Nutrition
The ——— is the element of their chemical structure that differentiates one amino acid from another.
- The side group
Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is (are) true? 1. Carbohydrates are the preferred fuel of the body. 2. Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 3. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates. 4. Hydrolysis links two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide. 5. Polysaccharides can easily be absorbed without being digested. 6. Monosaccharides are converted to glucose by the liver, 7. Excess glucose is converted to starch by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle.
1,2,3,6
Which of the following regarding the digestion of fats is true? 1. Compared to carbohydrates, fats are more difficult to digest and absorb because they are insoluble in water and the digestive enzymes are hydrophilic. 2. Fats are hydrophobic. 3. Most of the digestion of fats happens in the mouth and stomach. 4. Digestion and absorption of fats happens primarily in the small intestine.
1,2,4
To prevent dehydration, it is recommended that a lactating mother consume approximately of water per day.
13 cups
A nursing mother needs at least a day to receive all the nutrients required for successful lactation. What happens to a mother's milk diet?
1800 kcal / The milk quality stays the same, but the quantity of the milk decreases.
A nursing mother needs at least a day to receive all the nutrients required for successful lactation. What happens to a mother's milk if sh diet?
1800kcal
PEAK BONE MASS IS DEVELOPED BY AGE
30
ON AVERAGE, ADULTS ABSORB OF THE CALCIUM THEY INGEST
30%
Which the statements about diabetes is (are) false? 1. Insulin may be either inadequate or ineffective 2. Type 2 diabetes is very 3. Type 1 diabetes is rare and is characterized by cells failing to respond to insulin. common and is characterized by the pancreas failing to produce insulin. 4. Obesity can lead to type 1 diabetes.
4
Which of the following statements is not true of pyruvate? 1. During anaerobic exercise pyruvate converts to lactate but during aerobic exercise pyruvate converts to acetyl CoA. 2. Pyruvate is produced at the end of glycolysis. 3. Pyruvate can be converted back to glucose by liver cells. 4. Plays a key role in energy metabolism. 5. Only follows one pathway.
5
Put the rollowing steps or lipid digestion and absorption in the correct order: 1. Inside the intestinal cells the fatty acids are reassembled into triglycerides. 2. Chylomicrons enter the lacteal and transported away from the intestine. 3. Bile emulsifies fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles. 4. Triglycerides combine with proteins to form chylomicrons. 5. Micelles diffuse into the intestinal cells. 6. Cholesystokinin signals the gallbladder to release bile.
6, 3, 5, 1,4, 2
When blood glucose levels are high, this signals the secretion of from the pancreas to increase the uptake of glucose into cells and the storage of glycogen. secretion of from the pancreas to breakdown glycogen and release glucose into the blood. In order to maintain glucose homeostasis, two hormones are used to regulate blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are low, this signals the
???????
INADEQUATE INTAKE OF THIS VITAMIN CAN LEAD TO NIGHT BLINDNESS: VITAMIN
A
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE OF MOLYBDENUM?
A cofactor for several metalloenzymes
WHAT DOES POTASSIUM DO IN THE BODY?
Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
Cell that stores triglycerides.
Adipocyte
WHICH OF THESE VITAMIN IS/ARE NECESSARY FOR THE COENZYMES OF THE VARIOUS METABOLIC PATHWAYS?
All are necessary-niacin, biotin, riboflavin, vit b12, thiamin
Which of these statements is (are) false? 1. Proteins are broken down to amino acids which are then used by cells for growth, repair and maintenance. 2. Cells the small intestine are replaced every 3 to 5 days. 3. Insulin and glucagon are examples of protein hormones. 4. Amino acids can be used for energy.
All statements are true.
WHICH MEMBER OF THE VITAMIN E FAMILY IS MAINTAINED IN THE BODY?
Alpha-tocopherol
VITAMIN E FUNCTIONS PRIMARILY AS
An antioxidant
the following statements accurately describes fat cell development?
An obese person has more and larger fat cells than does a healthy-weight person.
WHAT DOES PHOSPHORUS DO IN THE BODY?
Assists in energy metabolism as a component of ATP
Which fish is considered a good choice for pregnant women to eat and can be consumed up to two to three times per week if desired?
Atlantic mackerel
WHICH CAROTENOID HAS THE HIGHEST VITAMIN A ACTIVITY? Beta-carotene
Beta-carotene
OXALATES AND PHYTATES ARE WHICH ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN FOOD THAT CAN COMBINE CHEMICALLY WITH MINERALS AND REDUCE THEIR BIOAVAILIBILITY
Binders
THE_OF VITAMINS IN FOOD IS THE AMOUNT ABSORBED AND USED BY THE BODY.
