Nutrition and Health Final Exam UIOWA

symptoms of diabetes

excessive urination, thirst, weight loss, increase appetite, fatigue

· why a nutritionally adequate diet is important before pregnancy

helps to regulate hormones and makes sure your body is ready to carry a child.

Risk factors for hypertension

smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, race, age, poor diet

cardiovascular disease risk factors

Family history, age, sex, smoking, physical inactivity

factors that contribute to obesity in this age group

Food and activity environment, food marketing, parental modeling, interaction with other children, predisposed to reject new foods, physiology/development, social and demographic factors that affect activity

Echinacea support

Studies show it may be used to help treat colds May not prevent them

high LDL cholesterol

160 mg/dL and above

Excess simple carbohydrate intake

decreases HDL and increases triglycerides

monounsaturated fats

decreases total cholesterol, LDL

polyunsaturated fats

decreases total cholesterol, LDL

obesity

excessive accumulation of body fat

dietary cholesterol

increases total blood cholesterol and LDL in most individuals

elevated blood pressure range

120-129 mmHg and greater than 80 mmHg

How is BMI calculated?

(kg) x (m x m) = BMI

important diet and nutrient considerations for older adults

- Energy, fiber, protein, vitamin A, vitamin D, Vitamin B12 - Water, iron, zinc, calcium, potassium, sodium

prevention and treatment strategies for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

- Monitor beverage intake, including juices o Avoid sweetened beverages (do not really need juice) - Eat 3 meals plus 1-2 snacks per day o Don't offer snacks close to meal time - Avoid grazing or eating while watching TV, using computer - Don't use food as reward punishment

Iron during lactation

-RDA lower -many women do not have period but are still ovulating so Iron is lower because you are not losing blood

healthy eating tips for children

-be patient and persistent -be a planner -be a good role model -be adventurous -be creative

gingko claims

-improves cerebral and peripheral blood flow -boosts cognitive function -prevents short term memory loss

alcohol dietary recommendations

1 drink women, 2 drink men

fluids during lactation

1 glass of water at meals and each time child is fed

High Blood pressure stage 1

130-139mmHg OR 80-89 mmHg

Differentiate dietary supplements from prescription medications

1. Medications tested for safety before sold - supplements are not 2. FDA removes medications when serious problems evident 3. Manufacturers must track & disclose adverse effects or other safety problems - supplements do not have to list adverse effects or track safety

borderline high LDL cholesterol

130-159 mg/dL

Overweight weight gain (BMI 25 - 29.9)

15 - 25 pounds

Borderline Triglyceride level

150-199 mg/dL

Folate needs during pregnancy

1.5x higher than during pregnancy

near optimal LDL cholesterol

100-129 mg/dL

Calcium needs during pregnancy

1000 - 3000 mg/day

Obese weight gain (BMI greater than 30)

11 - 20 pounds, higher risk for GDM, larger baby

normal weight BMI

18.5-24.9

Kilocalorie Needs During Pregnancy

1st Trimester: 0 kcals 2nd Trimester: +350 kcals 3rd Trimester: +450 kcals (prepping lactation)

borderline high blood cholesterol

200-239 mg/dL

unhealthy triglyceride level

200-499 mg/dL

High blood cholesterol

240 mg/dL and above

Normal weight gain (BMI 18.5 - 24.9)

25 - 35 pounds

overweight BMI

25-29.9

Underweight weight gain (18.5 BMI or lower)

28 - 40 pounds, increased risk for lower birth weight

Desirable Total cholesterol: HDL ratio

3:1

energy expenditure components

50-65% Resting Metabolic Rate (BMR) Affected by age, body composition, height, growth, stress, fasting, thyroxine (thyroid hormone) 5 -10 % Thermic Effect of Food 25 -50% Physical Activity

how many kcals are needed during lactation?

500 kcals, should be eating an additional 330 kcals from diet and remainder comes from fat accumulation

increased risk Total cholesterol: HDL ratio

5:1

ginseng claims

Combat lack of energy and increase ability to concentrate Decrease stress

health benefits for modest weight loss

Decreased cardiovascular risk Decreased glucose and insulin levels Decreased blood pressure Decreased LDL (Low density lipoprotein "bad cholesterol". Not consumed, primarily cholesterol) and triglycerides, increased HDL (removed cholesterol from body and brings back to liver) Decrease in severity of sleep apnea Reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease

Life style strategies for weight loss

Dietary patterns Physical activity Behavior modification

Describe how dietary recommendations differ from the Dietary Guidelines

Differs because guidelines are a set point and these are more like foods to add in.

characteristics of breast milk that make it the ideal food for infants

Immune factors: colostrum, reduced risk of infection Easily digest Energy nutrient balance: lipids Excels as source of nutrients (with exception of vitamin D) Reduces childhood obesity risk

· impacts of gestational diabetes on the health of a pregnant person and the fetus

Increased risk of maternal cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and macrosomia and birth complications in the infant. There is also a longer-term risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the child.

