via TCA cycle or electron transport chain? A) water B) energy C) ammonia D) carbon dioxide

C) ammonia

Which of the following contains protein, but the protein is of lowest protein quality? A) eggs B) steak C) bread D) orange soda E) hotdog

C) bread

The end products of metabolic oxidation (ie. cell respiration) of carbohydrates and fat are... A) glucose, amino acids and fatty acids B) urine, feces, and carbon dioxide C) carbon dioxide, water and energy as ATP D) glycogen, body protein, body fat

C) carbon dioxide, water and energy as ATP

Choose the oils with predominately saturated fatty acids: A) peanut oil and olive oil B) olive oil and corn oil C) coconut oil and palm oil D) safflower oil and cottonseed oil

C) coconut oil and palm oil

The pathway from pyruvate to acetyl CoA: A) produces oxaloacetate. B) is known as gluconeogenesis. C) is metabolically irreversible. D) requires more energy than it produces.

C) is metabolically irreversible.

During a short term fast (.5 to 1 day) the major source of glucose for the brain is.... A) body fat B) body protein C) liver glycogen D) linolenic acid

C) liver glycogen

On average for adults, the liver can clear the blood of one average sized alcoholic drink every _______. A) 10 minutes. B) 30 minutes. C) one hour. D) two hours. E) three hours.

C) one hour.

Which of the following lipids has NOT been shown to raise LDL cholesterol? A) trans fatty acids B) saturated fatty acids C) polyunsaturated fatty acids D) dietary cholesterol

C) polyunsaturated fatty acids

Rebecca is 13 years old and is well into her adolescent growth spurt. She is in A) nitrogen equilibrium. B) negative nitrogen balance. C) positive nitrogen balance. D) zero nitrogen balance.

C) positive nitrogen balance.

Which of the following is NOT a function of cholesterol? If all are, mark E. A) conversion to sex hormones, such as testosterone B) conversion to vitamin D C) provide energy for the body (4 kcal/g) D) structural part of cell membranes E) All are functions of cholesterol.

C) provide energy for the body (4 kcal/g)

A person with Phenylketonuria (PKU)is A) unable to metabolize tyrosine to carbon dioxide. B) unable to convert tyrosine to phenylalanine. C) unable to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. D) able to eat as much eggs as they want but not soy protein.

C) unable to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.

For a heart healthy diet, the Dietary Guidelines recommends than Americans try to eat less that ____ percent of kcals as _______. A) 2; saturated fats B) 5, monounsaturated fats C) 10, polyunsaturated fats D) 10, saturated fats E) 20, total fat

D) 10, saturated fats

For heart health, the Dietary Guidelines recommends that typical Americans limit their dietary cholesterol intake to ________ mg per day or less. A) 100 B) 150 C) 250 D) 300 E) 500

D) 300

Which of the following accurately describes the current consumption of protein in United States? A) The current average American diet barely meets minimum protein needs. B) The MyPlate is a good guide for meeting vitamin and mineral needs, but leads to a diet too low in protein for most Americans. C) Excess protein intake has led to excess tyrosine intake, which has led to an increased incidence of phenylketonuria (PKU). D) Americans currently consume protein at levels to meet or exceed the needs of even body building athletes

D) Americans currently consume protein at levels to meet or exceed the needs of even body building athletes

In regards to heart health, soluble fiber A) traps cholesterol in the intestinal lumen and excretes it in feces. B) produces short chain fatty acids in the large intestine which are then absorbed and suppress synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. C) produces compounds in the large intestine which can increase bile secretion, thus improving the digestion of fats in the diet. D) Both A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are all true.

D) Both A and B are true.

Barkley is a big fan of the Rocky films. He concluded Rocky's choice of consuming raw eggs in the first film must have been a key factor in his success as a boxer. So Barkley has decided to consume 6 raw eggs every day. Which of the following would be true? A) The raw eggs will provide no extra protein for Barkley because our bodies cannot digest uncooked protein. B) Eggs are a source of protein, but the protein has a limiting amino acid of lysine. This lowers the overall quality of the protein. C) Eggs are a source of protein, but the protein has a very low digestibility which lowers the overall quality of the protein. D) Eggs are a great source of high quality protein, but goodness gracious, cook them. Cooking eggs does not lower the quality or quantity of protein.

D) Eggs are a great source of high quality protein, but goodness gracious, cook them. Cooking eggs does not lower the quality or quantity of protein.

Which of the following accurately describes an enzyme? A) Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions B) Proteins that are not altered by the reactions they facilitate C) Chemical messengers that are secreted from one tissue, travels through the body, and cause a change in a target tissue. D) Options A and B above E) Options A, B and C above.

D) Options A and B above

If you have eaten more kcalories than you need, which of the following could occur? A) fat would be converted to glycogen B) protein would be converted to body fat C) glucose would be converted to either glycogen or body fat D) Options B and C are both true, but not A. E) A, B, and C are all true.

D) Options B and C are both true, but not A.

Which of the following accurately distinguishes a difference between phospholipids and triglycerides? A) Glycerol is the backbone of triglycerides, but three phosphate groups are the backbone of phospholipids. B) Phospholipids are in the class of nutrients known as lipids, but triglycerides are not. C) Phospholipids are founds in foods, but triglycerides are not. D) Phospholipids have two fatty acids as part of its molecule, while triglycerides have three.

