Nutrition CH 12

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How much sodium is contained in a fast food hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g?

1,000 mg

The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin approximates

1.5 to 2.5 liters

What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?

10

How much calcium would be typically absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1000 mg?

250 mg

To minimize risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be limited to under

2500 mg

What is the approximate water intake for a 65 kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2500 kcals?

2500 to 3250 ml

What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?

3/4

At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass?

30-40 years

Approximately how many people in the US are afflicted with osteoporosis?

50 million

The magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about

50%

Obligatory water excretion volume in mL

500

Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134 lb person?

80

An energy molecule made with phosphate

ATP

What is most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and an iron supplement are taken simultaneously?

Absorption of iron is reduced

The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a person's

Age

Which of the following is a feature of magnesium in nutrition?

Average intakes from food are below recommendations

Where is interstitial water found?

Between cells

Here, Ca concentration will remain the same at the cost of other areas in the body

Blood

All of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium except

Both are found in abundance in dairy products

Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium?

Broccoli

Among the following calcium supplements which contains the lowest percentage of calcium?

Calcium gluconate

Ions that carry a positive charge

Cations

Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?

Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown

Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?

Distilled water

A salt that dissolves in water to form ions

Electrolyte

Which of the following is a feature of water?

Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients

Which of the flowing is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water imbalance?

Habitual consumers of caffeine lose no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages

Has high concentrations of Ca and Mg and is better for the body

Hard water

Which of the following is a major function of chloride?

Helps maintain gastric acidity

What is another term for hypertension?

High blood pressure

Crystals of calcium and phosphorus that make up bones and teeth

Hydroxyapatite

All of the following are known to have a high correlation with risk for osteoporosis except

Consuming a high protein diet

After age, what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis?

Sex

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?

Source of energy

Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate

Hypertension

Common side effects of taking a high-dose calcium supplement include all of the following except

Increased iron absorption

Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis?

It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels

What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance?

Kidneys

The two sites for fluid regulation

Kidneys and GI Tract

Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of

Lactose

All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except

Lactose in the diet

Which of the following is a feature of potassium?

Liberal intake may correct hypertension

Which of the following is an early symptom of potassium deficiency?

Muscle weakness

Which of the following is a function of trabecular bone?

Storage site for calcium

This mineral becomes part of proteins to stabilize shape by forming disulfide bridges

Sulfate

The major intracellular anion

Phosphate

The second most abundant mineral in the body

Phosphorus

Which of the following minerals is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?

Phosphorus

What component of soy is thought to account for most of its beneficial effects on bone health?

Phytochemicals

This gland releases ADH when extracellular fluid is low

Pituitary

Electrolytes attract water because water is

Polar

Due to the rules for electrolyte solutions, when sodium leaves a cell this enters

Potassium

The major intracellular cation

Potassium

All of the following are featured of potassium in nutrition except

Processed foods are a major source

Sulfur is present in practically all

Proteins

All of the following are known to have a high sulfur content except

Teeth

All of the following are properties of electrolytes except

They include fat soluble as well as water soluble particles

Which of the following is a general property of the minerals?

When a food is burned, the ash contains all the minerals

Forms the protein necessary for calcium absorption

Vitamin D

Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?

Water

Which of the following is a feature of water and health?

Water intoxication is rare but can result in death

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system is an example of how ions regulate this

pH

Which of the following is present in the highest concentration in soft water?

Sodium

Has high concentrations of Na and K and is better for the house

Soft water

What is the function of renin?

Activates angiotensin

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?

Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

A vasoconstrictor that allows for the increase in blood pressure

Angiotensin

Ions that carry a negative charge

Anions

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water during dehydration

Antidiuretic Hormone

The major extracellular anion

Chloride

Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water?

Children

Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?

Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness

Chloride is associated with this in the stomach

Hydrochloric Acid

Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?

Intake and excretion are equal

Calcium-binding protein acts on the

Intestines

Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus?

Involved in energy exchange

Together with Ca, this mineral in involved in muscle contractions and blood clotting

Magnesium

Enzyme that causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium, thereby causing water retention

Renin

Aldosterone and renin each function to promote

Retention of sodium

The major extracellular cation

Sodium

Which of the following is characteristic of calcium nutrition in teenagers?

The intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food


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