Nutrition, Ch. 4

the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are

-Crohn's disease -ulcerative colitis

which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?

-amino acids -glucose

Diarrhea in young children is typically caused by

-bacteria -viruses -rotavirus

in the small intestine, chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to

-be complexly mixed with digestive juices -come into close contact with villi

Gallstones are composed of

-cholesterol -bile pigments

in developing countries, each year more children die from

-diarrhea

factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include

-exercise -smoking -alcohol

which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system

-fat soluble vitamines -most fats

nutrients absorbed via passive diffusion

-fats -water -some minerals

Hydrolysis reactions

-involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules -are catalyzed by digestive enzymes -yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can

-occur when liver cells store excess fat -cause liver swelling

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

-pH environment in which they function -type of chemical reaction they catalyze -vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function

complication fo inflammatory bowel disease include

-protein-calorie malnutrition -nutritional deficiencies such a anemia and osteoporosis

identify risk factors for gallstone formation

-rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting -consumption of high calorie, low-fiber diet -female -excess weight

common causes of food intolerances include

-sensitivities to food components (such as gluten) -deficiencies in digestive enzymes -toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria

which of the following are true about lymphatic system?

-the villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels. -lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fat, which causes the lymph to look milky

Examples of probiotic foods

-yogurt -buttermilk

causes of hemorrhoids

1. Increased venous pressure from straining at defecation 2. Pregnancy 3. Heart failure 4. Chronic liver disease

the large intestine absorbs about ____ percent of the water

10

This GI regulator hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCL and pepsinogen.

Gastrin

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption

one function of bile in digestion is to ____ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets.

emulsify

the gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. this recycling of bile by the liver is part of the _____ circulation.

enterohepatic

Experiencing heartburn more than 2 times a week may be a symptom of the digestive disorder

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant one is at ____ risk for constipation

increased

The _____ intestine is the Maine site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.

large

beneficial bacteria reside in the ____ intestine.

large

the resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut _____

microbiota

Each enzyme acts on ___ type(s) of chemical process.

only one

the beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk), and miso (fermented soy bean paste) are known as ___ bacteria.

probiotic

What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving int he small intestine from the stomach?

sodium bicarbonate

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often triggered by

specific foods

Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ____ for digestion.

starch

nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion

sugar fructose

the functions of the epithelial cells are to absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete ____, and protect underlying tissues

waste

irritable bowel syndrome is more common in younger

woman