D) Phospholipids have two fatty acids as part of its molecule, while triglycerides have three.

Which of the following is TRUE in describing how the chemical structure of protein differs from carbohydrate (polysaccharides) and lipids (triglycerides)? A) Proteins contain hydrogen and oxygen, but carbohydrate and lipids do not. B) Proteins require its chemical structure to be chemically altered during digestion, but carbohydrates and lipids do not. C) Carbohydrates and lipids can be broken down for energy, but protein cannot. D) Protein contains nitrogen, but carbohydrates and lipids do not.

D) Protein contains nitrogen, but carbohydrates and lipids do not.

Salad dressings are made from various types of vegetable oils. Based upon this information, which of the following would be TRUE? A) Salad dressings are likely to be high in cholesterol. B) Salad dressings are likely to be high in saturated fats. C) Salad dressings are likely to become solid if left out of the refrigerator for extended period of time. D) Salad dressings are likely to be high in unsaturated fats.

D) Salad dressings are likely to be high in unsaturated fats.

The definition of a good-quality protein is a protein which: A) has at least some of each essential amino acid B) contains all essential and nonessential amino acids C) is used solely for the manufacture of bodily protein D) contains all the essential amino acids in a pattern which is proportional to human needs

D) contains all the essential amino acids in a pattern which is proportional to human needs

Charlie is 58 years old, 5 foot 8 inches tall, and weighs 230 pounds; he works an office job. Which of the following would likely have the biggest impact in reducing his risk for cardiovascular disease? A) decrease his dietary cholesterol intake B) decrease his polyunsaturated fat intake C) decrease his monounsaturated fat intake D) decrease his body weight by 20 pounds. E) decrease trans fats in his diet.

D) decrease his body weight by 20 pounds.

When cholesterol is part of _______ , it is being transported away from cells back to the liver. A) phospholipids B) chylomicrons C) triglycerides D) high density lipoproteins E) low density lipoproteins

D) high density lipoproteins

After geneticists selectively bred corn to increase its lysine content, the protein quality of the new corn species A) is imbalanced in amino acids and will depress protein synthesis. B) is not any different than the old corn species. C) is now lower than the old corn species. D) is now higher than the old corn species.

D) is now higher than the old corn species.

If you eat the profile of foods as recommended by MyPlate (or MyPyramid) and your energy needs are about 2000 kcals, then you would be eating A) about 50% of your RDA for protein. B) less than 70% of your RDA for protein. C) between 95% and 100% of your RDA for protein. D) most probably quite a bit more than your RDA for protein. E) near the UL for protein.

D) most probably quite a bit more than your RDA for protein.

Which of the following foods would have zero cholesterol in it? A) milk B) fish C) chicken D) peanut butter E) tuna fish

D) peanut butter

Some amino acids are referred to as "essential" because A) they are needed in larger amounts than the nonessential amino acids. B) they provide energy to the body, while nonessential amino acids do not. C) they are more important than the nonessential amino acids. D) they must be supplied in the diet.

D) they must be supplied in the diet.

Oxaloacetate is A) needed to keep the TCA cycle going. B) can be made from pyruvate, bypassing acetyl CoA C) the end product of glycolysis and can be converted to lactate. D) an electron acceptor for the Electron Transport Chain. E) A and B are both true.

E) A and B are both true.

Which of the following is(are) essential in the diet of healthy humans? A) tryptophan B) alanine C) serotonin D) phenylalanine E) A and D are both essential.

E) A and D are both essential.

Which of the following is a possible fate of acetyl CoA? A) Can combine with oxaloacetate. B) Can produce ketones. C) Can synthesize fatty acids. D) A and B are true, but not C. E) A, B, and C are all true.

E) A, B, and C are all true.

After we eat protein-containing foods, which of the following could happen to the amino acids? A) used to synthesize new muscle tissue. B) changed to fat and urea C) metabolized for energy. D) deamination and urea formed. E) All of the above are true.

E) All of the above are true.

Which of the following would be a role of amino acids separate from their role as part of a protein? A) Conversion to nonessential amino acids B) Conversion to niacin, a B vitamin C) Regulation of fluid balance D) Transport nutrients into cells E) Answers A and B above

E) Answers A and B above

EPA is A) made from linoleic acid in the human body. B) made from linolenic acid in the human body. C) a precursor (beginning molecule) to prostaglandins. D) A and C are both true. E) B and C are both true.

E) B and C are both true.

An 18 carbon fatty acid with no double bonds A) is a saturated fatty acid. B) is solid at room temperature. C) has trans bonds. D) is called oleic acid. E) Both A and B are true.

E) Both A and B are true.

Trans fatty acids A) are never found naturally in foods we eat. B) are particularly high in olive oil. C) are heart healthy. D) make solid fats more oil like. E) None of the above choices are true.

E) None of the above choices are true.

Which of the following is a source of non-essential amino acids for the amino acid pool (fluid compartment of cells)? A) diet B) degradation of cellular protein C) synthesis from other molecules D) Option A and B are true, but not C. E) Options A, B, and C are all true.

E) Options A, B, and C are all true.

A monounsaturated fatty acid: A) is digested to fatty acid and glycerol B) lacks one hydrogen atom C) lacks four hydrogen atoms D) is attached at middle position of glycerol molecule E) has one double bond between 2 carbon atoms

E) has one double bond between 2 carbon atoms