Nutrition Ch. 13 Trace Minerals

hematocrit

% of total blood volume that consist of red blood cells

Manganese Toxicity

- from contaminated environment = brain diseases, abnormalities in appearance and behavior

Roles of selenium

-antioxidant - glutathione peroxidase enzymes

Iron Absoprtion

-body conserves iron -it is hard to excrete = maintained through absorption

Iodine Deficiency

-body produces TSH to accelerate iodide uptake - continued deficiency = thyroid gland enlarges to trap iodide due to deficiency - can cause mental retardation -crentinsim

Roles of Manganese in the body

-cofactor for enzymes that facilitate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids -manganese containing metalloenzymes assist in bone formation and pyruvate to TCa cycle

Role of Iron in the Body

-cofactor for oxidation reduction reactions -forms part of the electron carriers in electron transport

Copper roles in the body

-constitutent for several enzymes - all include reactions that consume O2 or O radicals - bodies natural defense against free radicals - manufacture collagen -inactivate histamine -degrade serotonin

Manganese Deficiency

-dietary phytates limit absorption - high iron and calcium inhibit

Transport of Zinc

-eventually it goes to the pancreas and it is incorporated in the digestive enzymes that the pancreas produces and releases into the small intestine -the small intestine will either absorb it or excrete it -small intestine gets two doses of Zinc 1)from food, 2) from pancreas

selenium toxicity

-hair loss -hair brittleness -nail brittleness -nervous system abnormalities -garlic odor to breath

Zinc deficiency

-hinders digestion -growth and retardation -immature sexual development Chronic= damages to CNS and brain -vitamin A deficiency symptoms occur

Iodine's roles in the body

-important in thyroid hormone = regulation of body temp, metabolic rate, reproduction ect.

Copper recommendations

-legumes, whole grains, nuts, shell fish, and seeds - water depending on plumbing

iron deficiency and behavior

-low iron = impaired metabolism and neurotransmitters synthesis = reduces physical work capacity and metal productivity

Roles of Chromium in the body

-maintain glucose homeostasis by enhancing activity of insulin -too little = diabetes

Iron recommendations

-men 8mg -women (during reproductive years) 18mg -vegetarians need 1.8 x more

Iron Deficiency

-most common -common with over weight people - women during reproduction years and pregnancy -stomach ulcer

nonheme iron

-not bound to protein -MFP- peptide released during digestion of meat, fish, and poultry that enhances nonheme iron absorption -enhanced by vitamin C

Iron food sources

-protein foods -fortified foods -grains

Zinc recommendations

-protein rich foods -legumes and whole grains -veggies depending on the soil

iodide recommendations

-seafood, kelp, water anything from near the sea - veggies

Roles of Zinc in the body

-supports work of proteins - metalloenzymes - transcription factors- protein that bind to specific sites in DNA and alter gene -stabilizes cell membranes -immune function and growth -synthesis, storage, and release of insulin - thyroid hormone function

Iron poisoning

-symptoms = diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart beat, weak pulse, dizziness, shock & confusion -can cause death -prominent in kids

Zinc Toxicity

-vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and exhaustion

Fluoride roles in the body

-when bones mineralize and calcium and phosphorus form crystals called hydrooxyapatite the fluoride replaces the hydroxyl part of the crystal to form fluorapatite

Molybderium

-working part of metalloenzymes

Stages of Iron Deficiency

1) iron stores diminish 2)decrease in transport iron 3) lack of iron limits hemoglobin production - erythrocyte protoporphyrin begins to accumulate as hemoglobin and hematocrit lowers

Proteins that help with iron absorption

1)Ferritin- captures and stores in small intestine 2) Transferrin- iron transport protein

2 ionic states of Iron

1)Ferrous iron= Fe++ 2)Ferric iron= Fe+++ - Ferrous can be oxidized to Ferric -Ferric can be reduced to Ferrous

Two forms of iron food

1)heme iron 2) Nonheme iron

What two proteins are iron found in

1)hemoglobin 2)myoglobin- oxygen holding protein of muscles

Life span of red Blood Cells

4 days then taken apart by liver and spleen

fluoride Toxicity

Fluorosis- discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excess fluoride during tooth development minor= small white flecks

crentinism

a congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation and commonly caused by maternal iodide deficiency

hemochromatosis

a genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of uneeded dietary iron that is characterized by iron overload an damage - symptoms are the same as deficiency -treatment = phlebotomy- withdrawal of blood from body and chelate bind with iron to excrete it -common in men

hepcidin

a hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron balance

cofactor

a small inorganic or organic substance that facilitates the action of an enzyme (iron is one)

goiter

an enlarged thyroid due to iodide deficiency

Copper is eliminated via

bile

enteropancreatic circulation

circulatory route from the pancreas to the small intestine than back

Pica

craving for and consumption of non food substance

defeciency

depleted body iron stores with out regard to degree of depletion

Iodine

essential trace mineral that is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones

Iron

essential trace mineral that is needed for the transport of the oxygen and the metabolism of energy nutrients

Zinc

essential trace mineral that is part of many enzymes and constituent of insulin

when iron levels rise the liver converts....

ferritin to hemosiderin

selenium Recommendations

found in soil, so things that grow in soil - and meats, milk, and eggs

iodide toxicity

goiter even for unborn babies

Manganese recommendations

grains

keshan disease is.....

heart disease associated with selenium deficiency

What helps with deficiency of iodide

iodized salt

Iron contamination

iron found in foods as the result of contaminating by inorganic iron salts from iron cookware

hemosiderin

iron storage protein releases iron more slowly protects body from free iron

deficiency of selenium

keshan disease

recommendations for molybderium

legumes, bread, grains, leafy green veggies, milk, and liver

heme iron

meat, fish, and poultry -allows for 10% -bound to protein -not influenced by dietary

chromium supplements

might help lose fat and build muscle but no evidence

toxicity of molybderium

only found in animals - kidney damage and reproductive abnormalities

Selenium

part of an antioxidant enzyme

iron excretion

poop and bleeding

iron not used in small intestine is

pooped out -cycles every 3-5 days

When red blood cells are taken apart by the liver and spleen the iron is

saved and the liver attaches it to transferrin which takes it back to bonemarrow

Selenium and cancer

selenium can protect against some cancers but supplements have not proven effective and can possibly damage DNA

anemia

severe depletion= low hemoglobin = can cause pale and pink skin tones fatigue

fluorapatite

stabilized form of tooth crystal

goitrogen

substance that enlarges thyroid and causes toxic goiter (found naturally in some foods)

Transport and storage of Iron

trasnferrin--> bone marrow-->bone marrow makes red blood cells-->excess = stored in ferritin in liver

deficiency of Molybderium

unknown due to small amount needed in body

recommendations for chromium

unrefined foods -liver, brewers yeast, whole grains

best source of fluoride

water

Absorption of Zinc

zinc--> intestinal cells--> 1)metabolic function in intestinal cell or 2) retianed by metallothionenion