Bioavailability
B7
Biotin
WHAT IS THE MAIN ROLE OF VITAMIN K IN THE BODY?
Blood clotting
WHERE IS 99% OF THE BODYS CALCIUM LOoCATED?
Bones and teeth
VITAMINS PROVIDE KILOCALORIES. ALL VITAMINS ARE THEREFORE CONSIDERED TO BE A SOURCE OF ENERGY.
Both statements are false
FOOD PROCESSING DOES NOT DESTROY MINERALS. MINERALS CAN BE LOST FROM FOODS.
Both statements are true
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TRACE MINERALS CAN LEAD TO NUTRIENT IMBALANCE. AN EXCESS OF ONE MAY CAUSE A DEFICIENCY OF ANOTHER
Both statements are true
MANY DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS CONTAIN TRACE MINERALS, MAKING IT EASY FOR SOME USERS TO EXCEED THEIR NEEDS. IN HIGH DOSES, ALL NINE TRACE MINERALS CAN BE TOXIC IN HUMANS
Both statements are true
12.————-IS THE HORMONE SECRETED BY THE THYROID GLAND THAT REGULATES BLOOD CALCIUM BY LOWERING IT WHEN LEVELS ARE TOO HIGH
Calcitonin
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A VITAMIN NOR IS IT AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT? Carnitine
Carnitine
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING FOODS PROVIDES IRON IN THE MOST ABSORBABLE FORM?
Chicken
WHICH GROUP IS NOT AT RISK FOR INADEQUATE INTAKE OF VIT D?
Children who play outside and consume dairy products
Produced by cells of intestinal wall; Signals the gallbladder release bile.
Cholecystokinin
5. WITH THE HELP OF SUNLIGHT, THE BODY CAN SYNTHESIZE VITMAIN D FROM A PRECURSOR MADE FROM
Cholesterol
8. FUNCTIONS AS PART OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID THAT MAKES UP CELL MEMBRANES; IT FUNCTIONS IN LIVER METABOLIM, IT PARTICIPATES IN NERVE TRASNMISSION; ITS ASSISTS IN THE TRANSPORT OF LIPIDS AS PART OF THE VLDL; AND IT PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Choline
UPON ABSORPTION, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS TRAVEL THROUGH THE LYMPATIC SYSTEM WITHIN BEFORE ENTERING THE BLOODSTREAM.
Chylomicrons
B12
Cobalamine
THE B VITAMIN THIAMIN, RIBOFLAVIN, NIACIN, PANTOTHENIC ACID, BIOTIN, AND VITAMING B6 ACT ASIN THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, AND FATS TO ATP
Coenzymes
Contains sufficient amounts of all nine essential amino acids
Complete protein
THE VITAMIN CAN BE MADE WITH SKIN EXPOSURE TO THE SUN: VITAMIN
D
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A ROLE OF THIAMIN?
DNA SYNTHESIS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE OF MANGANESE?
Deficiencies are very common
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ACCURATELY DESCRIBES FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS?
Deficiency symptoms sometimes takes a year or more to develop on a poor diet
THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS DESCRIBE WHICH TERMS? Contaminate minerals-minerals that enter the food supply through soil, water, and air pollution
Disrupt body processes and impair nutrition status Impair body's growth, work capacity and general health Examples include mercury, lead, and cadmium
Fats that must be supplied by the diet and can be used to make other fatty acids.
Essential fatty acids
Glucose oxidation rapidly adjusts to the dietary intake of carbohydrate. Which of these statements is true regarding excess carbohydrate intake? Choose all that apply.
Excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen. Excess carbohydrates can be converted
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ACCURATELU DESCRIBES MINERALS? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY
Excess of one mineral can create an inadequacy of another Inorganic elements needed in small amount for health
A triglyceride is comprised of three glycerols and one fatty acid.
False
THE VITAMINS WHICH ARE MORE LIKELY TO LEAD TO TOXICITY SYMPTOMS ARE THE_ VITAMINS
Fat soluble
MUCOSAL CELLS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE STORE EXCESS IRON IN WHEN THE BODY NEEDS IRON, IT IS RELEASED AND TRANSPORTED BY
Ferritin/transferrin
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of proteins. Of the 20 different amino acids, some are essential and must be obtained from food while others are nonessential and can be manufactured by the body.
First statement is false. Second statement is true.
