Nutrition Ch. 11
According to recommendations for reducing CVD risk, saturated fat should provide no more than ____ percent of total calories. 10 14 20 25 35
10
Resting blood pressure should ideally be ____ or lower. 100 over 70 110 over 75 120 over 80 140 over 90 120 over 100
120 over 80
A 165-lb. woman with hypertension begins a weight-loss program. As her weight declines, the earliest she can expect to see a significantly lower blood pressure value is when her weight drops to _____. 125 pounds 135 pounds 145 pounds 155 pounds 160 pounds
155 pounds
Who is most likely to respond sensitively to dietary sodium intake? women those who are less than 50 years of age those who have asthma African Americans Caucasians
African Americans
Degenerative conditions are also referred to as chronic diseases. (T/F)
TRUE
Excess calories from carbohydrates, protein, and fat all raise cancer rates. (T/F)
TRUE
What is a good strategy to minimize your risks of CVD? Choose full-fat dairy products and tropical oils. Deep-fry all of your vegetables. Consume on or two servings of fatty meats each day. Season all your vegetables with solid fats and salt. Choose more fruits and whole grains.
choose more fruits and whole grains
Which of the following holds the key to maintaining the best possible immune system support? nutrient supplements herbal remedies phytochemicals adequate nutrition a high-protein diet
adequate nutrition
Laboratory studies suggest that diets high in _____ seem to promote cancer. calories sugar artificial sweeteners calcium fiber
calories
Just as a virus causes influenza, a risk factor causes a chronic disease. (T/F)
FALSE
Constituents in foods may be cancer causing, cancer promoting, or protective against cancer. (T/F)
TRUE
Which food is not an example of a cruciferous vegetable? turnips broccoli green onions cabbage rutabaga
green onions
In dietary recommendations to decrease the risk of CVD, trans-fatty acids are classified with ____ fat. saturated polyunsaturated unsaturated monounsaturated liquid
saturated
A man is at risk of developing colon cancer because his grandfather and father died of it. Adding which of the following foods to his diet might reduce his risk? steamed broccoli grilled chicken boiled, peeled potatoes fruit drink protein shake
steamed broccoli
For CVD prevention, trans fat in the diet should account for less than ____ percent of calories. 5 10 20 7 1
1
Diet and physical activity do not play a significant role in controlling hypertension. (T/F)
FALSE
Which is considered a risk factor for CVD? total blood cholesterol below 200 mg/dL HDL higher than 60 mg/dL LDL 160 mg/dL or higher triglycerides less than 150 mg/dL BMI of 19
LDL 160 mg/dL or higher
Jack's physician has placed him on a diet recommended to control his blood cholesterol. In order to follow this plan, Jack would: consume 300 mg cholesterol per day. limit sodium intake to 2400 mg per day. consume 40% of calories as monounsaturated fats. consume no more than 5 to 6% of calories as saturated fat. replace soluble fiber with insoluble fiber.
consume no more than 5 to 6% of calories as saturated fat
Dietary guidelines for cancer prevention include: cooking meats at high temperatures or directly over a flame. increasing intake of salt-cured products. decreasing intake of fruits and vegetables. initiating hormone replacement therapy after menopause. controlling energy intake.
controlling energy intake
Alcohol intake in smokers is strongly associated with cancers of the: kidneys. endometrium. prostate. head and neck. stomach.
head and neck
Which measurement is associated with a reduced risk of CVD? high HDL high total cholesterol high LDL high triglycerides systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg
high HDL
To lower LDL cholesterol levels, you would tell someone to: reduce his or her sodium intake. consume a very low-fat diet. avoid certain high-fat foods such as avocados and nuts. eat more calcium and potassium. lose weight.
lose weight
What is the root cause of most forms of CVD? plaque formation in the arteries macrophages, which clear blood clots away from artery walls low blood pressure, which damages the artery walls defective red bloods cells, which can narrow passages in arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart low LDL, which prevents oxidation of fat in the arteries heavy metals circulating in the blood and causing damage
plaque formation in the arteries
In addition to calcium, what appears to help prevent and treat hypertension in certain populations? niacin vitamin B12 folate potassium iron
potassium
Wherever dietary fat consists mostly of ____ fats and fish, fruits, and vegetables are eaten in abundance, blood cholesterol and the rate of death from heart disease are low. unsaturated saturated trans omega-6 solid
unsaturated
Which of the following would be the best way to add more fruits and vegetables to your diet? use ketchup on your french fries instead of salt have fruit roll-ups for a snack have a glass of orange drink for breakfast every day keep a bag of baby carrots in the refrigerator for snacking use a "high-antioxidant" powdered drink mix
keep a bag of baby carrots in the refrigerator for snacking
Which of the following would be a good suggestion for making small changes in your diet for better health? Spread margarine instead of butter on your toast for breakfast. Instead of a snack of potato chips and sour cream dip eat carrot sticks and hummus. Purchase only foods labeled "no trans fats" to be guaranteed they are low in fat. Select chicken nuggets instead of a hamburger at a fast-food restaurant. Choose grilled meats instead of smoked meats.
