Nutrition
rickets
----- is a deficiency disease characterized by inadequate vitamin D levels.
retinol
----- is the most active form of vitamin A in the body
cancer
----- is the second leading cause of death in the United States
visceral subcutaneous
------ fat forms a protective structure under the abdominal muscle whereas ----- fat holds skin in place
hyperthyroidism
-excess thyroid hormone production -feeling warm, sweaty, nervous, and restless -having rapid heart rate
extra fat
-extra fat may provide some health benefits, extra energy reserve for a very ill person who cannot eat -may protect a person from being injured by falling -women=fat for hormonal and reproductive purposes
BMR increased
-increased muscle mass -body temp -excess thyroid hormone -periods of growth (pregnancy) -greater body surface area -lactation -exercise and exercise recovery -stimulant drugs -stress
dual energy x-ray absorptionmetry
-low energy x-rays to scan entire body -detailed picture of internal structures, including fat desposits -equipment emits a does of radiation that is lower than that used for a chest x-ray -highly accurate -very expensive and not widely available outside of clinical settings
air displacement
-method of estimating body composition by determining volume -calculated by body composition -weighed on a very precise scale -sits in bod pod -the volume of air that was displaced after the subject entered chamber
bioelectral impedance
-quick way to estimate body fat content -based on principle that water and electrolytes conduct electricity -send painless low energy electrical current via wires connected to electrodes placed on the subjects skin
thyroid hormone
-secreted by thyroid gland -regulates metabolism -a person with an overactive thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone/this person has a higher than normal metabolic rate
adipose fat cells
-when body needs energy adipose cells are released -used as fuel -as the cell becomes smaller it loses fat -if body continues to release fat the body will lose weight
*When a person's usual carbohydrate intake drops, so does the water weight that is associated with glycogen storage. *A high-protein diet lowers the metabolic rate, and the body loses more water through perspiration as a result. *Without adequate dietary carbohydrate, the liver makes glucose from amino acids taken from the body's tissue proteins; protein tissue contains a lot of water and dismantling that protein results in water loss in the urine
A few of months ago, Camille began to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. At this point, she's lost 10 pounds, but her rate of weight loss seems to have slowed. Why does a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet promote weight loss? Check all that apply:
ethnic ancestry
A person's _____ does not influence the amount of energy he or she uses while performing physical activity.
ghrelin
A scientist wants to develop a medication that safely reduces hunger to help obese people lose weight. Based on this information, this researcher will explore ways to block the production, release, or action of
iron
According to the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines, which of the following minerals is a nutrient of public health concern for pregnant females?
8
According to the Nutrition Facts panel on the container of a sugar-sweetened, chocolate-flavored powder, two tablespoons of the powder added to 1 cup of low-fat milk supplies 160 kcal. The DV for kcal is 2000. Based on this information, a serving of the chocolate-flavored milk provides ___ %DV for calories.
*marathon runners *people who work in hot extremely hot conditions
Al of 1500 mg/day for sodium does not apply to the following
healthy overweight obese *disease risk *body weight
BMI is a numerical value based on the relationship between which variables:
circulating blood
Basal metabolism includes energy needs for
selenium.
Cameron takes megadoses of a single mineral supplement. Lately, he's noticed that his fingernails break easily, his hair is falling out, and he's more tired than usual. His friends have told him that he smells like garlic. Based on this information, Cameron has consumed too much
3400
Chester's BMI is 35.3. According to his food records, he consumes an average of 3600 kcal/day. He would like to lose 10 pounds in 1 year by reducing his daily caloric intake. Based on this information, Chester should consume _____ kcal/day.
reduced bone mineral density
Conditions associated with the female athlete triad include
*low in cholesterol *low in sodium *low in total fat *low in saturated fat *high in fruits *high in vegetables *high in whole grains *high in fat free or low fat dairy products
DASH diet used to help lower blood pressure is
night eating syndrome
Episodic food binges not followed by purging that take place after the evening meal and when the person wakes from sleep during the night is
10
For most adults, the DV for calories is 2000. According to the label on a jar of peanut butter, 2 tablespoons of the spread supplies 200 kcal. Based on this information, a serving of peanut butter provides _____%DV for calories
