Nutrition Ch. 13 Trace Minerals
hematocrit
% of total blood volume that consist of red blood cells
Manganese Toxicity
- from contaminated environment = brain diseases, abnormalities in appearance and behavior
Roles of selenium
-antioxidant - glutathione peroxidase enzymes
Iron Absoprtion
-body conserves iron -it is hard to excrete = maintained through absorption
Iodine Deficiency
-body produces TSH to accelerate iodide uptake - continued deficiency = thyroid gland enlarges to trap iodide due to deficiency - can cause mental retardation -crentinsim
Roles of Manganese in the body
-cofactor for enzymes that facilitate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids -manganese containing metalloenzymes assist in bone formation and pyruvate to TCa cycle
Role of Iron in the Body
-cofactor for oxidation reduction reactions -forms part of the electron carriers in electron transport
Copper roles in the body
-constitutent for several enzymes - all include reactions that consume O2 or O radicals - bodies natural defense against free radicals - manufacture collagen -inactivate histamine -degrade serotonin
Manganese Deficiency
-dietary phytates limit absorption - high iron and calcium inhibit
Transport of Zinc
-eventually it goes to the pancreas and it is incorporated in the digestive enzymes that the pancreas produces and releases into the small intestine -the small intestine will either absorb it or excrete it -small intestine gets two doses of Zinc 1)from food, 2) from pancreas
selenium toxicity
-hair loss -hair brittleness -nail brittleness -nervous system abnormalities -garlic odor to breath
Zinc deficiency
-hinders digestion -growth and retardation -immature sexual development Chronic= damages to CNS and brain -vitamin A deficiency symptoms occur
Iodine's roles in the body
-important in thyroid hormone = regulation of body temp, metabolic rate, reproduction ect.
Copper recommendations
-legumes, whole grains, nuts, shell fish, and seeds - water depending on plumbing
iron deficiency and behavior
-low iron = impaired metabolism and neurotransmitters synthesis = reduces physical work capacity and metal productivity
Roles of Chromium in the body
-maintain glucose homeostasis by enhancing activity of insulin -too little = diabetes
Iron recommendations
-men 8mg -women (during reproductive years) 18mg -vegetarians need 1.8 x more
Iron Deficiency
-most common -common with over weight people - women during reproduction years and pregnancy -stomach ulcer
nonheme iron
-not bound to protein -MFP- peptide released during digestion of meat, fish, and poultry that enhances nonheme iron absorption -enhanced by vitamin C
Iron food sources
-protein foods -fortified foods -grains
Zinc recommendations
-protein rich foods -legumes and whole grains -veggies depending on the soil
iodide recommendations
-seafood, kelp, water anything from near the sea - veggies
Roles of Zinc in the body
-supports work of proteins - metalloenzymes - transcription factors- protein that bind to specific sites in DNA and alter gene -stabilizes cell membranes -immune function and growth -synthesis, storage, and release of insulin - thyroid hormone function
Iron poisoning
-symptoms = diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart beat, weak pulse, dizziness, shock & confusion -can cause death -prominent in kids
Zinc Toxicity
-vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and exhaustion
Fluoride roles in the body
-when bones mineralize and calcium and phosphorus form crystals called hydrooxyapatite the fluoride replaces the hydroxyl part of the crystal to form fluorapatite
Molybderium
-working part of metalloenzymes
Stages of Iron Deficiency
1) iron stores diminish 2)decrease in transport iron 3) lack of iron limits hemoglobin production - erythrocyte protoporphyrin begins to accumulate as hemoglobin and hematocrit lowers
Proteins that help with iron absorption
1)Ferritin- captures and stores in small intestine 2) Transferrin- iron transport protein
2 ionic states of Iron
1)Ferrous iron= Fe++ 2)Ferric iron= Fe+++ - Ferrous can be oxidized to Ferric -Ferric can be reduced to Ferrous
Two forms of iron food
1)heme iron 2) Nonheme iron
What two proteins are iron found in
1)hemoglobin 2)myoglobin- oxygen holding protein of muscles
Life span of red Blood Cells
4 days then taken apart by liver and spleen
fluoride Toxicity
Fluorosis- discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excess fluoride during tooth development minor= small white flecks
crentinism
a congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation and commonly caused by maternal iodide deficiency
hemochromatosis
a genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of uneeded dietary iron that is characterized by iron overload an damage - symptoms are the same as deficiency -treatment = phlebotomy- withdrawal of blood from body and chelate bind with iron to excrete it -common in men
hepcidin
a hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron balance
cofactor
a small inorganic or organic substance that facilitates the action of an enzyme (iron is one)
goiter
an enlarged thyroid due to iodide deficiency
Copper is eliminated via
bile
enteropancreatic circulation
circulatory route from the pancreas to the small intestine than back
Pica
craving for and consumption of non food substance
defeciency
depleted body iron stores with out regard to degree of depletion
Iodine
essential trace mineral that is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones
Iron
essential trace mineral that is needed for the transport of the oxygen and the metabolism of energy nutrients
Zinc
essential trace mineral that is part of many enzymes and constituent of insulin
when iron levels rise the liver converts....
ferritin to hemosiderin
selenium Recommendations
found in soil, so things that grow in soil - and meats, milk, and eggs
iodide toxicity
goiter even for unborn babies
Manganese recommendations
grains
keshan disease is.....
heart disease associated with selenium deficiency
What helps with deficiency of iodide
iodized salt
Iron contamination
iron found in foods as the result of contaminating by inorganic iron salts from iron cookware
hemosiderin
iron storage protein releases iron more slowly protects body from free iron
deficiency of selenium
keshan disease
recommendations for molybderium
legumes, bread, grains, leafy green veggies, milk, and liver
heme iron
meat, fish, and poultry -allows for 10% -bound to protein -not influenced by dietary
chromium supplements
might help lose fat and build muscle but no evidence
toxicity of molybderium
only found in animals - kidney damage and reproductive abnormalities
Selenium
part of an antioxidant enzyme
iron excretion
poop and bleeding
iron not used in small intestine is
pooped out -cycles every 3-5 days
When red blood cells are taken apart by the liver and spleen the iron is
saved and the liver attaches it to transferrin which takes it back to bonemarrow
Selenium and cancer
selenium can protect against some cancers but supplements have not proven effective and can possibly damage DNA
anemia
severe depletion= low hemoglobin = can cause pale and pink skin tones fatigue
fluorapatite
stabilized form of tooth crystal
goitrogen
substance that enlarges thyroid and causes toxic goiter (found naturally in some foods)
Transport and storage of Iron
trasnferrin--> bone marrow-->bone marrow makes red blood cells-->excess = stored in ferritin in liver
deficiency of Molybderium
unknown due to small amount needed in body
recommendations for chromium
unrefined foods -liver, brewers yeast, whole grains
best source of fluoride
water
Absorption of Zinc
zinc--> intestinal cells--> 1)metabolic function in intestinal cell or 2) retianed by metallothionenion