Instead of a snack of potato chips and sour cream dip eat carrot sticks and hummus.
Which individual is at highest risk for developing hypertension? Susie, a 30-year-old female who is slightly overweight Jack, a 40-year-old African American male whose parents had hypertension Jill, a 50-year-old female of Asian descent who consumes a diet relatively high in sodium Bill, a 45-year-old male of European descent who is a vegetarian Zayn, a 21-year-old African American male who is a college athlete
Jack, a 40-year-old African American male whose parents had hypertension
A 58-year-old woman with hypertension and elevated LDL blood levels is complaining that she suddenly is feeling very tired, dizzy, and weak. What would you advise her to do? Lie down and rest for a short time until she feels better. Eat a light snack to help relieve her nausea. See her doctor as soon as she is able to get an appointment to have her lungs checked. Seek immediate medical care because she may be having a heart attack. Call "Poison Control" because she may have ingested a toxic chemical.
Seek immediate medical care because she may be having a heart attack.
Which statement about carcinogens is accurate? The body can detoxify small doses of carcinogens found in foods. People should avoid eating all foods that contain carcinogens. Carcinogens are any toxins that are not naturally found in foods. Food additives in the U.S. are not monitored for carcinogens. Food contaminants that arise through natural processes are noncarcinogenic.
The body can detoxify small doses of carcinogens found in foods.
The metabolic syndrome greatly increases a person's risk of developing: hypertension. cancer. CVD. AIDS. infectious disease.
CVD
Your uncle is considering taking an herbal medicine to control his hypertension after seeing an advertisement for a product on the Internet. What would you tell him? Because herbal medicines have been used for many years, they are safe. Buy herbal products with content labels on the bottle because they are the most reliable. Herbal products are made from natural ingredients so they don't contain any contaminants. Check to see if the herbs in the product have interactions with any drugs you are taking.
Check to see if the herbs in the product have interactions with any drugs you are taking.
A man with pre-hypertension is trying to keep his blood pressure from going higher. Which dietary change might help? Have at least two glasses of wine a day with dinner. Choose low-sodium canned soups and beans. Eliminate high-potassium foods like potatoes and broccoli. Add vitamin and mineral supplements to make up deficiencies. Regardless of BMI, lose 5 to 10% of his body weight.
Choose low-sodium canned soups and beans.
Heart disease in women is characterized by: development at a later age than in men. a much lower death rate than other chronic diseases. the same symptoms of heart attack as in men. a better heart muscle recovery than in men. development before the onset of menopause
development at a later age than in men.
A college student who is on a high-protein weight-loss diet that restricts fruits and vegetables has just become ill from a viral infection in her intestines. What might have made her more susceptible than her roommate who is eating regular meals in the cafeteria? protein deficiency, which has affected immune system cells vitamin C deficiency from no fruits and vegetables, which has affected white blood cell protection too much saturated fat from meat, which has increased blood cholesterol levels dehydration, which has affected the health of intestinal cells too much protein, which has disrupted the protective, beneficial bacteria in the gut
vitamin C deficiency from no fruits and vegetables, which has affected white blood cell protection
Which of the following raises HDL concentration? weight gain low cholesterol intake intake of refined carbohydrates intake of fiber physical activity
physical activity
The role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis includes: damage to the cells lining the arteries by factors such as high HDL cholesterol. white blood cells being sent to the site by the immune system to try to repair the damage. production of foam cells that help to capture and remove LDL from the artery wall. proliferation of muscle cells of the artery wall, which repair the site. reducing the tendency of the blood to form clots.
white blood cells being sent to the site by the immune system to try to repair the damage.
Which strategy would help improve your blood lipid profile? Consume oats, barley, and legumes. Limit foods with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eliminate eggs from your diet. Replace fats in your diet with sugars. Maintain energy balance if obese.