Vitamins K, E, and D
_____ are fat-soluble vitamins.
chronium
_____ enhances the effects of insulin on cell membranes.
thiamin
_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
Antioxidants
______ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.
adipose tissue
_contains adipose cells that are specialized for storing energy in the form of triglycerides _overweight and obese people have excessive amounts of fat stored in their adipose tissue
accommodate family and restaurant meals, parties and other special occasions
a weight loss regimen on the internet claims that eating just 3 shakes a day of their special formula nutritional shake is all you need to eat in order to lose weight. a more sound diet plan would
wernicke korsakoff
abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought processes are all signs of ----- ------ syndrome
iron
according to the world health organization, many cases of anemia are due to ----- deficiency
*following fad diets *a person adopts for the rest of their life
achieving a healthy body weight requires what lifestyle changes
men= 15.5 women=11
adequate intake for total water intake is ---- cups per day for adult men and ---- cups per day for adult women
bod pod
air displacement method
*use of the BOD POD *highly accurate estimates of body fat
air displacement techniques for assessing body volume
fat
amount and location of ----- stores in the body are important predictors of health risk
teratogen
an agent that causes birth defects is called a
removes
an oxidant ----- electrons from atoms or molecules
(lb)/(in)^2 * 703 *30
andy weighs 220 lbs and is 6ft tall. His BMI would be
hypertension
People with BMIs of 25 or more have greater risks of _____ than people with BMIs in the healthy range.
beans, nuts, seeds, chocolate, spinach, leafy green vegetables
best source of magnesium
energy intake
biological fuels are foods and beverages that contain macronutrients
total body fat
body components that make up weight include lean tissue and ---- tissue
resting metabloic rate
bodys rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating
major
calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of ------- minerals
energy output
calories cells use to carry out their activities
*high risk of cardiovascular disease *type 2 diabetes *symbolic of extra visceral fat stores *more common in men and african-american women *described as having an apple body shape
central body obesity
hypercalcemia
condition characterized by elevated blood calcium levels is called
sodium
consumption of a diet high in which mineral is associated with an increased risk of hypertension
fluorosis
consumption of excess fluoride over a long time period can result in ----
iron metabolism immune function collagen production
copper is involved in the body with
false, it provides 75%
dairy products, such as milk and chess, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets
*drink a glass of orange juice when taking an iron supplement *consume nonheme sources of iron in combination with heme sources of iron
dietary changes a person could make to increase iron absorption
cabbage soup diet, grapefruit diet
diets with gimmicks
*coffee *tea *energy drinks *soft drinks *alcohol
diuretics
binge eating disorder
eating disorder that features recurrent episodes of overeating that are not followed by purging is called
anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa bing eating disorder
eating disorders
*physical activity *metabolism *digestion
energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. components that contribute to the energy output is
negative
energy balance must be --- to lose weight
negative energy balance (person is losing weight)
energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ------ energy balance
food intake
energy needs of the body are met by
*muscle cells need energy to contract *liver cells use energy to convert toxic compounds to safer substances *intestinal cells need energy to absorb certain nutrients
energy output
adenosine triphosphate
energy released from food is captured in special compounds
*absorption *processing *digestion
energy required for thermic effect of foods is due to the ----- of nutrients
ATP
energy that is released can be captured and stored in special compounds
*larger portion sizes *enticing desserts *persuasive food marketing campaigns
enviromental influences that have contributed to greater calorie consumed and obesity
bioelectrical impedance
estimate total body fat that uses a low energy electrical current is
1. hydrochloric acid separates B-12 from animal protein 2. the stomach secretes intrinsic factor 3. B-12 binds to intrinsic factor 4. the IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart 5. B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood
event in the digestion and absorption of Vitamin B12
water intoxication
excessive amount of water is consumed in a short time the condition that can develop is called ---- ----
satiety
feeling of fullness after consuming food
strengthens bones and teeth
fluoride in the body is involved in
bariatric medicine
focuses the treatment of obesity -greater or equal to 35 and serious health problems
blood formation
folate
water
folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of ------ soluble vitamins
tuna=3oz egg noodles=1cup
food source that provides the most selenium per serving
*meat *milk *poultry
food sources of vitamin B12
sex males
generally have higher metallic rates than women because they tend to have more lean body mass
pumpkin seeds whole grain total cereal baked beans
good plant sources of iron
the Roux-en-Y procedure
Peter is a 5′ 7′′, 30-year-old man who weighs almost 350 pounds. To lose weight, he's tried calorie-restricted diets, fad diets, exercise programs, and appetite-suppressing pills without success. Peter would like to have a form of weight loss surgery that involves stapling his stomach. Based on this information, Peter's physician is likely to recommend ______ as the best way to help Peter lose a lot of weight and avoid regaining much of it.
