Nutrition Ch. 5
Why do reduced fat foods contain the same, or similar, amount of calories as their reference foods?
When fat is removed, sugar is usually added to maintain a palatable flavor and texture, usually resulting in similar energy density.
What are the different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
omega-6 (linoleic) fatty acids omega-3 (alpha-linolenic) fatty acids
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
How may one distinguish among the different types of fatty acids?
position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton; length of the carbon skeleton; number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton
What are the functions of cholesterol?
provide structure to lipid particles; building block for bile acids; provide structure to cells; helps form hormones
You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ____ calories from fat.
45
What are some components of plaque?
Cholesterol; white blood cells; calcium
How may one detect whether or not hidden fats are in a food product?
Consult the ingredients list
What is an emulsifier?
a compound that can suspend fat in water
A long-chain fatty acid is defined as:
a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbon atoms in length.
What is the structure and function of glycerol molecules?
an alcohol containing three carbons, it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
both contain a straighter molecular structure
Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, they all provide the same number of _____.
calories
A major function of phospholipids in the body is to aid in the formation of ____ _____.
cell membranes
A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a _______.
cholesterol
hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond
cis fatty acid
Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
consist of 9 calories per gram and insoluble in water
polyunsaturated fat
corn oil, fish oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil
Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats
diastolic blood pressure
What are some warning signs of a heart attack?
dizziness; shortness of breath; nausea and vomiting; chest pain; jaw, neck, and shoulder pain
Two important functions of fat tissues include _________ and ______ vital organs.
insulating;protect
What are some symptoms one may experience if he/she consumed a fat-free or very, very low-fat (less than 5% calories from fat) diet?
lack of energy, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, constant low body temperature
True or False: The process of oxidation usually changes the shape but not the function of a substance.
FALSE; The process of oxidation changes both the shape AND the function of the substance
True or False: Phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells.
False
_______ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenation
Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?
It produces trans fats.
_____ is a common exampleof a phospholipid.
Lecithin
A good example of an emulsifier is _____.
lecithin
____ enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion.
lipase
_____ is a term that refers to fats and oils.
Lipid
______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.
Lipoproteins
Unsaturated fatty acids are ______ at room temperature
liquid
trans fat
margarine, shortening
_____ is when an electron is lost and an oxygen molecule is gained by a chemical substance.
Oxidize
True or False: HDL removes cholesterol from cells and returns to the liver for excretion.
TRUE
Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to their _____-_____ structure.
multi-ring
saturated fatty acid
no carbon-carbon double bond
monounsaturated fat
olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil
Decrease blood clotting and inflammation
omega 3
increase blood clotting and inflammation
omega 6
What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?
salivary glands; stomach; pancreas (sometimes small intestine)
In order for a vegan to safely consume higher than 10% of calories from fat (the minimum amount of fat intake necessary for health), one must minimize which types of fats?
saturated and trans fats
Why is HDL considered the "good" cholesterol?
slows the development of cardiovascular disease, aids in transport of cholesterol in the blood stream to the liver for excretion
Most fats containing long0chain saturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature.
solid
A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a ______.
sterol
Pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart
systolic blood pressure
polunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
The following substances are types of lipids: amylase, saturated fat, polpeptides, triglycerides, cholesterol
saturated fat, triglycerides,cholesterol
List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.
1)Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides and fatty acids into cells 2) Triglycerides are reassembled 3)Triglycerides are then packed into chylomicrons 4)Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine
1)Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. 2)Lipase begins digesting short-chain fatty acids into the stomach. 3)Bile emulsifies the fats 4)Lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides. 5)Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine
Long-chain fatty acids contain ___ or more carbon atoms.
12
According to the American Heart Association, cholesterol intake should not be greater than ______ miligrams per day
300
The national recommendations of trans fat intake has been set by which organizations?
American Heart Association, Food and nutrition board, dietary guidelines for americans
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
Both contain a straighter molecular structure
Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?
Buildup of LDL in blood vessels contributes to atherosclerosis, a process that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease; If not cleared from the bloodstream, LDL cholesterol builds up in the blood vessels.
What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common?
They are mostly in the form of triglycerides.
The process of hydrogenation is most commonly used
To convert liquid oils into more solid fats
_______ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas _______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be suppied by the diet.
essential;nonessential
long-chain saturated fat
fat in beef, pork, lamb, lard
What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?
flaky/itchy skin, hair loss, decrease wound healing
A function of ____ is to serve as the backbone for the three fatty acids attached to a triglyceride molecule.
glycerol
The ______ molecule contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group and is classified as a lipid.
phospholipid
What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?
phosphorus-containing molecule; nitrogen-containing base; glycerol backbone
What is one of the most important functions of the phospholipid molecule?
phospoholipids help form cell membranes
_____ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.
plaque
An omega-3 fatty acid is:
polyunsaturated
What are some examples of foods vegetarians could eat in order to maintain a well-balanced diet and ensure they meet the recommended amount of fat (20-35% of total calories from fats)??
trailmix including walnuts, soy products, stir-fried rice in canola oil
hydrogens are found on the opposite side of the carbon-carbon based double bond
trans fatty acid
_______,_________,_______ and fatty acids are the four main types of lipids.
Phospholipids, triglycerides, sterols
What are the functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?
Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources; Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion
True or False: Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure.
False
How does fat impact the flavor and texture of foods?
Fat provides certain textures that help carry flavors; Flavors dissolve in fat.
What are the recommendations for intake of saturated and trans fats according to the American Heart Association?
No more than 7% and 1% of total calories, respectively
Which of the following are true about essential fatty acids?
Omega-6 fatty acids increase inflammation and blood clotting; They are unable to be synthesized by the body; Omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and blood clotting.
True or False: About half of the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise (or light activity) comes from fatty acids.
TRUE
True or false: Phospholipids may be found in cell membranes, adipose cells, and fat stores.
TRUE