Consume oats, barley, and legumes.
What is one effects of malnutrition on the body's defense system? The skin becomes thicker with more connective tissue. Antibodies and immune cell numbers are increased. Physical barriers to invasion by microbes are increased. Immune system organs decrease in size. The skin's sensitivity reaction to antigens is more rapid.
Immune system organs decrease in size.
You have a friend with AIDS who is trying to maintain his nutrition status. Which recommendation could you make? Offer large, frequent meals. Encourage consumption of megadoses of nutrient supplements. Allow him to eat as little as he wants, since the body uses its fat and protein reserves for survival. Cook a lot of food in advance and leave it out for your friend. Cook foods thoroughly and practice cleanliness.
Offer large, frequent meals.
A main difference between a person contracting an infectious disease and a chronic disease is: infectious diseases are not related to the nutritional status of a person. some infectious diseases can be cured with medications but chronic diseases cannot. special immune-strengthening foods can prevent infectious diseases. people in developed countries will not get infectious diseases because of existing safeguards. infectious diseases arise not from a straightforward cause but from a mixture of factors.
some infectious diseases can be cured with medications but chronic diseases cannot.
You are interested in controlling your risk of developing CVD. Which strategy would be best? Consume high levels of refined carbohydrates. Start smoking to help prevent weight gain. Use margarine in the place of olive oil. Drink three glasses of red wine each day. Substitute fish for red meat twice a week.
Substitute fish for red meat twice a week.
Which of the following is an example of the effect of certain nutrients or foods on gene expression and disease development? A phytochemical found in milk has been shown to reverse uncontrolled cancer cell division in laboratory studies. Aflatoxin from corn and other grains is thought to attach methyl groups to both histones and DNA, helping to prevent the development of liver cancer. Genomics testing laboratories have shown the benefits of supplements that are matched to an individual's personal genetic prescription. Supplementation of folate and vitamin B12 during pregnancy has been shown to turn off the "yellow and fat" gene in pups born to laboratory mice. High levels of certain vitamins and minerals in the diets of mice during pregnancy can result in favorable changes to the DNA sequence of their offspring.
Supplementation of folate and vitamin B12 during pregnancy has been shown to turn off the "yellow and fat" gene in pups born to laboratory mice.
Joe's doctor tells him his CVD risk is low when tests reveal Joe's: LDL cholesterol is 150 mg/dL. diastolic blood pressure is 75 mm Hg. HDL cholesterol is 25 mg/dL. blood cholesterol is 240 mg/dL. systolic blood pressure is 160 mm Hg.
diastolic blood pressure is 75 mm Hg.
The best action to take to decrease your risk of cancer is to: limit foods that are grilled, smoked, and charbroiled. consume a diet moderate in fat. take vitamin supplements. eat a wide variety of vegetables and fruits in generous quantities every day. eat fatty fish several times a week.
eat a wide variety of vegetables and fruits in generous quantities every day.
The epigenome on the DNA strand: regulates the expression of genes by turning them on or off. makes the gene expression more permanent and difficult to change. changes the DNA for different functions. is active for only one generation. changes the basic DNA sequence.
regulates the expression of genes by turning them on or off.
Which statement about blood pressure is true? When the pressure is at the right level, cells receive nutrients and oxygen and release their wastes. When heart rate and blood volume increase, blood pressure drops. The kidneys can lower blood pressure by retaining water and salt in the body. Constriction of the smaller peripheral arteries will decrease blood pressure. Low pressure can cause damage to artery walls.
When the pressure is at the right level, cells receive nutrients and oxygen and release their wastes.
Your friend's parents both have heart disease. She is considering having genetic testing done so she can see what changes she might be able to make to reduce her risk of developing it as well. What would you tell her? Genetic testing is an inexpensive way to understand your medical profile. Ethical concerns are minor when the information is released. You can make lifestyle changes known to reduce your risk without genetic testing. There are fully defined links between specific gene variations and chronic disease. The results of the test will allow you to make specific lifestyle changes that will prevent heart disease.
You can make lifestyle changes known to reduce your risk without genetic testing.
All of the following dietary factors are protective against CVD except: omega-3 fatty acids. a low-carbohydrate diet. legumes. fish oils. fruits and vegetables.
a low-carbohydrate diet.
What is the biggest risk factor for the development of hypertension? dietary supplement intake gender low BMI muscle strength age
age