cancer-gallbladder, pancreas, cervix, uterus, breast, colon, rectum and kidney CVD type 2 diabetes hypertension
health problems associated with excess weight
18.5-24.9
healthy weight
non exercise activity thermogenesis
heat production
percentage of fat
help you predict your risk of obesity- related diseases -no way to measure a living persons percentage of fat -use underwater weighing, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, air displacement, bioelectrical impedance, and skin fold thickness
*animal tissue
heme iron is the iron provided by hemoglobin and myoglobin in
subcutaneous
holds skin in place over underlying tissues such as muscles -has adipose cells -when tissue has more adipose cells than other kind of cells it is called fat
ghrelin
hormone released by stomach that stimulates eating
leptin
hormone released by the adipose tissue to reduce hunger and inhibit fat storage
cholecystokinin(CKT)
hormone released by the small intestine that stimulates the brain to suppress appetite
0
how many calories are provided from 60 mg of vitamin C?
*rapid & extreme weight loss *requires no need to change dietary patterns or physical activity *results in permanent weight loss *scientifically proven or doctor endorsed *includes money back guarantee *safe or natural *supported by satisfied customers *displays before and after photos
hype in television, magazine or internet ads
*advanced age *African american history *obesity *smoking *excess alcohol *excess sodium *physical inactivity
hypertension- possible causes
add carbon dioxide to other compounds
in its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that
*energy metabolism *fatty acid production
in the body, pantothenic acid is important for
increase
increasing your physical activity will ---- your energy expenditure
*carrots *winter squash *green beans
infants whose skins have developed an orange hue most likely have eaten a lot of baby food containing
gastric bypass
instestinal blockage and bleeding, leaks along the staple site, blood clot formation wound infections -develop bone loss and macronutrient deficiencies
heme
intestinal tract is most efficient at absorbing ----- iron
fortification
involves the addition during manufacturing of one or more vitamins to a wide array of commonly eaten foods
*stillbirths *low-birthweight babies mental and growth retardation
iodine is lacking in the diet during pregnancy, the infant can be born with
thyroid hormone synthesis
iodine-primary function
3500
kilocalories in one pound of fat tissue
hyperthyroidism
leads to a higher than normal metabolic rate which can result in excessive weight loss
hypothyroidism
leads to lower than normal metabolic rate which can result in obesity
body composition
lean body mass is the major factor that influences metabolic rate -muscle tissue component of lean body mass -person who has more muscle mass will have higher metabolic rate than someone with less muscle tissue
it would not be accurate for a very muscular person
limitation of the BMI calculation
reduce consumption of added sugars, solid fats, and alcohol reducing calorie intake and increasing physical activity
logical approach to weight loss
Having some extra body fat can provide an energy reserve that enables a very ill person to survive an extended illness.
Some body fat is necessary for good health, but too much adipose tissue contributes to many chronic disorders. Read the following statements and check all that are true concerning the health-related effects of adipose tissue.
whole milk
Which of the following foods is not a good source of thiamin?
ooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice
Which of the following practices would help a total vegetarian increase his or her iron intake from plant foods?
After bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium.
Which of the following statements about calcium is false?
*Megadoses of vitamin E are associated with bone pain, general weakness, and death. *According to scientific research, 75% of Americans consume diets that supply excessive amounts of vitamin E *Technically, vitamin E is not a vitamin because the body can make the nutrient. Premature infants are at risk of vitamin E deficiency.
Which of the following statements is true?
Fat cells produce leptin, a hormone that can reduce hunger. *Ghrelin is an enzyme that breaks down fat in the stomach. *Satiety is the feeling that drives a person to consume food. *People with "thrifty" metabolisms burn more fat per hour than other people.
Which of the following statements is true?
caffeine
Which of the following substances is a mild diuretic?
Folate
Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism?
E-does B-6-does not K-does not D-does not
Which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity?
bioelectric impedance
low energy electrical current
Dr. Atkins New diet revolution
low-carb
the macrobiotic diet, pritikin diet
low-fat
eat breakfast everyday eat low-calorie low fat diets weigh yourself once a week exercise 60 min a day limit tv watching- 10 hours per week
maintaining weight loss
enzymes
manganese is a component and activator of many ----
EER
men= 662-(9.53x age) + PA x (15.91 x WT + 539.6 x HT) women= 354-(6.91 x AGE) + PA x (9.36 x WT + 726 x HT) age=age in years PA= physical activity estimate WT= weight in kg (lb / 2.2) HT= height in meters (inches / 39.4)
iron
mineral that is a component of the oxygen transporting proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin is ----
sulfer
mineral that is component of the amino acids, cysteine and methionine is ------
water
minerals are soluble in
basal metabloism
minimal number of kcal's the body uses to support vital activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours
obesity and overweight
most common nutritional disorders in the united states?