saturated fats

Increases total cholesterol and LDL in all individuals

10 - 12 months

Increasingly varied foods in larger portion sizes

· Compare the nutrient needs of infants and adults

Infants: vitamin D if being breastfed, lipids, breast milk Adults: keep iron low, drink fluids and have an additional 500 kcals (330 kcals eating should be enough)

Glucosamine

Not effective alone or in combination with chondroitin for osteoarthritis knee pain or low back pain May help relieve moderate to severe knee pain, NOT consistent

type 1 diabetes

produce little or no insulin (autoimmune disease)

etiological factors for obesity

Physiological Genetic heredity Environmental cues Governmental, economic, societal forces Group or social influences Physical (built) environment Lifestyle choices

gingko support

Research does not support claims Does not prevent cognitive decline in older adults

ginseng support

Research results don't support claims More research called for to determine if benefits exist

· Describe WIC

Special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children - food programs to help women meet their nutritional needs during pregnancy

St. John's Wort claims

Used to treat mild anxiety and depression Not effective for moderate to severe anxiety or depression

critical period

Usually, a period of cell division on a body organ o An adverse event experienced before or during critical period Permanently impairs development Full recovery never occurs All systems have critical periods Heart, brain, lungs

Protein needs during pregnancy

additional 25 g/day

trans fat

as harmful as saturated fat

trans fat dietary recommendation

as low as possible

constipation strategies during pregnancy

drink plenty of liquids, eat high-fiber foods, eat prunes or drunk prune juice

nausea strategies during pregnancy

eat small, avoid greasy or spicy foods, get up slowly, avoid cooking odors, eat high protein snack before bed

energy dietary recommendations

energy balance or if needed weight reduction

saturated fat dietary recommendations

follow dietary guidelines- reduce further to <5-6% of total kilocalories if elevated LDL cholesterol or diabetes present

Normal blood pressure range

greater than 120 mmHg and greater than 80 mmHg

Healthy triglyceride level

greater than 150 mg/dL

Men body fat percentage

greater than 22% body fat, 25% in men over age 40

women body fat percentage

greater than 32% body fat, 35% in women over age 40

women waist circumference

greater than 35 inches

men waist circumference

greater than 40 inches

high HDL cholesterol

greater than 60 mg/dL

type 2 diabetes

high insulin levels; insulin resistance

Iron needs during pregnancy

increase intake to support blood volume during pregnancy, lower iron supply during lactation

complications fo diabetes

kidney failure, circulation to legs, peripheral neuropathy, blindness, affects vessels

optimal LDL cholesterol

less than 100 mg/dL

underweight BMI index

less than 18.5

sodium dietary recommendations

less than 2,300 mg a day

desirable total blood cholesterol

less than 200 mg/dL

Unhealthy HDL cholesterol

less than 40 mg/dL

6-8 months

o Able to feed self with finger, can start to pinch, drinks from a cup, slows eating, pushes food away o Textured vegetables and fruits

8-10 months

o Breads, cereals, yogurt, pieces of soft cooked fruits or veggies, small amounts of finely cut meats, fish casseroles, cheese, eggs, and legumes

metabolic syndrome

o Cluster of risk factors (any 3 of the following) Central obesity (based on waist circumference) High triglycerides (> 150 mg/dL) Prediabetes (or diabetes) Hypertension

4 - 6 months

o Foods introduced in diet: iron-fortified cereals (single grains) mixed with breast milk, formula, or water. Pureed meats, legumes, vegetables, and fruits o Wait about 3-5 days before introducing a new food because of feared allergy

Birth - 4 months

o Foods introduced into the diet is breast milk or infant formula o It is really all they need o Vitamin D supplements need to be given to breast fed infants only since formula already has it added.

complications of obesity in children and adolescents

o Psychological and social disturbances Children with obesity rated quality of life lower than kids without obesity Similar ratings to children with cancer Miss school more often Report impaired school function o Physical Complications Sleep apnea Hypertension Dyslipidemia (abnormal blood lipids) Type 2 Diabetes

high blood pressure stage 2

o greater than or equal to 140 mmHg or less than or equal to 90 mmHg

cholesterol dietary recommendations

o< 200mg if elevated LDL or diabetes present

obese BMI

over 30

Echinacea claims

prevents and treats upper respiratory infections

treatment for hypertension

regular physical activity, weight loss, limit alcohol intake, stop smoking, adequate intake of calcium, potassium and magnesium, DASH eating plan

heartburn strategies during pregnancy

relax and eat slowly, small meals, don't overeat, avoid carbonated beverages, don't lay down immediately after eating, wear comfortable clothing

modification of LDL cholesterol from least to greatest effectiveness

saturated fat, then weight reduction and soluble fiber

energy intake components

sex, age, physical activity, height and weight

· why a nutritionally adequate diet is important during pregnancy

the infants nutrients are made from maternal stores and diet

the effectiveness of lifestyle changes on LDL cholesterol

the most effective one in lower LDL is saturated fat, then weight reduction and soluble fiber