Nutrition and Health Final Exam UIOWA
symptoms of diabetes
excessive urination, thirst, weight loss, increase appetite, fatigue
· why a nutritionally adequate diet is important before pregnancy
helps to regulate hormones and makes sure your body is ready to carry a child.
Risk factors for hypertension
smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, race, age, poor diet
cardiovascular disease risk factors
Family history, age, sex, smoking, physical inactivity
factors that contribute to obesity in this age group
Food and activity environment, food marketing, parental modeling, interaction with other children, predisposed to reject new foods, physiology/development, social and demographic factors that affect activity
Echinacea support
Studies show it may be used to help treat colds May not prevent them
high LDL cholesterol
160 mg/dL and above
Excess simple carbohydrate intake
decreases HDL and increases triglycerides
monounsaturated fats
decreases total cholesterol, LDL
polyunsaturated fats
decreases total cholesterol, LDL
obesity
excessive accumulation of body fat
dietary cholesterol
increases total blood cholesterol and LDL in most individuals
elevated blood pressure range
120-129 mmHg and greater than 80 mmHg
How is BMI calculated?
(kg) x (m x m) = BMI
important diet and nutrient considerations for older adults
- Energy, fiber, protein, vitamin A, vitamin D, Vitamin B12 - Water, iron, zinc, calcium, potassium, sodium
prevention and treatment strategies for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents
- Monitor beverage intake, including juices o Avoid sweetened beverages (do not really need juice) - Eat 3 meals plus 1-2 snacks per day o Don't offer snacks close to meal time - Avoid grazing or eating while watching TV, using computer - Don't use food as reward punishment
Iron during lactation
-RDA lower -many women do not have period but are still ovulating so Iron is lower because you are not losing blood
healthy eating tips for children
-be patient and persistent -be a planner -be a good role model -be adventurous -be creative
gingko claims
-improves cerebral and peripheral blood flow -boosts cognitive function -prevents short term memory loss
alcohol dietary recommendations
1 drink women, 2 drink men
fluids during lactation
1 glass of water at meals and each time child is fed
High Blood pressure stage 1
130-139mmHg OR 80-89 mmHg
Differentiate dietary supplements from prescription medications
1. Medications tested for safety before sold - supplements are not 2. FDA removes medications when serious problems evident 3. Manufacturers must track & disclose adverse effects or other safety problems - supplements do not have to list adverse effects or track safety
borderline high LDL cholesterol
130-159 mg/dL
Overweight weight gain (BMI 25 - 29.9)
15 - 25 pounds
Borderline Triglyceride level
150-199 mg/dL
Folate needs during pregnancy
1.5x higher than during pregnancy
near optimal LDL cholesterol
100-129 mg/dL
Calcium needs during pregnancy
1000 - 3000 mg/day
Obese weight gain (BMI greater than 30)
11 - 20 pounds, higher risk for GDM, larger baby
normal weight BMI
18.5-24.9
Kilocalorie Needs During Pregnancy
1st Trimester: 0 kcals 2nd Trimester: +350 kcals 3rd Trimester: +450 kcals (prepping lactation)
borderline high blood cholesterol
200-239 mg/dL
unhealthy triglyceride level
200-499 mg/dL
High blood cholesterol
240 mg/dL and above
Normal weight gain (BMI 18.5 - 24.9)
25 - 35 pounds
overweight BMI
25-29.9
Underweight weight gain (18.5 BMI or lower)
28 - 40 pounds, increased risk for lower birth weight
Desirable Total cholesterol: HDL ratio
3:1
energy expenditure components
50-65% Resting Metabolic Rate (BMR) Affected by age, body composition, height, growth, stress, fasting, thyroxine (thyroid hormone) 5 -10 % Thermic Effect of Food 25 -50% Physical Activity
how many kcals are needed during lactation?
500 kcals, should be eating an additional 330 kcals from diet and remainder comes from fat accumulation
increased risk Total cholesterol: HDL ratio
5:1
ginseng claims
Combat lack of energy and increase ability to concentrate Decrease stress
health benefits for modest weight loss
Decreased cardiovascular risk Decreased glucose and insulin levels Decreased blood pressure Decreased LDL (Low density lipoprotein "bad cholesterol". Not consumed, primarily cholesterol) and triglycerides, increased HDL (removed cholesterol from body and brings back to liver) Decrease in severity of sleep apnea Reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease
Life style strategies for weight loss
Dietary patterns Physical activity Behavior modification
Describe how dietary recommendations differ from the Dietary Guidelines
Differs because guidelines are a set point and these are more like foods to add in.
characteristics of breast milk that make it the ideal food for infants
Immune factors: colostrum, reduced risk of infection Easily digest Energy nutrient balance: lipids Excels as source of nutrients (with exception of vitamin D) Reduces childhood obesity risk
· impacts of gestational diabetes on the health of a pregnant person and the fetus
Increased risk of maternal cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and macrosomia and birth complications in the infant. There is also a longer-term risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the child.