calcium
mostly stored in bones and teeth
hunger
need for calories and nutrients
*it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass *it is not accurate for higher muscular individuals
negative aspects using BMI to assess healthy weight include
*sodium *potassium *chloride *calcium
nerve transmission
an unsupported scientific claim
notion that people become fat because food gets stuck in their bodies, rots and produces toxins is an example of
greater or equal to 30
obesity
non-hispanic black and mexican-american
obesity and overweight are more common particularly non-hispanic black women
false
obesity decreases a persons risk for premature death
scurvy
oranges and lemons would be appropriate treatment for the deficiency disease known as
true
osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane, such as the plasma membrane of a human cell
less
overfat person will weigh ----- underwater compared to a person who is lean
25-29
overweight
long term
overweight and obesity treatment
*elderly patients *patients with kidney failure
persons at high risk of developing magnesium toxicity include
heat
perspiration evaporates from the skins surface into the air, the body is cooled by the loss of ----
fruits and vegetables
pigments called carotenoids are often found in
thiamin
pork, wheat germ, and yeast are all good sources of which vitamin?
pregnancy childhood infancy
positive energy balance is normal and healthy during
greater than
positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ---- energy output
false
pregnancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance
being thin is ideal
prevent eating disorders by encouraging a person to challenge the idea that
roux-en Y operation
staples across the part of the stomach, the upper part. creates a small pouch -reduces stomach capacity about 1.5oz -"bypass" section of the intestine does not receive food-digestion and absorption are reduced as a result of surgery
toxicity
taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ----- occur
body surface area
tall slender person who weighs 150 pounds has a higher metabolic rate than a shorter person who also weighs 150 pounds. -the body constantly loses energy in the form of heat that moves to the skins surface and then into the environment
osteomalacia
the adult form of rickets is called
*limit alcohol consumption *become physically active *maintain a healthy weight
the american cancer society recommends you do them following in order to reduce cancer risk
*skin color *time of day *geographic location *season
the amount of sun expose you need to make exposure sufficient on D depends on
osteoporosis
the chronic disease characterized by loss of bone mass and reduced bone structure is called ------
scurvy
the deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet is called:
minerals
the group of elements that exist in the earths rocks, soil and water is called -----
myoglobin
the protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from red blood cells and contains iron is ------
heme
the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen is called
niacin
the vitamin B that has been used to treat elevated LDL cholesterol level is
set point theory
theory that is based on the idea that body fat is genetically determined is called the
energy metabolism
thiamin
chromium fluoride copper iodine iron manganese molybdenum selenium zinc
trace minerals
less than 18
underweight
*inheriting higher resting metabolic rates *tall body frames *excessive physical activity *rapidly growing physically active children *inflammatory bowel disease *cancer *TB *aids
underweight is caused by
essential fat
vital for survival -in membranes, certain bones and nervous tissue
D
vitamin ----- is necessary for the metabolism of the minerals calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones
immune function
vitamin A
antitoxidant
vitamin C can affect free radicals due to its ---- properties
vitamin deficiencies
vitamin supplements are effective for treating people with
underwater weighing
water displacement method
1500 urine 400 insensible perspiration 300 expired air 200 feces 100 sweat
water is lost in the body
*reading nutrition labels carefully *using less table salt *eating less processed food
ways to lower your sodium intake
motivators
weight loss "triggers" often serve as ---- to lose weight
*behavior modification *increased physical activity *decreased calorie intake *motivation
weight loss strategies
*yogurt *milk *spinach
what are some food sources of riboflavin
*regular health checkups *various screening methods
what are the best ways to detect cancer in its early stages?
vitamin
what is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body
milk, yogurt, cheese bok choy sardines canned in oil with bones
what is a good source of calcium?
coenzyme
what is an ion or small molecule that regulates a chemical reaction
radical
what is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids and DNA?
small intestine
what is the primary site of vitamin absorption?
antioxidants
what protects cells by giving up electrons to radicals?
*cell production *formation of epithelial cells *cell growth
what roles does vitamin A play in the body?
*breastfeeding *pregnancy *infancy *adolescence
when are the bodes requirements for vitamins highest?