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of proteins. Of the 20 different amino acids, some are essential and must be obtained from food while others are nonessential and can be manufactured by the body.
First statement is false. Second statement is true.
Lipids are more energy dense when compared to carbohydrates. Carbohydrates contain 4 calories / gram and fats and oils contain 7 calories/ gram.
First statement is true. Second statement is false.
MINERALS ARE CLASSIFIED AS MAJOR MINERALS OR AS TRACE MINERALS. MAJOR MINERALS ARE NEEDED TWICE A WEEK AND MINOR MINERALS ARE NEEDED ONCE A WEEK
First statement true second is false
B9-
Folate
BABIES BORN TO MOTHERS WHO ARE DEFICIENT IN HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF PERMANENT NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS SUCH BIFIDA.
Folate
WHAT DOES CHLORIDE DO IN THE BODY?
Forms part of stomach hydrochloric acid
Found naturally in fruit; sweetest of sugars
Fructose
Fibers extracted from plants or manufactured and added to foods or supplements
Functional fibers
Glucose + Glucose
Galactose
Monosaccharide found in small amounts.
Galactose
Produced by gastric glands; Breaks down some fats into smaller units
Gastric lipase
Length of DNA containing specific instructions for making proteins.
Gene
Blood sugar; part of every disaccharide
Glucose
CONSUMING DIETS WITH FOODS HIGH IN ——— limits THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF IODINE. Goitrogens
Goitrogens
Breastfeeding is not recommended when the mother has
HIV
The addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids. Often creates trans fatty acids.
Hydrogenation
Does not contain all essential amino acids in sufficient quantities
Incomplete protein
Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body?
Inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol
Not soluble in water; support GI health
Insoluble fibers
VIT B12 MUST BE BOUND TO A PROTEIN KNOWN AS IN THE STOMACH IN ORDER TO BE ABSORBED.
Intrinsic factor
WHAT DOES MAGNESIUM DO IN THE BODY?
Is a cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT VITAMIN DS ROLE IN THE BODY IS FALSE?
Is biologically active in the body upon consumption
Which of these statements about the electron transport chain is true?
It captures energy in the ATP bonds.
How is nitrogen in the amine group processed?
It is converted to urea and excreted in urine.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE OF FLUORIDE?
It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay
Which of the following is a correct statement about morning sickness?
It may occur any time of day, not just in the morning hours.
DISEASE AFFECTING THE LIVER OR THE CAN INTERFERE WITH THE ACTIVATION OF VITAMIN D AND PRODUCE SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY.
Kidneys
Galactose + Glucose ; milk sugar
Lactose
Hormone secreted by adipose tissue that targets the brain and produces feelings of satiety.
Leptin
Which of the following is a protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and ince
Leptin
An essential amino acid supplied in less than the amount needed to support protein synthesis.
Limiting amino acid
Produced by salivary gland; Digests short-& medium-chain fatty acids in milk; inactivated by stomach acid
Lingual lipase
Which of the following removes triglycerides from the blood for storage in fat and muscle cells?
Lipoprotein lipase
Major lipid-producing organ
Liver
4. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT VITAMIN A'S ROLE IN THE BODY IS FALSE?
Lycopene serves as a vitamin A precursor and acts as an antioxidant
VITAMIN A IS PRODUCED FROM A CAROTENOID PRECURSOR. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE CAOTENOIDS OF POSSIBLE IMPORTANCE FOR HEALTH?
Lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin
Folate
Macrocytic anemia
Which is true of nonprescription weight-loss products?
Many have proved to be harmful.
——— and the process of breaking down large molecules to release energy called ——— is the sum of all the chemical and physical processes of the body. It includes the process of making large molecules from smaller ones called
Metabolism/ anabolism/ catabolism
THE AVERAGE PERSON IN THE US CONSUMES ———-OF SODIUM.
More than the recommend amount
Which statement about perceptions of obesity is FALSE?
Most weight-loss programs focus on willpower, hard work, and tending the psychological issues associated
B6
Neurological damage
B3
Niacin
About how many sites in the human genome are associated with obesity and fat?
O
For overweight adults, a reasonable weight loss is To maintain weight loss, one should aim to lose 10% of initial
O % to 2 pounds per week /6 months
In general, weight-loss diets need to provide a minimum of kcalories per day for women and kcalories for
O 1200/ 1500
Which of these statements is (are) true? 1. Dietary fiber is the digestible part of plants. 3. Soluble fiber does not dissolve in water while insoluble fibers do dissolve in water. 2. Soluble fiber is digested by bacteria in the colon and may bind to cholesterol and dietary fat. 4. Insoluble fibers promote regular bowel movements idea to slowly incorporate it into the diet to avoid intestinal issues. 5. When increasing dietary fiber intake, it is a good
O 2,4,5
What is a feature of surplus dietary fat?