saturated fats
Increases total cholesterol and LDL in all individuals
10 - 12 months
Increasingly varied foods in larger portion sizes
· Compare the nutrient needs of infants and adults
Infants: vitamin D if being breastfed, lipids, breast milk Adults: keep iron low, drink fluids and have an additional 500 kcals (330 kcals eating should be enough)
Glucosamine
Not effective alone or in combination with chondroitin for osteoarthritis knee pain or low back pain May help relieve moderate to severe knee pain, NOT consistent
type 1 diabetes
produce little or no insulin (autoimmune disease)
etiological factors for obesity
Physiological Genetic heredity Environmental cues Governmental, economic, societal forces Group or social influences Physical (built) environment Lifestyle choices
gingko support
Research does not support claims Does not prevent cognitive decline in older adults
ginseng support
Research results don't support claims More research called for to determine if benefits exist
· Describe WIC
Special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children - food programs to help women meet their nutritional needs during pregnancy
St. John's Wort claims
Used to treat mild anxiety and depression Not effective for moderate to severe anxiety or depression
critical period
Usually, a period of cell division on a body organ o An adverse event experienced before or during critical period Permanently impairs development Full recovery never occurs All systems have critical periods Heart, brain, lungs
Protein needs during pregnancy
additional 25 g/day
trans fat
as harmful as saturated fat
trans fat dietary recommendation
as low as possible
constipation strategies during pregnancy
drink plenty of liquids, eat high-fiber foods, eat prunes or drunk prune juice
nausea strategies during pregnancy
eat small, avoid greasy or spicy foods, get up slowly, avoid cooking odors, eat high protein snack before bed
energy dietary recommendations
energy balance or if needed weight reduction
saturated fat dietary recommendations
follow dietary guidelines- reduce further to <5-6% of total kilocalories if elevated LDL cholesterol or diabetes present
Normal blood pressure range
greater than 120 mmHg and greater than 80 mmHg
Healthy triglyceride level
greater than 150 mg/dL
Men body fat percentage
greater than 22% body fat, 25% in men over age 40
women body fat percentage
greater than 32% body fat, 35% in women over age 40
women waist circumference
greater than 35 inches
men waist circumference
greater than 40 inches
high HDL cholesterol
greater than 60 mg/dL
type 2 diabetes
high insulin levels; insulin resistance
Iron needs during pregnancy
increase intake to support blood volume during pregnancy, lower iron supply during lactation
complications fo diabetes
kidney failure, circulation to legs, peripheral neuropathy, blindness, affects vessels
optimal LDL cholesterol
less than 100 mg/dL
underweight BMI index
less than 18.5
sodium dietary recommendations
less than 2,300 mg a day
desirable total blood cholesterol
less than 200 mg/dL
Unhealthy HDL cholesterol
less than 40 mg/dL
6-8 months
o Able to feed self with finger, can start to pinch, drinks from a cup, slows eating, pushes food away o Textured vegetables and fruits
8-10 months
o Breads, cereals, yogurt, pieces of soft cooked fruits or veggies, small amounts of finely cut meats, fish casseroles, cheese, eggs, and legumes
metabolic syndrome
o Cluster of risk factors (any 3 of the following) Central obesity (based on waist circumference) High triglycerides (> 150 mg/dL) Prediabetes (or diabetes) Hypertension
4 - 6 months
o Foods introduced in diet: iron-fortified cereals (single grains) mixed with breast milk, formula, or water. Pureed meats, legumes, vegetables, and fruits o Wait about 3-5 days before introducing a new food because of feared allergy
Birth - 4 months
o Foods introduced into the diet is breast milk or infant formula o It is really all they need o Vitamin D supplements need to be given to breast fed infants only since formula already has it added.
complications of obesity in children and adolescents
o Psychological and social disturbances Children with obesity rated quality of life lower than kids without obesity Similar ratings to children with cancer Miss school more often Report impaired school function o Physical Complications Sleep apnea Hypertension Dyslipidemia (abnormal blood lipids) Type 2 Diabetes
high blood pressure stage 2
o greater than or equal to 140 mmHg or less than or equal to 90 mmHg
cholesterol dietary recommendations
o< 200mg if elevated LDL or diabetes present
obese BMI
over 30
Echinacea claims
prevents and treats upper respiratory infections
treatment for hypertension
regular physical activity, weight loss, limit alcohol intake, stop smoking, adequate intake of calcium, potassium and magnesium, DASH eating plan
heartburn strategies during pregnancy
relax and eat slowly, small meals, don't overeat, avoid carbonated beverages, don't lay down immediately after eating, wear comfortable clothing
modification of LDL cholesterol from least to greatest effectiveness
saturated fat, then weight reduction and soluble fiber
energy intake components
sex, age, physical activity, height and weight
· why a nutritionally adequate diet is important during pregnancy
the infants nutrients are made from maternal stores and diet
the effectiveness of lifestyle changes on LDL cholesterol
the most effective one in lower LDL is saturated fat, then weight reduction and soluble fiber