*have drug like effects in the body *cause unpleasant side effects
when consumed in high doses, vitamins often
frozen
when fresh produce is not available, it is best to purchase ----- produce in order to receive the most vitamins
*increased intake of fruits and vegetables *eating a variety of nutritious foods *drinking adequate fluids
which dietary habits can result in a reduction of cancer risk
*milk *Salmon *herring
which foods are a good source in vitamin D
*regulates a variety of body processes *involved in the growth and development of tissues
which of the following are considered role of vitamins
*clams *beef liver
which of the following are good sources of iron?
*increased thirst *increase fatigue *rapid weight loss
which of the following are possible outcomes associated with dehydration?
*chloride *magnesium *phosphorus *potassium *sodium *sulfer
which of the following is considered a major mineral (needed in quantities of greater than 100mg)*calcium
thiamin
which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is really excreted in urine?
niacin
which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy
*complex diseases do not have simple causes that can be treated with nutrients *various factors influence the development and treatment of chronic diseases
why might a single nutrient have no effect on the treatment of a chronic disease
sodium
with roles in fluid balance and nerve impulses transmission, potassium performs many of the same functions as the mineral ----
is
zinc ------ widespread in the food chain
fat-free mass(lean tissues) total body fat
*body,water,bone mineral, fat-free mass, total body fat
BMR decreased
-decreaded muscle mass -strvation or very low calorie diets -low thyroid hormone -aging -lowering body surface area)short height)
energy
-definied as the capacity to perform work -heat,mechanical, chemical, and electrical energy occur in living things -total energy is constant -energy can be stored,released,moved or transformed -cant be created nor destroyed
Thermic effect of food
-body needs a relatively small amount of energy to digest foods and beverages as all as to absorb and further process the macronutrients -energy used for those tasks, 5 to 10% of total caloric intake
underwater weighing
-comparing a persons weight "on land" to his or her weight when completely submerged in a tank of water -estimating body composition that involves comparing weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water
BMR
-constant from day to day -men= 1.0kcal/kg/hr -women=0.9kcal/kg/hr estimate number of calories you need for your basal metabolism, convert weight in pounds to kilograms by dividing your weight by 2.2.
it is safe to drink tap water from public water supplies.
In the United States,
maintaining normal thyroid function.
Iodine is necessary for
Having chronic diseases of the intestinal tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease
It is often difficult to determine the cause of underweight. Consider each of the following conditions and check all those that are known to contribute to underweight.
creatinism
Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with
The subject should rest for at least 12 hours before the testing.
Measuring a person's basal metabolic rate requires certain conditions. Check all of the following conditions that are necessary for accurate measurement of basal metabolism.
nicotinic acid
Megadoses of ____ may be used to reduce elevated LDL cholesterol levels.
deny they are too thin
Most people who suffer from anorexia nervosa
9.75
The DV for total fat is 65 g. According to the label on a box of chocolate candy, a serving of the candy supplies 15% of the DV for total fat. Based on this information, a serving of the candy provides _____ g fat.
kidneys
The _____ play a major role in regulating the body's fluid balance.
biotin
The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
abnormal menstrual cycles.
Wendy is a 17-year-old world class gymnast who suffers from female athlete triad. Based on this information, she has
fortified dairy products
Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?
*aid in oxygen transportation
primary function of iron
behavior modification( helpful for people to learn when trying to change certain behaviors
principles of behavior ----- are critical components of weight reduction and maintenance
chloride
production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach requires the mineral ----
hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells that transport oxygen to tissues and contains iron is ---
1200-1500 women 1500-1800 men
reasonable number of calories consumed by women wanting to lose weight should range from ---- kcal/day
liposuction
reducing the size of local subcutaneous deposits -does not treat obesity
body mass index
relationship between body weight and increased risk of chronic disease can be numerically assessed using
bulimia nervosa
repeated episodes of binge eating followed by purging
garlic citrus juice herbs spices
replace salt as a seasoning by
activity for many enzymes part of antioxidant molecules
roles for sulfer in the body include being
similar
safety standards for bottled water are ----- to those for tap water
activity levels
sedentary(no exercise)-1.00,1.00 low activity-1.11,1.12 active-1.25,1.27 very active-1.48,1.45
anorexia nervosa
severe psychological disturbance characterized by self-imposed starvation
pale skin fatigue and weakness irritability difficulty concentrating and thinking brittle nails headache
signs and symptoms of iron deficient anemia include
skin fold caliper
skin fold measurement
true
sodium ions are necessary for maintaining fluid balance in the body
adipose
specialized cells that store fat