O Almost all the excess fat is stored.
What is the most likely reason for a pregnant woman to crave a nonfood item like laundry starch or ice?
O Anemia due to iron-deficiency
Cancers arise when cellular DNA is damaged. Antioxidants my reduce cancer risks by protecting DNA from this damage
O Both statements are true.
What is the function of the esophagus?
O Contains muscular rings to move food toward the stomach.
Antioxidants always behave the same regardless of conditions.
O False
We know the identity and action of every chemical in every food.
O False
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between the speed at which one eats and weight management?
O Faster eating correlates with higher BMI.
supplemention associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects.
O Folate
are two nutrients required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells.
O Folate and vitamin B12
secreted by cells in the is a protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure.
O Ghrelin / stomach
Why is appetite suppressed after intense exercise?
O Glucose and fatty acids are abundant in the blood.
——- can convert to ——- in energy metabolism.
O Glycerol / glucose or pyruvate.
What happens to leptin and ghrelin levels when someone is sleep deprived?
O Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases
organ system is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its critical period?
O Nervous
Of the following, which is the best advice for lowering energy intake for weight loss?
O Select fewer energy-dense foods
Glycogen is a storage form of energy in the human body. Humans can also store starch as a form of energy.
O The first statement is true. The second statement is false.
Which of the following accurately describes free radicals?
O They arise from normal metabolic reactions.
The reason that fat yields more calories than carbohydrates or proteins is because fat contains many carbon-hydrogen bonds that can be readily oxidized.
O True
———is the decay of teeth.
O dental caries
The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to
O eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily
Essential fatty acids (EFAS) are precursors needed to produce which type of biological compounds?
O eicosanoids
The vast majority of digestion and absorption occurs in the ——— protein /liver,
O fat / small intestine,
The specific sequence of amino acids determines the specific ——- of the protein. Amino acids are linked into unique chains by bonds which are formed by—— reactions.
O function / peptide / condensation
Compared to other women, obese women are more likely to have all of the following except
O gestational oxygen deprivation.
Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by
O hormone changes.
increased needs for during cannot be met by diet or existing stores so supplements are recommended.
O iron
A lack of the enzyme required to digest the disaccharide lactose into its component monosaccharides results in ——- which can cause cramping, bloating, and diarrhea.
O lactase / lactose intolerance
——- is the catabolism of triglycerides.
O lipolysis.
The following statements describe what organ? • Converts fructose and galactose to glucose • Converts excess glucose to fatty acids • Makes glucose and some amino acids and glycerol when needed • Breaks down fatty acids for energy when needed • Makes ketone bodies when necessary • Removes ammonia from the blood and converts it to urea to be excreted by kidneys • Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs • Helps take apart old red blood cells
O liver
The inactive form of pepsin is called
O pepsinogen
High-density lipoproteins (HDLS) are so named because of their high proportion of
O protein.
After they have been absorbed, amino acids are used to synthesize new or are converted to nonessential amino acids, ATP. ,or fat.
O proteins / glucose
Glucose undergoes the process of glycolysis. What
O pyruvate
The body stores lipids as
O triglycerides.
All of the following are benefits of physical activity during pregnancy except
O weight maintenance or loss.
When the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of these compounds can be converted to glucose?
OAmino acids
The absorption of amino acids occurs in the large intestine.
OFalse
——- and ——- are enzymes from the pancreas that complete the digestion of proteins into single amino acids.
Oproteases/ peptidases
——— and ——— are enzymes from the pancreas that complete the digestion of proteins into single amino acids.
Oproteases/ peptidases
A BONE CONDITION IN WHICH BONES BECOME THINNER AND WWEAKER WITH AGE, BUT NOT AS SEVERE AS OSTEOPORISIS IS TERMED
Osteopenia
The ——-is the first organ to respond when blood glucose falls.
Pancreas
B5
Pantothenic
Niacin
Pellagra
is a condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman.
Preeclampsia
AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF ELEMENTS IS TO o SELENIUM WORKS IN TANDERS WITH_TO BLOCK THE FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS.
Prevent free radical formation/ vitamin E
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Prevents reflux of bile from the small intestines into the stomach.
Which of following is true about excess protein intake?
Protein oxidation is increased.
