Nutrition CH 12
How much sodium is contained in a fast food hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g?
1,000 mg
The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin approximates
1.5 to 2.5 liters
What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?
10
How much calcium would be typically absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1000 mg?
250 mg
To minimize risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be limited to under
2500 mg
What is the approximate water intake for a 65 kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2500 kcals?
2500 to 3250 ml
What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?
3/4
At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass?
30-40 years
Approximately how many people in the US are afflicted with osteoporosis?
50 million
The magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about
50%
Obligatory water excretion volume in mL
500
Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134 lb person?
80
An energy molecule made with phosphate
ATP
What is most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and an iron supplement are taken simultaneously?
Absorption of iron is reduced
The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a person's
Age
Which of the following is a feature of magnesium in nutrition?
Average intakes from food are below recommendations
Where is interstitial water found?
Between cells
Here, Ca concentration will remain the same at the cost of other areas in the body
Blood
All of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium except
Both are found in abundance in dairy products
Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium?
Broccoli
Among the following calcium supplements which contains the lowest percentage of calcium?
Calcium gluconate
Ions that carry a positive charge
Cations
Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?
Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
Distilled water
A salt that dissolves in water to form ions
Electrolyte
Which of the following is a feature of water?
Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients
Which of the flowing is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water imbalance?
Habitual consumers of caffeine lose no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages
Has high concentrations of Ca and Mg and is better for the body
Hard water
Which of the following is a major function of chloride?
Helps maintain gastric acidity
What is another term for hypertension?
High blood pressure
Crystals of calcium and phosphorus that make up bones and teeth
Hydroxyapatite
All of the following are known to have a high correlation with risk for osteoporosis except
Consuming a high protein diet
After age, what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis?
Sex
Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?
Source of energy
Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate
Hypertension
Common side effects of taking a high-dose calcium supplement include all of the following except
Increased iron absorption
Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis?
It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance?
Kidneys
The two sites for fluid regulation
Kidneys and GI Tract
Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of
Lactose
All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except
Lactose in the diet
Which of the following is a feature of potassium?
Liberal intake may correct hypertension
Which of the following is an early symptom of potassium deficiency?
Muscle weakness
Which of the following is a function of trabecular bone?
Storage site for calcium
This mineral becomes part of proteins to stabilize shape by forming disulfide bridges
Sulfate
The major intracellular anion
Phosphate
The second most abundant mineral in the body
Phosphorus
Which of the following minerals is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?
Phosphorus
What component of soy is thought to account for most of its beneficial effects on bone health?
Phytochemicals
This gland releases ADH when extracellular fluid is low
Pituitary
Electrolytes attract water because water is
Polar
Due to the rules for electrolyte solutions, when sodium leaves a cell this enters
Potassium
The major intracellular cation
Potassium
All of the following are featured of potassium in nutrition except
Processed foods are a major source
Sulfur is present in practically all
Proteins
All of the following are known to have a high sulfur content except
Teeth
All of the following are properties of electrolytes except
They include fat soluble as well as water soluble particles
Which of the following is a general property of the minerals?
When a food is burned, the ash contains all the minerals
Forms the protein necessary for calcium absorption
Vitamin D
Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
Water
Which of the following is a feature of water and health?
Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system is an example of how ions regulate this
pH
Which of the following is present in the highest concentration in soft water?
Sodium
Has high concentrations of Na and K and is better for the house
Soft water
What is the function of renin?
Activates angiotensin
Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?
Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
A vasoconstrictor that allows for the increase in blood pressure
Angiotensin
Ions that carry a negative charge
Anions
Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water during dehydration
Antidiuretic Hormone
The major extracellular anion
Chloride
Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water?
Children
Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?
Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
Chloride is associated with this in the stomach
Hydrochloric Acid
Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?
Intake and excretion are equal
Calcium-binding protein acts on the
Intestines
Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus?
Involved in energy exchange
Together with Ca, this mineral in involved in muscle contractions and blood clotting
Magnesium
Enzyme that causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium, thereby causing water retention
Renin
Aldosterone and renin each function to promote
Retention of sodium
The major extracellular cation
Sodium
Which of the following is characteristic of calcium nutrition in teenagers?
The intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food
