Nutrition Ch. 5

Why do reduced fat foods contain the same, or similar, amount of calories as their reference foods?

When fat is removed, sugar is usually added to maintain a palatable flavor and texture, usually resulting in similar energy density.

What are the different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

omega-6 (linoleic) fatty acids omega-3 (alpha-linolenic) fatty acids

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

How may one distinguish among the different types of fatty acids?

position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton; length of the carbon skeleton; number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton

What are the functions of cholesterol?

provide structure to lipid particles; building block for bile acids; provide structure to cells; helps form hormones

You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ____ calories from fat.

45

What are some components of plaque?

Cholesterol; white blood cells; calcium

How may one detect whether or not hidden fats are in a food product?

Consult the ingredients list

What is an emulsifier?

a compound that can suspend fat in water

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as:

a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbon atoms in length.

What is the structure and function of glycerol molecules?

an alcohol containing three carbons, it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

both contain a straighter molecular structure

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, they all provide the same number of _____.

calories

A major function of phospholipids in the body is to aid in the formation of ____ _____.

cell membranes

A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a _______.

cholesterol

hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond

cis fatty acid

Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

consist of 9 calories per gram and insoluble in water

polyunsaturated fat

corn oil, fish oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats

diastolic blood pressure

What are some warning signs of a heart attack?

dizziness; shortness of breath; nausea and vomiting; chest pain; jaw, neck, and shoulder pain

Two important functions of fat tissues include _________ and ______ vital organs.

insulating;protect

What are some symptoms one may experience if he/she consumed a fat-free or very, very low-fat (less than 5% calories from fat) diet?

lack of energy, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, constant low body temperature

True or False: The process of oxidation usually changes the shape but not the function of a substance.

FALSE; The process of oxidation changes both the shape AND the function of the substance

True or False: Phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells.

False

_______ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

Hydrogenation

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

It produces trans fats.

_____ is a common exampleof a phospholipid.

Lecithin

A good example of an emulsifier is _____.

lecithin

____ enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion.

lipase

_____ is a term that refers to fats and oils.

Lipid

______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

Lipoproteins

Unsaturated fatty acids are ______ at room temperature

liquid

trans fat

margarine, shortening

_____ is when an electron is lost and an oxygen molecule is gained by a chemical substance.

Oxidize

True or False: HDL removes cholesterol from cells and returns to the liver for excretion.

TRUE

Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to their _____-_____ structure.

multi-ring

saturated fatty acid

no carbon-carbon double bond

monounsaturated fat

olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil

Decrease blood clotting and inflammation

omega 3

increase blood clotting and inflammation

omega 6

What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?

salivary glands; stomach; pancreas (sometimes small intestine)

In order for a vegan to safely consume higher than 10% of calories from fat (the minimum amount of fat intake necessary for health), one must minimize which types of fats?

saturated and trans fats

Why is HDL considered the "good" cholesterol?

slows the development of cardiovascular disease, aids in transport of cholesterol in the blood stream to the liver for excretion

Most fats containing long0chain saturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature.

solid

A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a ______.

sterol

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart

systolic blood pressure

polunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

The following substances are types of lipids: amylase, saturated fat, polpeptides, triglycerides, cholesterol

saturated fat, triglycerides,cholesterol

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.

1)Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides and fatty acids into cells 2) Triglycerides are reassembled 3)Triglycerides are then packed into chylomicrons 4)Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine

1)Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. 2)Lipase begins digesting short-chain fatty acids into the stomach. 3)Bile emulsifies the fats 4)Lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides. 5)Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine

Long-chain fatty acids contain ___ or more carbon atoms.

12

According to the American Heart Association, cholesterol intake should not be greater than ______ miligrams per day

300

The national recommendations of trans fat intake has been set by which organizations?

American Heart Association, Food and nutrition board, dietary guidelines for americans

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

Both contain a straighter molecular structure

Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?

Buildup of LDL in blood vessels contributes to atherosclerosis, a process that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease; If not cleared from the bloodstream, LDL cholesterol builds up in the blood vessels.

What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common?

They are mostly in the form of triglycerides.

The process of hydrogenation is most commonly used

To convert liquid oils into more solid fats

_______ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas _______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be suppied by the diet.

essential;nonessential

long-chain saturated fat

fat in beef, pork, lamb, lard

What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?

flaky/itchy skin, hair loss, decrease wound healing

A function of ____ is to serve as the backbone for the three fatty acids attached to a triglyceride molecule.

glycerol

The ______ molecule contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group and is classified as a lipid.

phospholipid

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

phosphorus-containing molecule; nitrogen-containing base; glycerol backbone

What is one of the most important functions of the phospholipid molecule?

phospoholipids help form cell membranes

_____ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

plaque

An omega-3 fatty acid is:

polyunsaturated

What are some examples of foods vegetarians could eat in order to maintain a well-balanced diet and ensure they meet the recommended amount of fat (20-35% of total calories from fats)??

trailmix including walnuts, soy products, stir-fried rice in canola oil

hydrogens are found on the opposite side of the carbon-carbon based double bond

trans fatty acid

_______,_________,_______ and fatty acids are the four main types of lipids.

Phospholipids, triglycerides, sterols

What are the functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?

Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources; Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion

True or False: Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure.

False

How does fat impact the flavor and texture of foods?

Fat provides certain textures that help carry flavors; Flavors dissolve in fat.

What are the recommendations for intake of saturated and trans fats according to the American Heart Association?

No more than 7% and 1% of total calories, respectively

Which of the following are true about essential fatty acids?

Omega-6 fatty acids increase inflammation and blood clotting; They are unable to be synthesized by the body; Omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and blood clotting.

True or False: About half of the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise (or light activity) comes from fatty acids.

TRUE

True or false: Phospholipids may be found in cell membranes, adipose cells, and fat stores.

TRUE