VITAMIN K PARTICIPATES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ———AND ———-
Prothrombin/osteocalcin
Which of the following can help to minimize the effects of an occasional alcoholic drink in the milk of lactating women?
Pump and discard the milk following alcohol consumption.
B6
Pyridoxin
Which of the following is a correct statement about calcium during pregnancy?
RDA for calcium is the same as before pregnancy.
OXALATES ARE ACIDS IN SPINACH WHICH———- calcium ABSORPTION
Reduce
B2
Riboflavin
CALCIUM IS THE MOST ABUNDANT MINERAL IN THE BODY. WHICH MINERAL IS THE SECOND MOST ABUNDANT?
SECOND MOST Phosphorus
THE MAJORITY OF DIETARY VITAMINS ARE ABSORBED IN THE
Small intestine
IF FLUID IS LOST BY VOMITTING OR DIARRHEA, WHAT MINERAL IS LOST IN GREAT QUANTITY?
Sodium
WHAT IS THE PRINCIPAL EXTRACELLULAR CATION?
Sodium
WHICH TWO MINERALS FUNCTION AS ELECTROLYTES AND ARE NECESSARY FOR PROPER NERVE FUNCTION AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION?
Sodium/potassium
Soluble in water: benefit heart disease, diabetes
Soluble fibers
Which part of the Gl tract does not actively digest carbohydrates?
Stomach
VITAMINS A, D, AND E ARE ——IN THE BODYS TISSUES.
Stored
Glucose + Fructose; table sugar
Sucrose
WHICH MINERAL PROVIDES SHAPE TO PROTEINS AND IS PART OF THE VITAMINS THIAMIN AND BIOTIN AND THE AMINO ACIDS CYSTEINE AND METHIONINE?
Sulfur
Occur in mitochondria
TCA and ETS
is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status,
The infant's birthweight
Which of the following is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes?
The mother being 24 years old
Which of the following statements about physical activity is true?
The number of kcalories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity, and duration.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS TRUE OF ESSENTIAL TRACE MINERALS IN GENERAL?
They can be found in a wide variety of foods
enzymes participate release of energy WHICH STATEMENT IS TRUE OF PRECURSORS? They describe
They describe vitamins that are inactive in food but become active once inside the body
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRYE OF VITAMINS IN GENERAL?
They help enzymes participate in release of energy from carbohydrates, fats
B1
Thiamin
4. IODINE PLAYS AN INTEGRAL PART IN WHICH HORMONE? WHAT OTHER NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY IS COMMON AMONG PEOPLE WITH IODINE DEFICIENCY?
Thyroid hormone/iron
Which statement about food labeling true?
Total Carbohydrate" amounts include starch, sugars, and fiber.
Process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA.
Transcription
Process of creating proteins from an MRNA template.
Translation
INFANTS ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO TRACE MINERAL DEFICIENCIES BECAUSE THEIR GROWTH IS RAPID AND INTAKE VARIES
True
TRACE MINERAL CONTENTS OF FOODS WILL VARY WITH SOIL AND WATER COMPOSITION?
True
Vit C
Vegtebales
VITAMIN IS RICH IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES: ASSISTS IN THE FORMATION OF COLLAGEN, ACTS AS AN ANTIOXIDANT, SUPPORTS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND IMPROVES THE ABSORPTION OF NONHEME IRON.
Vitamin C
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING NUTRIENTS REQUIRES DIETARY FAT FOR ABSORPTION AND IS TRANSPORTED IN THE LYMPH SYSTEM?
Vitamin K
WHICH OF THE FOLOWING VITAMINS IS NOT WATER SOLUBLE?
Vitamin K
9. YOUR OLD FRIEND FROM HS HAS JUST MOVED TO N CANADA TO DO FULL TIME RESEARCH ON BATS IN CAVES. BASED ON THE INFO ALONE WHAT FOODS WOULD YOU RECOMMEND YOUR FRIEND REGULARLY BUY AT THE GROCERY STORE?
Vitamin d fortified milk
ALL WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS ARE CARRIED THROUGHOUT THE BODY IN
Water
ONE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS AND FAT-SOLUBLE IS THAT
Water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed more frequently than fat-soluble vitamins
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS TRUE ABOUT ZINC LOZENGES AND THE COMMON COLD?
Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration but not the severity of common cold symptoms
MFP factor-a
a peptide released during the digestion of meat, fish, and poultry, that enhances nonheme iron absorption
the primary high-energy molecule in human
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The majority of triglycerides are stored in ——— for future energy needs.
adipose tissue
Thiamin
alcoholics
During digestion, proteins are broken down with the help of gastric juices, in the stomach, small intestine, pancreas and small intestinal lining.
amino acids/enzymes
Biotin
breastfeeding women
Organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it.
coenzyme
Zinc-cofactor
cofactor for more than 300 enzymes Necessary for normal development and function of the immune system Stabilizes cell membranes and DNA Recycled via enters pancreatic circulation Toxicity may occur at closes of more than 50 mg per day
Eating more ———carbohydrates instead of ———carbohydrates results in a diet that is higher in ———
complex / simple / fiber
Iron
component of hemoglobin Component of enzymes Essential for cellular metabolism Occurs in two forms in food
Pica-craving
craving and consumption of nonfood substances
The is the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure
critical period
During absorption, excess amino acids are
deaminated.
All the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food.
energy metabolism
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols are the three main types of
fats.
Fluoride-
fluoridated water
Folate
fruits/vegetables
In order to maintain glucose homeostasis, two hormones are used to regulate blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are low, this signals the secretion of from the pancreas to breakdown glycogen and release glucose into the blood. When blood glucose levels are high, this signals the secretion of from the pancreas to increase the uptake of glucose into cells and the storage of glycogen.
glucagon / insulin
Synthesis of glycogen
glycogenesis
Occurs in cytosol of cell
glycolysis
B6
have undergone bariatric surgery
——- denatures protein and converts pepsinogen to——— ,which breaks polypeptides into shorter chains.
hydrochloric acid / pepsin
All of the following are signs or symptoms of preeclampsia except
hypoglycemia.
B12
impaired memory and cognition
Riboflavin
impaired renal function
Riboflavin
inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes, and Gl tract
lodine
iodized salt
Hemochromatosis-iron deficiency
iron overload due to enhanced iron absorption
Copper
legumes, whole grain, nuts, shellfish, seeds
The following statements describe what energy-yielding nutrient? • Part of nutrient is degraded by repeated cycles of B-oxidation. • Yields glucose when carbohydrate is not available. • Provides the most energy per gram. • The two portions of this nutrient both enter energy metabolism via different pathways.
lipids
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women, High LDL cholesterol is ontof the risk factors for heart disease and is therefore included on routine blood work. So what does it mean? VLDL help transport triglycerides, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine and lipids from the liver. build up on the walls of blood vessels. elimination. High levels help prevent cholesterol from building up in artery walls. HDL takes cholesterol from other lipoproteins or body cells due to most cells not breaking down the cholesterol and so is returned to the liver for LDL deliver cholesterol to the cells. If the amount in the blood exceeds the amount that can be used by the cells, the result is high blood levels that can
lipoproteins LDL HDL
The influence of how a mother's nutrient intake may change gene expression to increase the infant's development of obesity or chronic diseases later i
may change gene expression to increase O fetal programming
Iron-Zinc
meats poultry seafood
Vit 6 & Niacin
meats/poultry/seafood
Series of reactions needed to transform food into a final product that can be used by the body.
metabolic pathways
Riboflavin
milk products
As we sleep, the body maintains blood glucose levels by producing glucose from ——— sources. This process is called ———- and takes place primarily in the ——
noncarbohydrate / gluconeogenesis / liver
The developing brain depends heavily on and the mother's intake of during pregnancy may improve an infant's brain fun
omega-3 fatty acids
In the absence of ——-pyruvate is converted to ——-
oxygen / lactic acid.
Which of the following is a correct statement about prenatal supplements during pregnancy?
particularly beneficial for women with inadequate dietary intakes or women carrying multiple fetuses.
Substances that induce oxidative stress are called
prooxidants
Researchers have spent many years studying diets and have determined the best approach to weight loss is to
reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
Iron deficiency anemia-sever
sever depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin concentrations
Vit C
smokers
Hepcidin-hormone
that maintains blood iron levels within normal range by limiting
Most ——-are digested in the ———with the help of bile and pancreatic———
triglycerides / small intestine /lipase
Vit B12
vegetarian athletes
Thiamin
whole grains
A reputable weight-loss program will provide customers with honest predictions of success and
will explain the associated risks
The process of condensation links two monosaccharides together by releasing process hydrolysis water to disaccharide.
• Both statements are true.
Which nutrient does the body show a dramatic increase in absorption for during pregnancy?
• Calcium
Cholesterol is needed for which of the following functions?
• sex hormones, cell membrane formation
All of the following are associated with reduced
• underweight dad.